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144. A group I WRKY transcription factor regulates mulberry mosaic dwarf‐associated virus‐triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Author

Sun, Shaoshuang, Ren, Yanxiang, Wang, Dongxue, Farooq, Tahir, He, Zifu, Zhang, Chao, Li, Shifang, Yang, Xiuling, and Zhou, Xueping

Subjects
NICOTIANA benthamiana, CELL death, TRANSCRIPTION factors, CROPS, PLANT viruses, WOODY plants, MULBERRY
Abstract

Geminiviruses constitute the largest group of known plant viruses and cause devastating losses to a wide range of crops and woody plants globally. Mulberry mosaic dwarf‐associated virus (MMDaV), identified from Chinese mulberry trees via small RNA‐based deep sequencing, is a divergent monopartite geminivirus belonging to the genus Mulcrilevirus of the family Geminiviridae. Previous studies have shown that plants employ multiple layers of defence to protect themselves from geminivirus infection. The interplay between plant and MMDaV is nevertheless less studied. This study presents evidence that MMDaV triggers hypersensitive response (HR)‐mediated antiviral defence in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. We show that the RepA protein of MMDaV is engaged in HR‐type cell death induction. We find that the RepA mutants with compromised nuclear localization ability impair their capabilities of cell death induction. Virus‐induced gene silencing of the key components of the R protein‐mediated signalling pathway reveals that down‐regulation of the nucleus‐targeting NbWRKY1 alleviates the cell death induction activity of RepA. We further demonstrate that RepA up‐regulates the transcript level of NbWRKY1. Furthermore, expression of RepA in N. benthamiana confers plant resistance against two begomoviruses. We propose that plant resistance against RepA can be potentially used to improve plant defence against geminiviruses in crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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147. A Dynamic Solenoid Model for Fuel Injectors

Author

Li Shifang, Chandra S. Namuduri, Avoki M. Omekanda, Rashmi Prasad, Gopalakrishnan Suresh, and Nehl Thomas W

Subjects
Materials science, 020209 energy, Nuclear engineering, Solenoid, 02 engineering and technology, Injector, Combustion, Fuel injection, law.invention, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 0203 mechanical engineering, law, Electromagnetic coil, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Fuel efficiency, Eddy current, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Physics::Chemical Physics, Gasoline, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

The fuel injection system strongly affects the engine combustion phenomena which determines pollutant emissions, combustion noise and fuel efficiency. Many studies have shown the advantages of using small quantity and closely-spaced multiple injections per combustion cycle for emission reduction and fuel efficiency improvement. However, closely-spaced multiple injections using electromagnetic fuel injectors, which predominate in almost all gasoline engines, are challenging, as there is residual energy (flux) in the injector coil when the injector is re-energized. The residual flux causes over-fueling in the subsequent injection event resulting in unacceptable injection instability. In this paper, we develop a simple and highly accurate dynamic model of a solenoid in electromagnetic fuel injectors to predict the residual energy/flux. Eddy current effect and magnetic saturation are considered to model the transient behavior of flux. The model parameters are derived from physical variables, which render the model easy to tune/calibrate. The predicted flux from the model showed very good agreement with experimental results over typical fuel injection profiles. The model is an enabler for model based fuel injector control to achieve accurate fuel metering in closely space multiple injection applications. The method is also applicable to solenoid in other applications, e.g., solenoid actuators in robotics, variable force solenoid in clutch systems, and so on.

Published
2018

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