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Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can cause acute cardiovascular events. Activation of the NOD‐like receptor family, pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome enhances atherogenesis, which links lipid metabolism to sterile inflammation. This study examines the impact of an endogenous metabolite, namely ketone body 3‐hydroxybutyrate (3‐HB), on a mouse model of atherosclerosis. It is found that daily oral administration of 3‐HB can significantly ameliorate atherosclerosis. Mechanistically, 3‐HB is found to reduce the M1 macrophage proportion and promote cholesterol efflux by acting on macrophages through its receptor G‐protein‐coupled receptor 109a (Gpr109a). 3‐HB–Gpr109a signaling promotes extracellular calcium (Ca2+) influx. The elevation of intracellular Ca2+ level reduces the release of Ca2+ from the endothelium reticulum (ER) to mitochondria, thus inhibits ER stress triggered by ER Ca2+ store depletion. As NLRP3 inflammasome can be activated by ER stress, 3‐HB can inhibit the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, which triggers the increase of M1 macrophage proportion and the inhibition of cholesterol efflux. It is concluded that daily nutritional supplementation of 3‐HB attenuates atherosclerosis in mice., This study demonstrates that daily oral administration of ketone body 3‐hydroxybutyrate (3‐HB) attenuates atherosclerosis. Mechanistically, 3‐HB reduces M1 macrophage proportion and promotes cholesterol efflux by acting on macrophages through the Gpr109a–NLRP3 pathway. 3‐HB inhibits ER calcium deletion induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation via 3‐HB–Gpr109a signaling‐mediated extracellular Ca2+ influx in macrophages.

SCOPE Inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal carcinogenesis (CRC) are common diseases without effective prevention approach. 3-Hydroxybutyrate (3HB) reported to have multiple functions as an oral food supplement. This study observes that 3HB prevents mouse colitis and CRC. METHODS AND RESULTS The sensitivity of wild type (WT) and GPR109a-/- mice to colitis is compared using dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced colitis model. Flow cytometry showed that 3HB cellular surface receptor GPR109a that can decrease the percentage of M1 macrophages from 50% of the DSS-induced acute colitis mouse group to 42% DSS+3HB group mediating the inhibitory effect on inflammation. Bone marrow transplantation experiments further demonstrated that the function of 3HB depended on bone marrow cells. Subsequently, the sensitivity of WT and GPR109a-/- mice to CRC is compared using an azoxymethane-DSS-induced CRC mouse model. It is found that the activation of GPR109a inhibited CRC, depended on reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cells accumulation from 27% of the DSS group to 19% of the DSS+3HB group studied using flow cytometry. CONCLUSION It is concluded that 3HB significantly suppresses colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis, promising to benefit colon disease prevention in form of a food supplement.

Many pressure transmitters are used on rolling stocks, and their reliability and accuracy are of importance to the safety of the railway systems. In this paper, the technical solutions of accuracy related tests of different types of pressure transmitters and the effect of temperature on accuracy are studied and are carried out to verify that the test results meet the requirements in the relevant standards

Bogie frame and body bolster are of vital importance to the reliable operation of the rolling stocks. There are two kinds of test methods for bogie frame and body bolster. One is separate test, and the other is joint test. To effectively detect the strength performance of bogie frame and body bolster as well as to improve the test efficiency, we adopted the method of joint test, and designed the test plan according to the standard. The strength test of bogie frame and body bolster is carried out where load analysis is studied and applied. The structural performance of bogie frame and body bolster is evaluated by means of Goodman fatigue limit diagram.

For large amounts of transition metal oxides, sulfides and carbon groups (IVA), the pulverization of electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is always a serious and common problem due to volume expansion and stress accumulation resulting from phase transformation or alloying during the charge–discharge process, which leads to capacity fading and thus limits the cycling performance of LIBs. To solve these problems, conventionally, the rational design of electrode materials is needed. Here in this work, we report the synthesis of a novel anode material, hexagonal H4.5Mo5.25O18·(H2O)1.36 microrods (HMs) via a simple hydrothermal method. During the lithium-ion insertion/desertion process of the HMs, it was found that the HMs are first drastically transformed into Li2MoO4 nanotubes and then Li2MoO4 nanowire clusters embedded in amorphous sphere cages with a Li2O matrix, Mo metal and SEI thin film. Surprisingly, we discovered that the HMs exhibited extraordinary long-life cyclability with an unusual phenomenon: the specific capacity first decreased and then increased. The outstanding electrochemical performance could be explained by the formation of intermediate phase Li2MoO4 nanowires and amorphous sphere cages, which can maintain the lithium-ion paths and electronic transport, and prohibit the mechanical and chemical degradation of the electrode materials. The results show that the pulverization of the HM anode materials induced by lithium-ion insertion–extraction played a trigger role in the formation of a continuous pulverization film. Accordingly, a “damage-reconstruction” model based on ex situ XRD and FESEM analyses combined with ex situ XPS, FTIR and TEM characterizations of the charge–discharge process was proposed to explain such an unusual and intriguing finding. Compared with the conventional method for protecting electrode materials from pulverization, the robust continuous gel-like pulverization film containing a unique combination of intermediate phase and amorphous sphere cages provides a new insight into the mechanism for the extraordinary long-term cyclability of electrode materials.

MoO3 could be a promising high capacity anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, its applications have been hindered by its poor electronic conductivity. To address these issues, in this work, HxMoO3@C nanobelts were synthesized by mild hydrothermal treatment of precursor MoO3 nanobelts only with the assistance of glucose and ethanol. Subsequently, a catalysis-insertion model was proposed to describe the formation of HxMoO3 nanobelts. When tested as LIBs anodes, the superior reversible capacities of LIBs anodes were realized from HxMoO3@C nanobelts. The HxMoO3@C nanobelts electrode exhibited superior reversible capacity of 480 mAh g−1 retained at 200 mA g−1 after 100 cycles, and a superior rate capacity of 337 mAh g−1 retained after 100 cycles at 500 mA g−1. The superior performance achieved in HxMoO3@C nanobelts anode system are attributed to the synergistic effect of the conductive HxMoO3, the enlargement of interplanar spacing and uniform carbon coating shell.

A novel hierarchical heterostructured Fe2(MoO4)3@MoO3 (FM) nanowire is developed by mild hydrothermal treatment of precursor MoO3 nanobelts with only the assistance of FeCl3·6H2O combined with the heat treatment. Subsequently, a model of reverse heteroatoms diffusion is proposed to describe the formation of FM nanowires. Further, it is found that the heteroatoms diffusion and facet-selective growth of Fe2(MoO4)3 on MoO3 nanobelts brought about the change of MoO3 morphology from nanobelts to nanowires, and Fe2(MoO4)3 nanoparticles are firmly anchored onto MoO3 nanowires. When tested as LIBs anodes, compared to pristine MoO3 nanobelts, high reversible lithium storage capacities of the anodes are obtained from novel FM nanowires. The FM nanowire electrode obtained at 500 °C (FM-500) exhibits superior reversible capacity of 585 mA h g−1 retained at a current density of 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles, and 518 mA h g−1 retained after 100 cycles at 200 mA g−1. The distinct electrochemical activity of the Fe2(MoO4)3 nanoparticles probably activates the irreversible capacity of the MoO3 nanobelts. Moreover, the amorphous layer and structure stability of heterojunction electrodes are also beneficial for charge storage, electron transfer and lithium ion diffusion during the charge–discharge process.

In this paper, the Bargmann system for the second-order eigenvalue problem with the energy is dependent on potential and speed Lϕ −(∂ 2 + λ u+ v)ϕ − λ ϕx is discussed. First of all, some basic concepts are introduced. After that, by means of the auxiliary problem and the isospectral compatible condition, the reasonable bi-Hamilton operator K and J are defined, and the evolution equations related to the spectral problem are obtained. Using the functional gradient and Lenard recursive sequence, the Bargmann constraint is given. By the constraint relation between the potential function and the eigenvector, the associated Lax pairs are nonlin eared, then the Bargmann system of the eigenvalue problem is found. According to the viewpoint of Hamilton mechanics, a reasonable coordinate system has been found. The Bargmann system is transformed into the Hamilton canonical equations in the coordinate system. Finally, based on the Liouville theorem and confocal involutive system, the integrability of the Hamilton system is proved. A new integrable system is found. Moreover, the involutive representations of the solutions for the evolution equations are generated.