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Background A One Health approach has been increasingly mainstreamed by the international community, as it provides the holistic thinking in recognizing the close links and inter-dependence of the health of humans, animals and the environment. The dearth of real-world evidence has hampered application of a One Health approach in shaping policies and practice. A consolidated evaluation tool is urgently needed for valid assessment of One Health approaches. Methods We develop the Global One Health Index (GoHi) by five steps, including framework formulation, indicator selection, database building, weight determination and GoHi scores calculation. A Cell-like Framework for GoHi is proposed, which comprises an External Driver Index (EDI), an Intrinsic Driver Index (IDI) and a Core Driver Index (CDI). We construct the indicator scheme for GoHi based on this framework after multiple rounds of panel discussions with our Expert Advisory Committee. A Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is adopted to determine the weights for indicators. Results The weighted indicator scheme of GoHi comprises 3 first-level indicators, 13 second-level indicators, and 57 third-level indicators. The results from a pilot analysis are consistent with the results from a literature review, which suggests the feasibility of GoHi as a tool for the assessment of global One Health performance. GoHi is the world’s first evaluation tool that constructs the conceptual framework from a holistic perspective of One Health, and captures the data from more than 200 countries/ territories for empirical analysis. The application of GoHi will promote a common understanding of a strong One Health approach and provide a means for identifying gaps and promoting effective measures to strengthen One Health capacity building. Conclusions We propose GoHi as a potential systematic evaluation tool for global One Health approaches. With further adaptations in various scenarios, GoHi along with its technical protocols and databases, will be updated regularly to address current technical limitations, and capture new knowledge. Meanwhile, stronger political endorsement and facilitation are essential for the development of One Health policies, practice and research.

Sanicula lamelligera Hance (1878: 11). Figs. 1���7, 9���13, 17A. Type:��� CHINA, Guangdong, North River, March 1877, T.L. Bullock s.n. (Herb. Hance 19942) [K000697286!, lectotype designated by Pimenov (2017: 204), isolectotype BM000944682!]. Fig. 1 A-upper part, 1B-lower part. = Sanicula satsumana Maximowicz (1886: 47). Type:��� JAPAN, Satsuma (= the western half region of Kagoshima Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū), Kago-sima (= Kagoshima), October 1883, Y. Tashiro s.n. (holotype LE01029618!). Fig. 2. = Sanicula yunnanensis Franchet (1894: 108). Type:��� CHINA, Yunnan, Zhaotong, along the Yang-tze-kiang River, K��ou-pa-tan, March 29 1882, J.M. Delavay 453 [P03226688!, lectotype designated by Pimenov (2017), isolectotypes A00589886!, NY00406259!, P03226687!). Fig. 3. = Sanicula orthacantha var. pumila Boissieu (1906: 421), syn. nov. Type:��� CHINA, Kouy-Tch��ou (= Guizhou), Pin-fa in southwestern Guiding county, 1902, P.J. Cavalerie & J.J. Fortunat 1721 (P03226692!, lectotype designated here, isolectotypes K!). Remaining syntypes: same locality, July 12 1900, ��. Bodinier 2718 (P03226683!, P03226685!). Fig. 4. = Sanicula ichangensis Wolff (1913: 54). Type:��� CHINA, Hubei, Yichang, October 1887, A. Henry 3525a [K!, lectotype designated by Pimenov (2017: 204); isolectotype P03226671!]. Remaining syntype: Same locality, October 1887, A. Henry 3526a (BM!, K!). Fig. 5A, B. = Sanicula orthacantha var. longispina Wolff (1913: 55). Type:��� CHINA, Hubei, Yichang, March 16 1900, E.H. Wilson 156 [K!, lectotype designated by Pimenov (2017), isolectotypes E00000710!, US03074345!]. Fig. 5C, D. = Sanicula lamelligera var. wakayamensis (Masamune) Murata (1962: 195). S. wakayamensis Masamune (1941: 340). Type:��� Japan, Honsyū, Kamegawa, Kais��-gun, Wakayamken, Septermber 22 1940, Y. Sy��zi s.n. (TAI084140! lectotype designated here, isolectotypes TAI084139!, TAI084141!, TAI084142!). Fig. 6. = Sanicula pengshuiensis Sheh & Liu (1991: 469), syn. nov. Type:��� CHINA, Chongqing, Pengshui, Hanjia town, 500 m, April 11 1979, S.X.Tan 106 (holotype SM715005741!, isotypes NAS00082800!, SM715005739!). Fig. 7A, B. Description:���Perennial. Rhizome short, woody, bearing fibrous roots, occasionally with nodes. Stems slender and erect, few branched above the middle, 8���40 cm tall. Basal leaves 3���30, long petiolate; petioles (2���)5���20(���28) cm long; blade glabrous on both surfaces, sometimes purplish red abaxially, (0.8���) 2���7 cm long, (1.5���) 4���15 cm broad, cordatesuborbicular, ternate, segments distinctly petiolate, the median segments cuneate-obovate to rhombic, obtuse to acute and more or less trilobed at the apex, the lateral segments oblique, bilobed to the middle or only notched or rarely entire, the margins crenate-serrate with spinose teeth. Upper stem leaves reduced, 1 or 2, trisect or undivided, bractlike, linear-lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm long, shortly petiolate or sessile. Inflorescence 1- or 2- to severalbranched; involucrate bracts 3���6, trisect or linear-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm long; rays of the umbels 1���7, ca. 3.5 mm long; involucellate bracteoles 4���6, linear to lanceolate, ca. 0.6 mm long. Umbellules 4���7-flowered. Staminate flowers 3���6 per umbellule, pedicels ca. 1.5 mm long, petals white, pinkish or bluish purple. Fertile flower 1 per umbellule, sessile; calyx teeth linear to lanceolate, 0.3���1 mm long; styles 1.5���5 mm long, sessile, 1.7���7 times longer than the calyx teeth. Mericarps are oblong-ovoid to ovoid, ca. 2.5 mm long, ca. 2 mm broad, variably spiculate-lamellate, comblike. Vittae 1 under each rib and 2 on commissure. Distribution and habitat:��� Sanicula lamelligera is widely distributed in central, eastern, southern, and southwestern China and southern Japan (Fig. 19). It grows in forests on mountain slopes or along ravines and streams at elevations of 450���1600 m above sea level. Phenology:���Flowering from late February to June; Fruiting from March to October. Additional specimens examined:��� CHINA. Anhui: Qimen, K. Yao 10293 (NAS); Shexian, Anhui Exped. 1521 (NAS), Anhui Wild Plant Exped. 1780 (NAS, PE); Xiuning, Anhui Wild Plant Exped. 2235 (NAS). Chongqing: Chengkou, T.L. Dai 100226 (PE), T.L. Dai 100521 (PE); Hechuan, Hechuan Exped. 740 (SM), Hechuan Exped. 821 (SM); Pengshui, H.M. Li, X. Zhang & Y.S. Zhang 1129 (NAS), H.M. Li, X. Zhang & Y.S. Zhang 1131 (NAS), S.X. Tan 1259 (NAS, SM); Qianjiang, Anonymous 131 (SM); Shizhu, Anonymous 589 (NAS, SM), H.M. Li, X. Zhang & Y.S. Zhang 1126 (NAS); Wulong, Z.Y. Liu 182668 (PE); Wushan, T.P. Wang 10603 (PE, WUK), K.H. Yang 57629 (IBK, PE), K.H. Yang 57731 (IBK, PE); Wuxi, P.Y. Li 1950 (NAS, WUK); Xiushan, Anonymous 359 (SM); Zhongxian, A.G. Luo 1210 (SM). Fujian: Jiangle, Longxishan Exped. 1004 (PE); Yongtai, Anonymous s.n. (PE). Guangdong: Lechang, W.T. Tsang 20972 (NAS, PE, US); Lianshan, P.C. Tan 58270 (NAS); Xinyi, Z. Huang 32084 (PE); Zengcheng, W.T. Tsang 20145 (NAS, PE); Zijin, C.F. Wei 120979 (NAS, PE). Guangxi: Luocheng, Luocheng Exped. 451225130428001LY (GXMG, IBK); Yongfu, K.J. Yan & J.Y. Huang 46733 (GXMI). Guizhou: Guiyang, Sun Yat-sen Univ. Biol. Depart. 50221 (PE); Huishui, G.M. Li 7 (ZY); Libo, Q.H. Chen 2154 (HGAS), Q.H. Chen 2294 (HGAS); Pingtang, Guizhou Exped. 292 (HGAS); Qinglong, C.Z. Dang 557 (HGAS); Suiyang, P.C. Tsong 485 (KUN, PE). Hubei: Badong, H.C. Chow 207 (N, NAS, PE), T.P. Wang 10938 (NAS, PE, WUK); Wufeng, D.G. Zhang et al. 34 (HHE); Xianfeng, Y.S. Zhang 1121 (NAS); Xingshan, H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1085 (NAS), H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1087 (NAS), H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1088 (NAS); Xuan���en, H.M. Li, Y.S. Zhang & Y.M. Yi 1079 (NAS), H.M. Li, Y.S. Zhang & Y.M. Yi 1098 (NAS); Yichang, exact locality unknown, A. Henry 1304 (K, P), A. Henry 3525 (E, K); Yiling, P.X. Dong 21 (PE), Z. Zhen 68 (PE); Zigui, J.Q. Zhang 234 (PE). Hunan: Guzhang, P.W. Sweeney & D.G. Zhang PWS2694 (JIU), D.G. Zhang LL20130303035 (JIU), D.G. Zhang y090807072 (JIU); Huayuan, K.G. Li & C. Zhang HY20160314_0006 (JIU); Jishou, D.G. Zhang 130227002 (JIU), D.G. Zhang YH080308998 (JIU); Longshan, D.K Tian, Y. Xiao & Y. Chen LS-1077 (CSH); Sangzhi, Anonymous 230 (PE); Shimen, Hupingshan Exped. 217 (PE); Xinning, L.B. Luo 471 (P); Xinshao, Z.Z. Li 42 (NAS); Yizhang, L.H. Liu 631 (IBK); Yongshun, D.G. Zhang zdg140506246 (JIU). Jiangxi: Dexing, Anonymous 11583 (NAS), M.B. Deng 87090 (NAS); Fengxin, S.L. Liu, K. Yao & X.Z. Wang 1270 (KUN, NAS, PE, WUK); Fenyi, S.H. Lai 44 (LBG, PE), H.M. Li, Y.S. Zhang & Y. Xu 1107 (NAS); Fuliang, Q.H. Li & C. Chen 606 (LBG, PE); Shangyou, Jiangxi Exped. 68 (PE); Wuyuan, Q.H. Li & C. Chen 389 (PE). Macau: exact locality unknown, M. Callery 44 (P). Sichuan: Baoxing, Baopu Exped. 78-0003 (SM); Chongzhou, Anonymous 79-005 (SM); Dachuan, Daxian Exped. 262 (SM); Dazhu, Anonymous 225 (SM); Dujiangyan, D.E. Boufford & B. Bartholomew 24200 (HAST, US), D.Z. Fu 87���0186 (WCSBG), K.C. Kuan, J.W. Wang & C.L. Li 781 (CDBI, PE), X.Q. Li 63 (CDBI, NAS), M.L. Sheh 83640 (NAS), M.L. Sheh 88639 (NAS), C. Zhang 20060167 (WCSBG), C. Zhang 20060184 (WCSBG), C. Zhang & L. Yu 2006238 (WCSBG), Z.L. Zhao 87���0093 (WCSBG); Ebian, Ebian Exped. 189 (SM), Ebian Exped. 356 (SM), Sichuan Med. Team 1080 (SM); Emei, S.Y. Chen et al. 3006 (NAS, PE), W.C. Cheng 10821 (KUN), T.Y. Cheo & G.J. Xu 9 (NAS), C.Y. Chiao, C.S. Fan & P.Y. Tan 384 (E, HAST, N), H.C. Chow 7592 (NAS), W.P. Fang 2625 (E, PE, US), W.P. Fang 7431 (PE), W.P. Fang 12715 (PE), W.P. Fang 12749 (PE), C.H. Hsiung, S.S. Chang & H.L. Tsiang 30089 (NAS, PE), K.C. Kuan, J.W. Wang & C.L. Li 717 (CDBI, PE), K.C. Kuan, J.W. Wang & C.L. Li 1710 (CDBI, PE), H.M. Li & W. Zhou 1040 (NAS), H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1152 (NAS), X.M. Lu et al. 2008050920 (CDCM), X.B. Peng 6009 (IBK, PE), Sichuan Med. Exped. 12013 (NAS), S.L. Sun 2 (TIE), S.L. Sun 34 (TIE), S.L. Sun 1417 (NAS, TIE), S.L. Sun 1450 (NAS, TIE), H.L. Tsiang, S.S. Chang & C.H. Hsiung 37107 (NAS, PE), E.H. Wilson 4927 (K, P), K.H. Yang 54534 (KUN, NAS, PE), Yang, Zhang & Chen 2008111308 (CDCM); Gongxian, Anonymous 203 (SM), K.C. Kuan, J.W. Wang & C.L. Li 781 (CDBI, PE); Hongya, Hongya Exped. 260 (SM); Kaijiang, Kaijiang Exped. 26 (SM); Leibo, M.Y. He & Q.S. Zhao 116727 (CDBI), C.T. Kuan 8984 (NAS, PE), Z.M. Tan & M.Y. He 121131 (CDBI), K.P. Yin & Q.H. Chen 124 (CDBI), Q.S. Zhao & M.Y. He 120920 (CDBI), Q.S. Zhao & Z.J. Zhao 121205 (CDBI); Linshui, Anonymous 250 (SM); Lushan, D.Y. Peng 47644 (CDBI); Meigu, Sichuan Veg. Exped. 13586 (CDBI, NAS); Muchuan, Muchuan Exped. 484 (SM); Pingshan, R.H. Shan 1399 (NAS, PE), Sichuan Econ. Plant Exped. 674 (CDBI, KUN, PE, SM), Sichuan Econ. Plant Exped. 749 (CDBI, PE), Sichuan Econ. Plant Exped. 884 (PE), T.T. Yu 2958 (PE); Qingshen, Sichuan Econ. Plant Exped. 5155 (PE); Tianquan, K.L. Chu 2299 (NAS, PE), D.Y. Peng 45446 (CDBI), D.Y. Peng 45562 (CDBI), D.Y. Peng 45616 (CDBI); Wenchuan, Maoxian Exped. 631 (SM), Sichuan Veg. Exped. 8416 (CDBI, NAS); Xingwen, Xingwen Exped. 77���470 (SM); Xuyong, Anonymous 1169 (SM); Xuzhou, Yibin Exped. 206 (SM); Yingjing, Yingjing Exped. 78���0148 (SM); Yucheng, Ya���an Exped. 5 (SM). Taiwan: Chiayi, Y.F. Chen 5120 (TAI); Hsinchu, Y. Simada 3399 (TAI); Hualien, P.F. Lu 13994 (HAST), T. Nakamura 4591 (TAI); Taipei, Y.T. Chen 2250 (TAI), K.F. Chung, Y.C. Kao & S.H. Wu 1115 (HAST), C.C. Hsu 6704 (TAI), B.W. Huang 42 (HAST), Y.Y. Huang & J.C. Chen 420 (HAST), C.I. Huang, J.C. Chen & J.H. Pak 1895 (HAST), T. Ito s.n. (TAI), M.T. Kao 3607 (TAI), M.T. Kao 3630 (TAI), Y.C. Kao & S.H. Lai 299 (HAST), Y. Kudo 889 (TAI), H.C. Lee & M.T. Kao 3936 (TAI), S. Sasaki s.n. (TAI), H. Simada 107 (TAI), H. Simada 991 (TAI), Y. Simada 1419B (NTUF), S. Suzuki 6413 (P), S. Suzuki 10236 (TAI), S. Suzuki s.n. (TAI); Yilan, C.I. Huang 6887 (HAST), C.I. Huang & M.L. Weng 22035 (HAST), C.C. Liao & C.C. Chen 1794 (HAST), T.Y. Liu et al. 164 (HAST), T.Y. Liu, C.C. Wang & T.T. Liu 227 (HAST), C.I. Peng 11332 (HAST), C.I. Peng et al. 13817 (HAST), C.I. Peng et al. 15404 (HAST), C.I. Peng 16263 (HAST), S. Suzuki 103 (TAI). Yunnan: Zhaotong, Delavay 4900 (P), R.P. Maire s.n. (P). Zhejiang: Kaihua, Zhejiang Plant Resour. Exped. 26213 (NAS); Lin���an, H.M. Li & L. Zhao 1115 (NAS); Longquan, S.Y. Zhang 4488 (AU, PE, WUK); Ningbo, Anonymous 8177 (NAS), Zhejiang Mus. Exped. 3125 (IBK, WUK); Qingyuan, F.G. Zhang 5081 (ZM); Suichang, Chang et al. 5207 (ZM), Chang et al. 5228 (ZM), Chang & Li 5335 (ZM); Taishun, Anonymous 8108 (ZM), Li et al. 535 (ZM), P. Li LP0804009 (CSH); Tiantai, Faber 279 (K, P); Wencheng, Zhejiang Med. Exped. 3093 (ZM); Yueqing, HZ Herbarium 2436 (HZ), Zhejiang Mus. Exped. 2894 (ZM); Zhenhai, Anonymous s.n. (PE). JAPAN. Ryukyu: Iriomote Island, M. Furuse 5470 (PE). Lectotypification:��� Sanicula orthacantha var. pumila was described on the basis of two collections, namely P.J. Cavalerie & J.J. Fortunat 1721 and ��. Bodinier 2718. We have been able to trace four specimens of these collections at K and P. All these specimens match well the protologue and are the syntypes as Boissieu (1906) did not designate a type for S. orthacantha var. pumila. According to ICN Art. 9.11 (Turland et al. 2018), here we designate P03226692 of P.J. Cavalerie & J.J. Fortunat 1721 (Fig. 4A), which is well preserved and bears the annotation ��� S. orthacantha var. pumila ��� in Boissieu���s hand, as lectotype. Sanicula wakayamensis was described based on a single collection, namely Y. Sy��zi s.n. We have been able to trace four specimens of this collection at TAI. All these specimens match well the protologue and are the syntypes as Masamune (1941) did not designate type for S. wakayamensis. According to ICN Art. 9.11 (Turland et al. 2018), here we designate TAI084140 of Y. Sy��zi s.n. (Fig. 6A), which is well preserved with intact flowers, as lectotype. Notes:��� Pimenov (2017) designated K000697286 of the single collection, namely T.L. Bullock s.n. (Herb. Hance 19942) (Fig. 1 A-part), as the lectotype for S. lamelligera, which matches the original Latin description perfectly and is well-preserved, so here we accept his lectotypification. Sanicula tuberculata was described on the basis of C. Wilford 906 (GH00589885, K000697277, LE01002000) from Chusan in south Korea (Maximowicz 1867). It is also distributed in China (Heilongjiang) and southern Japan (Sheh & Philleppe 2005). After carefully checking the type material, we found that S. tuberculata is distinctly different from S. lamelligera by having fertile flowers number 3���5 per umbellule, and tubercles fruits (vs. fertile flowers number 1 per umbellule, and piculate-lamellate fruits). Thus, we consider the relationship between S. tuberculata and S. lamelligera is fairly distant, and not so closely related as stated by Hance (1878) and Maximowicz (1887). Hiroe (1979) placed Sanicula petagnioides Hayata (1908: 103) in synonymy with S. lamelligera. After checking the type material of S. petagnioides, we considered that this name should be treated as a synonym of S. orthacantha. We will deal with the identity of S. petagnioides in detail elsewhere. In the protologue of Sanicula lamelligera and S. penghshuiensis, the authors did not mention the number of vittae in fruit. Hiroe (1979) reported that S. lamelligera has 5 vittae, while Sheh & Phillippe (2005) noted that S. pengshuiensis has 1 vittae under each rib and 2 vittae on commissure. However, Liu (2002) reported that there are 1 vittae under each rib and 2 vittae on commissure in S. lamelligera. Thus, S. lamelligera and S. penghshuiensis are indistinguishable from each other in the character of vittae., Published as part of Li, Hui-Min & Song, Chun-Feng, 2022, Taxonomic studies on the genus Sanicula (Apiaceae) from China (I): The identity of S. orthacantha var. pumila and S. pengshuiensis, pp. 114-138 in Phytotaxa 532 (2) on pages 134-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.532.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5912577, {"references":["Hance, H. F. (1878) Spicilegia florae Sinensis: diagnoses of new and habitats of rare or hitherto unrecorded, Chinese plants. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 16: 6 - 15.","Pimenov, M. G. (2017) Updated checklist of Chinese Umbelliferae: nomenclature, synonymy, typification, distribution. Turczaninowia 20: 106 - 239. https: // doi. org / 10.14258 / turczaninowia. 20.2.9","Maximowicz, C. J. (1886) Diagnoses de nouvelles plantes de I'Asie. VI. Bulletin de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. - Petersbourg 3 (32): 12 - 121.","Franchet, A. (1894) Notes sur quelques Ombelliferes du Yunnan. Bulletin de la Socieitei Philomathique de Paris 8 (6): 106 - 146.","Boissieu, H. de (1906) Note sur quelques Ombelliferes de la Chine, d'apres les collections du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France 53: 418 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1906.10831189","Wolff, H. (1913) Umbelliferae-Saniculoideae. In: Engler, A. (Ed.) Das Pflanzenreich, vol. 4. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig & Berlin, pp. 1 - 305.","Masamune, G. (1941) Miscellaneous notes on the Flora of the eastern Asia XX. Transactions, Natural History Society of Formosa 31: 339 - 344.","Sheh, M. L., Liu, X. T. & Liu, Z. Y. (1991) Two new species of Sanicula L. (Umbelliferae) from China. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 29: 469 - 473.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashutten, 254 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","Maximowicz, C. J. (1867) Diagnoses breves plantarum novarum Japoniae et Mandshuriae. Bulletin de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. - Petersbourg 11: 429 - 432. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46306","Hiroe, M. (1979) Umbelliferae of World. Ariake Book Company, Matsuo Biru, Tokyo, 2128 pp.","Hayata, B. (1908) Flora montana Formosae: an enumeration of the plants found on Mt. Morrison, the central chain, and other mountainous regions of Formosa at altitudes of 3,000 - 13,000 ft. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 25 (19): 1 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10880","Sheh, M. L. & Phillippe, L. R. (2005) Sanicula L. In: Sheh, M. L., Pu, F. D., Pan, Z. H., Watson, M. F., Cannon, J. F. M., Smith, I. H., Kljuykov, E. V., Phillippe, L. R. & Pimenov, M. G. (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 14. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis, pp. 19 - 24.","Liu, Q. X., Hui, H., Li, B. Y. & Pan, Z. H. (2002) Comparative anatomical studies on the fruits of Saniculoideae in China (Umbelliferae) and its systematic significance. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment 11 (4): 1 - 8."]}

Based on critical observations on herbarium specimens (including type material) and living plants in the wild, we demonstrate that Sanicula lamelligera (Apiaceae) is highly variable in character of basal leaves, branches of inflorescences, and character of fruits. We therefore accept some previous synonyms of this species, including S. ichangensis, S. lamelligera var. wakayamensis, S. orthacantha var. longispina, S. satsumana, and S. yunnanensis, and further reduce S. orthacantha var. pumila, and S. pengshuiensis to its synonymy. Lectotypification is proposed for S. lamelligera var. wakayamensis and S. orthacantha var. pumila.

Additional file 2. The indicators and weights for establishment of global One Health index (GOHI).

Additional file 1. Weights calculation of global One Health index (GOHI).

Suo-Min Feng, 1, 2,* Ying Zhao, 3 Qing Xu, 4 Hui-Min Li, 5 Yu-Xiu Huang, 6 Huan-Huan Liu, 1 Cang-Bao Xu 1,* 1Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China; 4College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, People’s Republic of China; 5Public Course Teaching Department, Shangluo Vocational and Technical College, Shangzhou, 726000, People’s Republic of China; 6Department of English, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Suo-Min Feng; Cang-Bao XuXi’an Medical University, No. 1, Xinwang Road, Weiyang District, Xi’an 710021, People’s Republic of ChinaFax +86 29-86177539Email fengsuomin@126.com; cangboxu@yahoo.comPurpose: Although the effective and safe medical defoamers, dimethicone (DM) and simethicone (SM) are widely used in electronic gastroscope examination (EGE), their preparations are presented in the form of suspensions or emulsions, these are untransparent or milk-like in appearance and can easily cause misdiagnosis as a result of an unclear field of vision if the doctor does not master the amount of defoamer or operates incorrectly. At the same time, it is also difficult to wash out the camera and pipeline, due to the large oil droplets of preparations. The purpose of this study was to develop a new clear and transparent oil in water (O/W) DM nanoemulsions (DMNs) and observe the effect of application in EGE.Methods: The oil phase was chosen for its antifoaming activity and viscosity. The emulsifier and co-emulsifier were selected according to the solubility of the oil phase in them. The water titration method was used to make the pseudoternary phase diagrams of nanoemulsions and optimize the prescription composition. DM-in-water nanoemulsion was prepared by the low energy method and evaluated for appearance, antifoaming ability, droplet size, and stability. The effect of DMNs utilized in EGEs was also observed.Results: The optimal formulation of DMNs contained CRH-40 as an emulsifier, PEG-400 as a co-emulsifier, DM as oil phase with the viscosity of 10 mPa.s, and their proportion was 4.5:4.5:1, respectively. DMNs obtained the average particle size of 67.98 nm with the polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.332, and 57.14% defoaming rate. The result of using an EGE showed that DMNs were superior in comparison to the emulsions with regard to the defoaming effect, visual clarity, and easy cleanup.Conclusion: DMNs were found to provide excellent visual clarity to its other preparations. The novel DMNs is a promising substitute for DM emulsions or suspensions in EGEs.Keywords: dimethicone , simethicone , dimethicone nanoemulsions, electronic gastroscopy examination, deformer

Cortical bone trajectory (CBT) is widely used in orthopedic surgery to improve fixation while minimizing soft tissue dissection. This study used radiological methods to assess the correlation between the bone mineral density (BMD) of vertebrae and Hounsfield unit (HU) values of CBT and traditional trajectory (TT). A total of 240 thoracic and lumbar (T9-L5) vertebrae from 40 cadaveric spines were obtained. The specimens were measured using computed tomography (CT). The axial CT images of TT were sliced in a plane horizontal to the pedicle, whereas those of CBT were sliced in a caudocranial plane. The regions of interest of TT and CBT were selected to calculate an average HU value within the area, wherein the screws were inserted and fixed at 6.0 mm × 40 mm and 4.0 mm × 30 mm, respectively. The BMD of vertebrae was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and quantitative CT (QCT). The HU value of CBT (286.74 ± 120.80) was almost twice higher than that of TT (165.61 ± 92.38). The average lateral and anteroposterior BMDs of 240 vertebrae determined using DEXA were 0.540 ± 0.193 and 0.651 ± 0.180 g/cm(2), respectively. The average cortical and cancellous BMDs of 240 vertebrae determined using QCT were 245.63 ± 80.09 and 88.24 ± 61.78 mg/cm(3), respectively. The BMD determined using DEXA and QCT was significantly and positively associated with the HU values of CBT and TT. The ratio of the HU values of CBT and TT was significantly and negatively associated with the lateral BMD determined using DEXA and the cancellous BMD determined using QCT. However, it was significantly and positively associated with segments but not with the anteroposterior BMD determined using DEXA and the cortical BMD determined using QCT. Collectively, the HU values of CBT and TT significantly decreased with decreasing BMD. However, the CBT HU values significantly decreased less than the TT HU values, especially in low-BMD vertebrae and cauda lumbar segments.

Yan Huang,1 Chun-lan Chen,1 Jing-jing Yuan,1 Hui-min Li,1 Xiao-rong Han,1 Rong-chang Chen,2 Wei-jie Guan,1 Nan-shan Zhong1 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute for Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Wei-jie Guan; Nan-shan ZhongDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute for Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-20-83062876; +86-20-83062719Fax +86-20-83062718; +86-20-83062719Email battery203@163.com; nanshan@vip.163.comBackground: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) colonization confers poor prognosis in bronchiectasis. However, the biomarkers and biological pathways underlying these associations are unclear.Objective: To identify the roles of PA colonization in bronchiectasis by exploring for sputum exosomal microRNA profiles.Methods: We enrolled 98 patients with clinically stable bronchiectasis and 17 healthy subjects. Sputum was split for bacterial culture and exosomal microRNA sequencing, followed by validation with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Bronchiectasis patients were stratified into PA and non-PA colonization groups based on sputum culture findings. We applied Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathway enrichment analysis to explore biological pathways corresponding to the differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) associated with PA colonization.Results: Eighty-two bronchiectasis patients and 9 healthy subjects yielded sufficient sputum that passed quality control. We identified 10 overlap DEMs for the comparison between bronchiectasis patients and healthy subjects, and between PA and non-PA colonization group. Both miR-92b-5p and miR-223-3p could discriminate PA colonization (C-statistic >0.60) and independently correlated with PA colonization in multiple linear regression analysis. The differential expression of miR-92b-5p was validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (P

Wei-Jie Guan,1,2 Jing-Jing Yuan,1 Hui-Min Li,1 Yong-Hua Gao,3 Chun-Lan Chen,1 Yan Huang,1 Rong-Chang Chen,1 Nan-Shan Zhong1,2 1State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China Background: Bronchiectasis is a debilitating disease with chronic airway infection. Proteobacteria, the dominant phylum, can be detected with high-throughput sequencing.Objective: To stratify Proteobacteria compositions according to culture findings in bronchiectasis.Patients and methods: We sampled sputum, split for culture and 16srRNA sequencing, from 106 patients with stable bronchiectasis and 17 healthy subjects. Paired sputa from 22 bronchiectasis patients were collected during exacerbations and convalescence.Results: Forty-five, 41, and 20 patients with clinically stable bronchiectasis had isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), other potentially pathogenic microorganisms, and commensals at the initial visit, respectively. The PA group (but not other groups) demonstrated significantly greater relative abundance of Proteobacteria, and lower Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index, Simpson Diversity Index, and richness compared with healthy subjects. Pseudomonas was the dominant genus that discriminated bronchiectasis patients (particularly in the PA group) from healthy subjects. Compared with baseline levels, Proteobacteria community compositions in the PA group, but not in other groups, were more resilient during exacerbations and convalescence.Conclusion: Proteobacteria community compositions could be partially reflected by conventional sputum bacterial culture. Significantly altered Proteobacteria community compositions – particularly, the increased relative abundance of Pseudomonas and diminished community diversity – represent critical targets for novel interventions to restore normal airway microenvironment in patients with bronchiectasis. Keywords: bronchiectasis, Proteobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, culture, exacerbation