744 results on '"Leyens, Christoph"'
Search Results
102. Flow rate improvements in additively manufactured flow channels suitable for rocket engine application
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Buchholz, Maximilian, Gruber, Samira, Selbmann, Alex, Marquardt, Axel, Meier, Luca, Müller, Michael, Seifert, Lukas, Leyens, Christoph, Tajmar, Martin, Bach, Christian, Buchholz, Maximilian, Gruber, Samira, Selbmann, Alex, Marquardt, Axel, Meier, Luca, Müller, Michael, Seifert, Lukas, Leyens, Christoph, Tajmar, Martin, and Bach, Christian
- Abstract
This contribution describes the investigation of flow channels which are designed to be directly integrated into an aerospike engine by means of additive manufacturing with laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). During the experimental testing of a previous aerospike engine in 2019, it was observed that high surface roughness of such additively manufactured integrated channels caused a significant reduction in the mass flow rates of the propellants ethanol and liquid oxygen as well as the coolant due to increased pressure drop. In an extensive study within the CFDmikroSAT project, various factors influencing this surface roughness are, therefore, being investigated, which include the geometry of the channels as well as selected manufacturing parameters of the LPBF process, such as layer thickness and component orientation. To further reduce the roughness after manufacturing, suitable post-processing methods are also being investigated for internal cavities, initially analysing the abrasive flow machining process. Within the paper, the overall investigation approach is presented, such as the overview of the considered specimens, and the initial results of a various studies with selected specimens are discussed. These studies consist of the examination of surface roughness reduction, shape accuracy and flow behaviour of post-processed cooling channel specimens. Finally, a brief overview of the already manufactured aerospike demonstrator is presented.
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- 2022
103. Locally adapted microstructures in an additively manufactured titanium aluminide alloy through process parameter variation and heat treatment
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Moritz, Juliane, Teschke, Mirko, Marquardt, Axel, Stepien, Lukas, López, Elena, Brueckner, Frank, Walther, Frank, Leyens, Christoph, Moritz, Juliane, Teschke, Mirko, Marquardt, Axel, Stepien, Lukas, López, Elena, Brueckner, Frank, Walther, Frank, and Leyens, Christoph
- Abstract
Electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB/M) has been attracting great research interest as a promising technology for additive manufacturing of titanium aluminide alloys. However, challenges often arise from the process-induced evaporation of aluminum, which is linked to the PBF-EB/M process parameters. This study applies different volumetric energy densities during PBF-EB/M processing to deliberately adjust the aluminum contents in additively manufactured Ti–43.5Al–4Nb–1Mo–0.1B (TNM-B1) samples. The specimens are subsequently subjected to hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and a two-step heat treatment. The influence of process parameter variation and heat treatments on microstructure and defect distribution are investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy, as well as X-ray computed tomography (CT). Depending on the aluminum content, shifts in the phase transition temperatures can be identified via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It is confirmed that the microstructure after heat treatment is strongly linked to the PBF-EB/M parameters and the associated aluminum evaporation. The feasibility of producing locally adapted microstructures within one component through process parameter variation and subsequent heat treatment can be demonstrated. Thus, fully lamellar and nearly lamellar microstructures in two adjacent component areas can be adjusted, respectively.
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- 2022
104. Implementation of Neutron Diffraction Characterization Techniques for Direct Energy Deposition of Ni-Based Superalloys
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Leyens, Christoph, Cabeza, Sandra, Technische Universität Dresden, Ozcan, Burak, Leyens, Christoph, Cabeza, Sandra, Technische Universität Dresden, and Ozcan, Burak
- Abstract
In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) has been one of the essential production techniques in the engineering community. Rapid integration of this technique drew a bead on the reliability of the microstructural and mechanical properties of engineering components. However, due to the nature of the layer-by-layer approach of AM, complex thermal gradients can cause inhomogeneous microstructure and significant residual stresses (RS). These, expectedly, can lead to a dramatic reduction in material performance. Therefore, especially for alloys like Ni-based Inconel 718 (IN718) used in critical applications, the characterization and later optimization of the DED process on material properties become essential. Nevertheless, empirical and conventional approaches are needed to improve, or new techniques should be introduced. In this regard, this study aims to understand better the evolution of the mechanical and microstructural properties of IN718 during and post-DED processes. For this purpose, an in-situ 2D neutron diffraction strain monitoring was carried out during the DED of IN718. The strain contributions originated from microstructural, thermal, and stress-based events during deposition and cooling periods at different positions concerning melt pool were investigated. Stabilization of different positions and processing regions on the sample as a function of the temperature profile, build height, and microstructural events are examined. Laboratory-scale microstructural studies were performed on wire-DED parts to observe the process parameter dependency of precipitation, composition, and morphology of microstructural constituents. Moreover, these findings were benchmarked with neutron powder diffraction measurements to relate the crystallographic behavior with macroscopic ones. Solidification under different cooling rates and heat treatments was carried out using the neutron powder diffraction technique to comprehend the precipitation dynamics and explain the micr, In den letzten Jahren hat sich die additive Fertigung (AM) zu einer der wichtigsten Produktionstechniken in der Ingenieurwelt entwickelt. Die schnelle Integration dieser Technik hat die Zuverlässigkeit der mikrostrukturellen und mechanischen Eigenschaften von technischen Komponenten deutlich verbessert. Aufgrund des schichtweisen Ansatzes der AM können jedoch komplexe thermische Gradienten eine inhomogene Mikrostruktur und erhebliche Eigenspannungen (RS) verursachen. Diese können erwartungsgemäß zu einer dramatischen Verringerung der Materialleistung führen. Daher sind insbesondere bei Legierungen wie Inconel 718 (IN718) auf Ni-Basis, die in kritischen Anwendungen eingesetzt werden, die Charakterisierung und spätere Optimierung des DED-Prozesses auf die Materialeigenschaften von entscheidender Bedeutung. Dennoch müssen empirische und konventionelle Ansätze verbessert werden, oder es sollten neue Techniken eingeführt werden. In diesem Zusammenhang zielt diese Studie darauf ab, die Entwicklung der mechanischen und mikrostrukturellen Eigenschaften von IN718 während und nach dem DED-Prozess besser zu verstehen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde während des DED-Prozesses von IN718 eine in-situ 2D-Neutronenbeugungsmessung der Dehnung durchgeführt. Die Dehnungsbeiträge, die von mikrostrukturellen, thermischen und spannungsbasierten Ereignissen während der Abscheidungs- und Abkühlungsperioden an verschiedenen Positionen des Schmelzbades herrühren, wurden untersucht. Die Stabilisierung verschiedener Positionen und Verarbeitungsbereiche auf der Probe als Funktion des Temperaturprofils, der Aufschmelzhöhe und der mikrostrukturellen Ereignisse wurde untersucht. Im Labormaßstab wurden mikrostrukturelle Studien an Draht-DED-Teilen durchgeführt, um die Abhängigkeit der Prozessparameter von der Ausscheidung, Zusammensetzung und Morphologie der mikrostrukturellen Bestandteile zu beobachten. Darüber hinaus wurden diese Ergebnisse mit Neutronenpulverbeugungsmessungen verglichen, um das kristallog
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- 2022
105. Untersuchung des dehnratenabhängigen Werkstoffverhaltens von höherfesten Stählen
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Leyens, Christoph, Wiesmann, Hans-Peter, Hufenbach, Julia, Technische Universität Dresden, Kochta, Fabian, Leyens, Christoph, Wiesmann, Hans-Peter, Hufenbach, Julia, Technische Universität Dresden, and Kochta, Fabian
- Abstract
Neuartige Konstruktionswerkstoffe, welche eine hohe Festigkeit mit einem niedrigen Materialgewicht verbinden, sind von besonderem Interesse in verschiedenen Anwendungsgebieten. Insbesondere im Mobilitätssektor sind derartige innovative und nachhaltige Werkstoffe mit hoher spezifischer Festigkeit von Bedeutung, um sowohl die angestrebte Reduktion von Fahrzeugemissionen als auch eine ausreichende mechanische Stabilität der Karosserie zu erreichen. Stähle weisen dabei aufgrund ihres großen Eigenschaftsspektrums und der umfassende Prozesskenntnis in der Stahlverarbeitung bzw. Herstellung ein hohes Potenzial auf und es kann historisch bedingt auf eine umfassende Prozesskenntnis in der Stahlverarbeitung bzw. Herstellung zurückgegriffen werden. Bisher wurden derartige Eigenschaftsprofile nur durch aufwändige Nachbehandlungsschritte realisiert. Ein durch gezielte Legierungsmodifikation im Kupferkokillenschwerkraftguss bei erhöhten Abkühlgeschwindigkeiten hergestellter hochfester Werkzeugstahl zeigt bereits im Gusszustand ein vielversprechendes mechanisches Eigenschaftsprofil. Dieses wurde sowohl im quasi-statischen als auch im dynamischen Druckversuch eingehender untersucht. Hierbei konnte nur eine marginale Dehnratenabhängigkeit für den neuartigen Werkzeugstahl beobachtet werden. Im dynamischen Druckversuch wurden adiabatische Scherbänder nachgewiesen, deren Entstehung durch verschiedene Methoden der Gefügecharakterisierung nachverfolgt werden konnten und als Vorläuferstellen für das Materialversagen durch Bruch anzusehen sind.
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- 2022
106. Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Porosität lichtbogendrahtgespritzter Zylinderlaufbahnen auf das Reibungsverhalten
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Leyens, Christoph, Leson, Andreas, Wetzel, Franz-Josef, Technische Universität Dresden, Groetzki, Sascha, Leyens, Christoph, Leson, Andreas, Wetzel, Franz-Josef, Technische Universität Dresden, and Groetzki, Sascha
- Abstract
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Einfluss der Porosität lichtbogendrahtgespritzter Zylinderlaufbahnen auf das Reibungsverhalten. Hierzu wird das fokussierte System aus Kolbenring, Schmierstoff und Lauffläche zunächst für einen repräsentativen Betriebspunkt per numerischer Abschätzung der Kolbenringzwischendrücke sowie der Schmierfilmdicke analysiert und eine Einteilung der Reibungszustände vorgenommen. Unter anderem auf Basis der strömungsmechanischen Ähnlichkeitstheorie erfolgt im Anschluss eine Ableitung von Betriebspunkten für experimentelle Untersuchungen an einem Mittelhub-Tribometer im Bereich der Grenzreibung sowie Mischreibung und Hydrodynamik. An diesem Modellprüfstand werden daraufhin zum einen Laufbahnsegmente differenter Porosität gegen einen nitrierten Kompressionsring bewertet. Neben skalaren Größen dienen wegaufgelöste Signale über dem Hub zur Analyse des Reibungsverhaltens. In Ergänzung zu den nitrierten Oberflächen wird das Potenzial einer ta-C Beschichtung zur Reibungsreduzierung bewertet. Die Übertragbarkeit der erarbeiteten Erkenntnisse auf den verbrennungsmotorischen Betrieb wird über eine Messreihe an einem Einzylinderprüfstand untersucht. Auch hier werden Oberflächendaten verwendet, um eine Korrelation zwischen den ermittelten Reibmitteldrücken respektive den wegaufgelösten Signalen und der Porosität herstellen zu können. Über diese experimentellen Untersuchungen hinaus wird das Verhalten des Schmierfilms zwischen dem Kolbenring und einzelner Poren der Lauffläche mit Hilfe der dreidimensionalen numerischen Strömungssimulation analysiert. Hierzu werden Laufbahnsegmente per Computertomographie vermessen, einzelne Porenobjekte isoliert und für die Simulation aufbereitet. Im Rahmen von stationären Berechnungen wird zunächst eine Vielzahl einzelner Objekte in einem abstrahierten System strömungsmechanisch untersucht. Die Analyse ausgewählter Poren in transienten Strömungssimulationen und die Bewertung der Übertragbarkeit der Erkenntnisse, This work deals with the influence of the porosity of twin wire arc sprayed cylinder liner on the friction behavior. For this purpose, the focused system of piston ring, lubricant and liner is first analyzed for a representative operating point by numerical estimation of the piston ring intermediate pressures as well as the lubricant film thickness and a classification of the friction states is carried out. Among other things, based on the mechanics of flow similarities, a calculation of operating points for experimental investigations on a medium stroke tribometer in the field of boundary friction as well as mixed and hydrodynamic friction is done subsequently. After that, on this model test bench, cylinder segments of different porosity are evaluated against a nitrided piston ring. Beside scalar values, signals above the stroke are used to analyze friction behavior. In addition to the nitrided surfaces, the potential of a ta-C coating for friction reduction is investigated. The transferability of the developed findings to the combustion-engined operation is evaluated via a series of measurements on a single cylinder test bench. Here, too, surface data is used to establish a correlation between the mean effective pressure of frictional forces determined or the signals above the stroke and the porosity. In addition to these experimental investigations, the behaviour of the lubricant film between the piston ring and single pores of the cylinder surface is evaluated using the three-dimensional numerical flow simulation. For this purpose, liner segments are measured by computed tomography, individual pore objects are isolated and processed for simulation. In the context of stationary calculations, a large number of individual objects are first examined in an abstracted system. The analysis of selected pores in transient flow simulations and the evaluation of the transferability of the findings complete this work.:1. Einleitung und wissenschaftliche Zielsetzung 1.1. Ein
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- 2022
107. Electron beam powder bed fusion manufacturing of a Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy: a microstructure and mechanical properties' correlation study.
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Hendl, Julius, Marquardt, Axel, and Leyens, Christoph
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- 2023
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108. Demands, Potentials, and Economic Aspects of Thermal Spraying with Suspensions: A Critical Review
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Toma, Filofteia-Laura, Potthoff, Annegret, Berger, Lutz-Michael, and Leyens, Christoph
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- 2015
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109. Multimaterial additive manufacturing of graded laves phase reinforced NiAlTa structures by means of Laser Metal Deposition
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Müller, Michael, Stellmacher, Andre, Riede, Mirko, Lopez, Elena, Brückner, Frank, Leyens, Christoph, and Publica
- Abstract
Recently, the Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) has gained a lot of attention for processing crack prone high temperature materials such as nickel based superalloys or intermetallics. This contribution presents a feasibility study on LMD of a graded transition from binary ß-NiAl to Ni50Al42Ta8 with the aim to show the possibility of manufacturing ß-NiAl based structures with a spatially resolved microstructure and subsequently tailored mechanical properties. For achieving this the alloys Ni50Al50 and Ni50Al42Ta8 are co-injected into the process zone and the powder feeding rates are adapted in a layer-wise manner. Due to pre-heating temperatures of up to 1000 °C the transition can be manufactured with high relative density and a low degree of cold cracking. Scanning electron microscopy of the transition zone shows the formation of a fine dendritic microstructure consisting of ß-NiAl dendritic and NiAlTa interdendritic regions. Large area energy dispersive x-ray analysis reveals a gradient in NiAlTa Laves phase content with increasing build height. The observed volume fraction of Laves phase corresponds well to reported values from cast ingots. Finally, hardness measurements along the build-up direction show an increase in hardness from 300 HV0.1 to 680 HV0.1 indicating a tremendous increase in tensile strength.
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- 2022
110. Simulation des LPBF-Prozess mit dem Fokus auf der lokalen Abbildung der Temperaturhistorie im Bauteil
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Heinze, Stefan, Kühne, Robert, Töppel, Thomas, and Leyens, Christoph
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Laser Powder Bed Fusion ,AMTwin ,Simulation - Abstract
Das Potential von additiven Fertigungsprozessen für die Fertigung von komplexen Bauteilen, die über herkömmliche Prozessrouten nur äußert kostenineffizient oder nicht möglich ist, ist nach heutigem Stand bekannt und begründet das hohe Forschungsinteresse an diesen Prozessen. Vor allem der Laser Powder Bed Fusion Prozess gehört zu einem der am weitest verbreiteten additiven Fertigungsprozesse und hat den Transfer in die industrielle Nutzung erfolgreich bewältigt. Als nächster Schritt in der Weiterentwicklung des LPBF steht die konsequente Weiterentwicklung und Optimierung bestehender Verfahrensabläufe. Vor allem im Hinblick auf das Verständnis der im Prozess ablaufenden physikalischen und werkstoffwissenschaftlichen Vorgänge fehlen Erkenntnisse und Werkzeuge, die eine effiziente Neuentwicklung von Bauteilen, Verwendung neuer Werkstoffe oder die Weiterentwicklung bestehender Materialkombinationen und Bauteile in größerem Maßstab sowie einen leichteren Zugang zu diesem Wissen ermöglichen. Ein mögliches Werkzeug das zum Verständnis des LPBF beitragen kann, sind Simulationen in denen neue Parameterkombinationen, Werkstoffe oder Bauteilgeometrien ohne kostenintensive Maschinenzeit oder Materialverbrauch untersucht werden können. In den letzten Jahren gab es ein stetiges Bestreben von Forschung und Softwareentwicklern, vor allem im Bereich der Finite Elemente Simulation (FEM), Softwareprodukte für die additive Fertigung zu entwickeln und somit der Forschung und Industrie zusätzliche Werkzeuge für eine effiziente Entwicklung bereitzustellen. Eine große Herausforderung bilden dabei additive Fertigungsprozesse wie das LPBF, da Bauteile im Bereich von mehreren cm durch die Überlagerung von Pulverschichten von wenigen 10 µm erzeugt werden und die lokalen Aufschmelzungen durch den Laser ebenfalls im Bereich von etwa 100 µm liegen. Diese Unterschiede in den Skalen stellen eine enorme Herausforderung an die Simulation dar, wenn lokale Vorgänge betrachtet werden sollen - z.B. Temperaturverläufe, die in einer individuellen Mikrostruktur und somit den Eigenschaften des Bauteils resultieren. Für die simulative Abbildung eines kompletten Bauteils wäre die Simulationszeit auch mit Hochleistungsrechner in Bereichen, die eine Integration von Simulationen in den Prozessablauf des LPBF Prozesses unmöglich erscheinen lassen. Dieser Beitrag präsentiert eine Lösung für die Simulation der lokalen Temperaturhistorie für die Fertigung von Bauteilen beliebiger Geometrie mittels LPBF. Der Fokus liegt auf der realitätsnahen Nachbildung der lokaler Temperaturentwicklung, die dann in einem weiteren Schritt für die Entstehung der Phasen und Mikrostruktur genutzt werden soll. Es werden Lösungsansätze für die Kalibrierung der Wärmequelle auf Basis von experimentellen Voruntersuchungen an Ti6Al4V sowie ein Simulationsmodell auf mikroskopischer Skala präsentiert, dass Einflüsse des Fertigungsprozesses auf makroskopischer Skala berücksichtigt. Anhand einer umfangreichen Testreihe von Blindschweiß- sowie Singletrackversuchen erfolgt zudem eine Beurteilung der Vorhersagbarkeit des Einflusses von Parametervariation auf die Ausprägung von Schmelzbad und Wärmeeinflusszone.
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- 2022
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111. Mechanical properties of additive manufactured titanium (Ti–6Al–4V) blocks deposited by a solid-state laser and wire
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Brandl, Erhard, Palm, Frank, Michailov, Vesselin, Viehweger, Bernd, and Leyens, Christoph
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- 2011
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112. Deposition of Ti–6Al–4V using laser and wire, part I: Microstructural properties of single beads
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Brandl, Erhard, Michailov, Vesselin, Viehweger, Bernd, and Leyens, Christoph
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- 2011
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113. Deposition of Ti–6Al–4V using laser and wire, part II: Hardness and dimensions of single beads
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Brandl, Erhard, Michailov, Vesselin, Viehweger, Bernd, and Leyens, Christoph
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- 2011
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114. Mechanical and geometrical characterization of additively manufactured INCONEL® 718 porous structures for transpiration cooling in space applications
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Selbmann, Alex, primary, Gruber, Samira, additional, Stepien, Lukas, additional, López, Elena, additional, Marquardt, Axel, additional, Brückner, Frank, additional, and Leyens, Christoph, additional
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- 2022
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115. Liquid lithium metal processing into ultrathin metal anodes for solid state batteries
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Schönherr, Kay, primary, Schumm, Benjamin, additional, Hippauf, Felix, additional, Lissy, Robin, additional, Althues, Holger, additional, Leyens, Christoph, additional, and Kaskel, Stefan, additional
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- 2022
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116. Influence of the Deposition Process and Substrate on Microstructure, Phase Composition, and Residual Stress State on As-Deposited Cr-Al-C Coatings
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Heinze, Stefan, primary, Krülle, Tim, additional, Ewenz, Lars, additional, Krywka, Christina, additional, Davydok, Anton, additional, Stark, Andreas, additional, Cremer, Rainer, additional, and Leyens, Christoph, additional
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- 2022
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117. Influence of the Deposition Process on the Cr2alc Phase Formation During Heat Treatment of Cr-Al-C Thin Films
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Heinze, Stefan, primary, Stark, Andreas, additional, Hendl, Julius, additional, and Leyens, Christoph, additional
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- 2022
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118. Influence of Deposition Temperature on the Electrical and Electrochemical Properties of Carbon-Based Coatings for Metallic Bipolar Plates, Prepared by Cathodic Arc Evaporation
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Steinhorst, Maximilian, primary, Giorgio, Maurizio, additional, Roch, Teja, additional, and Leyens, Christoph, additional
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- 2022
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119. Development of Suspension Feedstocks for Thermally Sprayed Zn2TiO4 Coatings.
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Meyer, Anja, Toma, Filofteia-Laura, Kunze, Oliver, Böhme, Andreas, Matthey, Björn, Potthoff, Annegret, Kaiser, Arno, Gestrich, Tim, and Leyens, Christoph
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SURFACE coatings ,DIFFERENTIAL thermal analysis ,PROTECTIVE coatings ,FEEDSTOCK ,METAL spraying ,PHOTOCATALYSTS ,RAW materials - Abstract
By adjusting the thermal spraying suspension technology, coatings with excellent microstructure, surface morphology, and phase composition can be obtained to meet the application needs in mechanical, electrical or friction fields. The use of suspensions as feedstock material allows a high degree of flexibility with regard to the chemical composition of the sprayed coatings. Moreover, suspension thermal spraying (STS) is a promising technique for the production of coatings, the use of which was previously limited by expensive starting materials. A mixture of less expensive starting materials in the suspension and an "in situ" reaction to the desired product during the spraying process make this possible. Zn
2 TiO4 coatings are one example where the high costs of blended oxide powders as feedstock material hinder the market introduction, whereas their outstanding electrical properties and photocatalytic activity are of great interest for various industrial applications. In this work, single oxides ZnO and TiO2 , Zn acetate salt as ZnO precursor, as well as a Zn2 TiO4 powder were used to develop tailored aqueous suspension feedstocks suitable for thermal spraying. To follow the formation of the compositions in the system ZnO-TiO2 , differential thermal analysis (DTA) measurements were performed. Preparation routes of stable suspensions and suspension-solution mixtures with low sedimentation rates, low viscosities and good flowabilities are discussed. Microstructures and phase compositions of sprayed coatings are shown, and the "in situ" formation of Zn2 TiO4 phase during Suspension High Velocity Oxygen Fuel Spraying (S-HVOF) is demonstrated. This work shows the high potential of suspension feedstocks from single oxide raw materials to obtain Zn2 TiO4 sprayed coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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120. Influence of Two‐Step Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a β‐Solidifying Titanium Aluminide Alloy Fabricated via Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion.
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Moritz, Juliane, Teschke, Mirko, Marquardt, Axel, Heinze, Stefan, Heckert, Mirko, Stepien, Lukas, López, Elena, Brueckner, Frank, Walther, Frank, and Leyens, Christoph
- Subjects
MECHANICAL heat treatment ,TITANIUM powder ,ELECTRON beams ,TITANIUM alloys ,HEAT treatment ,COMPUTED tomography ,TITANIUM aluminides ,TENSILE strength - Abstract
Additive manufacturing technologies, particularly electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF‐EB/M), are becoming increasingly important for the processing of intermetallic titanium aluminides. This study presents the effects of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and subsequent two‐step heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the TNM‐B1 alloy (Ti–43.5Al–4Nb–1Mo–0.1B) fabricated via PBF‐EB/M. Adequate solution heat treatment temperatures allow the adjustment of fully lamellar (FL) and nearly lamellar (NL‐β) microstructures. The specimens are characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray computed tomography (CT), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The mechanical properties at ambient temperatures are evaluated via tensile testing and subsequent fractography. While lack‐of‐fusion defects are the main causes of failure in the as‐built condition, the mechanical properties in the heat‐treated conditions are predominantly controlled by the microstructure. The highest ultimate tensile strength is achieved after HIP due to the elimination of lack‐of‐fusion defects. The results reveal challenges originating from the PBF‐EB/M process, for example, local variations in chemical composition due to aluminum evaporation, which in turn affect the microstructures after heat treatment. For designing suitable heat treatment strategies, particular attention should therefore be paid to the microstructural characteristics associated with additive manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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121. Development and characterization of a metastable Al-Mn-Ce alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion
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Gabrysiak, Katharina, Gustmann, Tobias, Freudenberger, Jens, Neufeld, Kai, Giebeler, Lars, Leyens, Christoph, and Kühn, Uta
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- 2021
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122. Laser processing: solutions for industry
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Leyens, Christoph, primary, Standfuß, Jens, additional, Wetzig, Andreas, additional, Brückner, Frank, additional, Barbosa, Maria, additional, Hauptmann, Jan, additional, Lopez, Elena, additional, Seifert, Marko, additional, Dittrich, Dirk, additional, Herwig, Patrick, additional, Hillig, Holger, additional, Stepien, Lukas, additional, and Gruber, Samira, additional
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- 2021
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123. Multimaterial Additive Manufacturing of Graded Laves Phase Reinforced NiAlTa Structures by Means of Laser Metal Deposition
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Müller, Michael, primary, Stellmacher, André, additional, Riede, Mirko, additional, López, Elena, additional, Brueckner, Frank, additional, and Leyens, Christoph, additional
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- 2021
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124. In Situ CT Tensile Testing of an Additively Manufactured and Heat-Treated Metastable ß-Titanium Alloy (Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr)
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Hendl, Julius, primary, Daubner, Sina, additional, Marquardt, Axel, additional, Stepien, Lukas, additional, Lopez, Elena, additional, Brückner, Frank, additional, and Leyens, Christoph, additional
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- 2021
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125. Sachwortverzeichnis
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Bergmann, Wolfgang, primary and Leyens, Christoph, additional
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- 2021
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126. Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion of γ-Titanium Aluminide: Effect of Processing Parameters on Part Density, Surface Characteristics, and Aluminum Content
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Moritz, Juliane, primary, Teschke, Mirko, additional, Marquardt, Axel, additional, Stepien, Lukas, additional, López, Elena, additional, Brückner, Frank, additional, Macias Barrientos, Marina, additional, Walther, Frank, additional, and Leyens, Christoph, additional
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- 2021
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127. Extension of the process limits in laser beam welding of thick-walled components using the Laser Multi-Pass Narrow-Gap welding (Laser-MPNG) on the example of the nickel-based material Alloy 617 occ
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Keßler, Benjamin, Dittrich, Dirk, Brenner, Berndt, Standfuß, Jens, Leyens, Christoph, and Publica
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laser beam welding ,Alloy 617 occ ,multi pass ,Nickel-base material ,Laser-MPNG - Abstract
The joining of thick-walled components using beam-based joining techniques is content of worldwide research and development activities, but has not yet been established in industry. State of the art to weld nickel super alloys is currently a TIG narrow-gap welding. The present paper is focusing on a new specific laser beam welding process, the so-called Laser Multi-Pass Narrow-Gap welding (Laser-MPNG). It first explains the process principle based on 2D beam oscillation, the use of fiber lasers and the multi-pass principle. The potential of the Laser-MPNG welding process is demonstrated using the technically significant nickel-based material Alloy 617 occ. As a result, it was possible for the first time to realize a weld with a wall thickness of 140 mm free of cracks or bonding defects. Promising results of creep and low-cycle fatigue tests are used to show the potential that Laser-MPNG welded joints would have for future industrial applications.
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- 2021
128. In situ observation with x-ray for tentative exploration of laser beam welding processes for aluminum-based alloys
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Börner, Stephan, Dittrich, Dirk, Mohlau, Philipp, Leyens, Christoph, Garcia-Moreno, Francisco, Kamm, Paul Hans, Neu, Tillmann Robert, Schlepütz, Christian Matthias, and Publica
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laser beam welding ,laser materials processing ,beam scanner ,aluminium ,X-ray imaging ,soldification process ,tomography ,radiography - Abstract
In recent years, laser processes have taken an ever-increasing market share in the manufacture of components. The development of new, improved beam sources with corresponding systems technology and the decreasing investment costs of the beam sources are important keys to this success. Particularly, high frequency beam oscillation has great potential in laser beam welding and cutting. The main obstacle for the widespread breakthrough of high frequency (HF) beam oscillation is the still insufficient understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms. Gaining a deeper insight is essential for process optimization. The in situ observation with x rays enables the visualization and analysis of these highly dynamic processes inside the workpiece. The goal of the performed experiment described in this paper was to in situ analyze the structural evolution of and defect generation in laser welding beads of different aluminum alloys. A fiber laser (max. 600 W, cw output power) including a beam scanner control system for rapid beam guidance was used. Of general interest was the comparison between static and oscillated beam guidance and the effects on the joining procedure. This paper shows the initial results of the analysis of the melt pool behavior and seam formation as well as the formation of seam irregularities during the laser process. In the simplest case, radiographs were taken, i.e., 2D projections of the x-ray absorption coefficient distribution within a material. Thereby, recordings from 10 000 up to 40 000 fps could be generated. Furthermore, tomoscopies-the continuous acquisition of tomographic (3D) images, up to 100 tomograms per second-could be generated with proven equipment, whose main components are a high-speed rotation stage and a camera system. The findings will help to get a better understanding of keyhole phenomena as well as effects of turbulent melt flow such as pore formation and guide to solutions for preventing them. Hence, initial results of high frequency beam oscillation processes including melt pool degassing and porosity reduction will be shown and discussed.
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- 2021
129. Integration of pure copper to optimize heat dissipation in injection mould inserts using laser metal deposition
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Polenz, Stefan, Kolbe, Christian, Bittner, Florian, Lopez, Elena, Brückner, Frank, Leyens, Christoph, and Publica
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laser beam welding ,welding ,laser materials ,copper ,hybrid materials ,material synthesis and processing ,thermal conductivity ,metallic and nonmetallic materials ,laser metal deposition ,machining - Abstract
Conventional infrared lasers (1070 nm) are not ideal for processing materials such as copper or gold. The reason for this is the corresponding high reflectivity of the aforementioned materials for infrared radiation. Since 2017, so-called ""green lasers"" {wavelengths around 500 nm [Kaliudis, see https://www.trumpf.com/de_DE/magazin/gruene-welle-fuers-kupferschweissen/ for ""Grüne Welle fürs Kupferschweißen, TRUMPF Media Relations,"" Press Release (2017)]} are available for welding processes and additive manufacturing technologies, viz., laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and laser metal deposition (LMD). These lasers are specially designed for the processing of highly reflective materials and have been recently used for the fabrication of specimens from pure copper. Due to process reasons, only one alloy is typically used for the manufacturing of components if powder bed based methods (LPBF) are applied. For many components, however, it is the combination of different materials (differences in thermophysical properties) that leads to an improvement in the component performance. The LMD process, in contrast to LPBF, can be adjusted with relative low efforts for the processing of two or more different materials. This offers new possibilities for the functionalization of parts that are already fabricated through a combination of subtractive and additive technologies (hybrid manufacturing). A mould insert for polymer injection molding will be presented in this contribution. It was produced by using a combination of different processes (subtractive, additive) and materials (pure copper, steel 1.2764).2-5 For a conventionally manufactured basic body (1.2764), copper cores were integrated in the corner areas by means of LMD. The cladding of the cores with 1.2764 was carried out with regard to the basic body and guaranteed dimensional accuracy for further processing. In order to improve the flow of coolant to the copper cores in the later application, the upper part of the mould insert with conformal cooling channels was manufactured using LPBF. The entire tool insert demonstrator was then finished and case-hardened. Initial tests under real conditions on the overall component are intended to prove full functionality. Simultaneously, we discuss the added value of the hybrid manufacturing approach that was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in Germany as part of the AGENT-3D project IMProVe.
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- 2021
130. Integral Approach for Hybrid Manufacturing of Large Structural Titanium Space Components
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Leyens, Christoph, Zimmermann, Martina, Bavdaz, Marcos, Technische Universität Dresden, European Space Agency, Seidel, André, Leyens, Christoph, Zimmermann, Martina, Bavdaz, Marcos, Technische Universität Dresden, European Space Agency, and Seidel, André
- Abstract
This thesis presents a newly developed manufacturing method, based on cyber-physically enhanced hybrid machining, regarding an optical bench (OB) made of Ti6Al4V alloy for the Advanced Telescope for High-ENergy Astrophysics (ATHENA). The method includes sophisticated hybrid laser metal deposition equipment and state-of-the-art cryogenic machining hardware. The derived strategy combines localized energy input, preheating, heat treatment, intermediate stress relief and machining. This results in a complex thermal history and remaining residual stresses, representing a considerable challenge for final precision machining. The method targets first time right machining based on iterative machining, process data-based tool path correction and spatially resolved root cause research based on process data modeling.:II. Table of Contents I. Acknowledgement ............................................................ III II. Table of Contents ................................................................. I 1. Introduction ........................................................................ 1 1.1 Foreword .................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Subject Lot Size One ....................................................... 2 1.2.1 Historical Perspective ................................................................. 2 1.2.2 Going Full Cycle ......................................................................... 3 2. State of the Art in Titanium Processing ............................... 4 2.1 Conventional Processing................................................................ 4 2.2 Additive Manufacturing ................................................................. 5 2.2.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 5 2.2.2 Powder Bed Fusion ..................................................................... 6 2.2.3 Direct Energy Deposition ..............
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- 2021
131. Grundlegende Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Eigenschaften von Dünnschichtsystemen in Bezug zum Partikel-Erosionsverhalten
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Leyens, Christoph, Schulz, Uwe, Lange, Gudrun, Technische Universität Dresden, Eichner, Daniel, Leyens, Christoph, Schulz, Uwe, Lange, Gudrun, Technische Universität Dresden, and Eichner, Daniel
- Abstract
Triebwerkskomponenten in Luft- und Raumfahrtfahrzeugen unterliegen im Einsatz erosivem Verschleiß. Feine Stäube und Partikel wie Sand, Vulkanasche und Eiskristalle führen bei einer Wechselwirkung mit den Triebwerksschaufeln zum Materialabtrag. Auswirkungen reichen von einer erhöhten Oberflächenrauheit der Schaufel bis hin zu einer Veränderung der Bauteilgeometrie. Im Bereich des Verdichters treffen z. B. angesaugte Partikel senkrecht auf die Schaufelvorderkanten auf, wodurch sich die Profilsehnen verkürzen. Im Bereich der Schaufelhinterkanten erfolgt aufgrund des flachen Auftreffwinkels des Abrasivmittels ein flächiger Materialabtrag, der die Schaufeldicke reduziert. Durch eine Beschichtung von Bauteiloberflächen eröffnet sich eine Möglichkeit, Triebwerksschaufeln effektiv vor Partikelerosion zu schützen. Im Vordergrund der Entwicklung von Erosionsschutzschichten steht ihre verschleißreduzierende Wirkung, die durch das bestmögliche Verhältnis von Schichtzähigkeit und –härte zum Grundwerkstoff erreicht wird. Diese Arbeit liefert Untersuchungen zu Wechselwirkungen zwischen Beschichtungen und Grundwerkstoff als Gesamtsystem und den daraus resultierenden Einfluss auf das Partikelerosionsverhalten des Bauteils. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist es, eine bestmögliche Auswahl qualifizierter Schichtsysteme für den Erosionsschutz zu gewährleisten. Dafür wurden verschiedene Kombinationen aus PVD-Beschichtungen (konventionelle Hartstoffschichten, Cr2AlC MAX-Phase, DLC ta-C) und Grundwerkstoffen (Inconel 718 lösungsgeglüht, Inconel 718 ausscheidungsgehärtet, WC-Co) hinsichtlich ihres Partikelerosionsverhaltens getestet und ihre Schichtverbundeigenschaften charakterisiert, um relevante Einflussgrößen auf die Partikelerosion zu eruieren. Die dabei ablaufenden verschiedenen Erosionsmechanismen wurden analysiert und in grundlegende Modelle überführt. Abgerundet wurden diese experimentellen Untersuchungen mit theoretischen Betrachtungen zum mechanischen Verhalten unterschiedlicher Kombina
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- 2021
132. Untersuchung des erosiven Verhaltens von Wärmedämmschichten nach CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 Infiltration
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Leyens, Christoph, Schulz, Uwe, Zimmermann, Martina, Technische Universität Dresden, Steinberg, Lars, Leyens, Christoph, Schulz, Uwe, Zimmermann, Martina, Technische Universität Dresden, and Steinberg, Lars
- Abstract
Sowohl Sand (CMAS) als auch Vulkanasche können die Wärmedämmschichten (TBC) einer Turbinenschaufel durch Infiltration der aufgeschmolzenen Aerosole und durch Partikelerosion schädigen. Das parallele Auftreten dieser beiden Schädigungsmechanismen an einer TBC ist bisher nur unzureichend analysiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden in dieser Arbeit EB-PVD 7YSZ TBCs mit zwei verschiedenen Mikrostrukturen sowie die CMAS-beständigere EB-PVD Gd2Zr2O7 TBC untersucht. Zusätzlich wurde auf EB-PVD 7YSZ TBCs mittels Suspensions-plasmaspritzen eine CMAS-beständige Al2O3-Schicht aufgebracht. Die Erosionsversuche erfolgten bei Raumtemperatur an den TBCs vor und nach einer CMAS-Infiltration. Die Cha-rakterisierung der TBCs wurde hauptsächlich mittels instrumentierter Eindringprüfung durch-geführt und durch thermodynamische Berechnungen der Phasenanteile in den Schichten nach der CALPHAD-Methode unterstützt. Somit können die wesentlichen Einflussgrößen der CMAS-Infiltration und Partikelerosion in dieser Arbeit erstmals wissenschaftlich-systematisch evaluiert und in Korrelation miteinander gesetzt werden. Sowohl die Wechselwirkung mechanischer Schichteigenschaften (wie E-Modul, Härte, Bruchzähigkeit) und der Schichtmikrostruktur mit dem Erosionsverhalten er-möglichen die Ableitung von Mikrostruktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen. Auf deren Basis wird ein wissenschaftliches Verständnis des komplexen Schädigungsvorgangs aufgebaut. Es zeigt sich, dass verschiedene Mikrostrukturcharakteristika der EB-PVD 7YSZ TBC, wie Federarme und Stängeldurchmesser, großen Einfluss auf die Erosionsbeständigkeit von unin-filtrierten und infiltrierten TBCs haben. Generell erhöht sich die Erosionsbeständigkeit durch die CMAS-Infiltration, allerdings zum Nachteil der mechanischen Integrität der TBC. Der CaO-Gehalt des CMAS und die Infiltrationszeit werden als wesentliche Einflussfaktoren auf das Erosionsverhalten identifiziert. Diese Einflüsse dominieren auch die Erosionsbeständigkeit der untersuchten CMAS-beständi, Both sand (CMAS) and volcanic ash can damage the thermal barrier coatings (TBC) of a turbine blade through the infiltration of the molten aerosols and particle erosion. The parallel occurrence of both damage mechanisms on a TBC has not yet been sufficiently analyzed. Against this background, this thesis investigated EB-PVD 7YSZ TBCs with two different mi-crostructures and the CMAS-resistant EB-PVD Gd2Zr2O7 TBC. In addition, CMAS-resistant Al2O3 coatings were applied on EB-PVD 7YSZ TBCs using suspension plasma spraying. The erosion tests were realized at room temperature on these TBCs before and after CMAS infil-tration. The characterization of the TBCs was mainly performed by using mechanical indenta-tion measurements and was supported by thermodynamic calculations of the phase fractions in the coating according to the CALPHAD method. Thus, for the first time in this work, the main influencing variables of CMAS infiltration and particle erosion can be evaluated systematically and correlated with each other. Both the in-teraction of mechanical coating properties (such as modulus of elasticity, hardness, fracture toughness) and the coating microstructure with the erosion behavior allow the construction of microstructure-property relationships. Based on these relationships, a fundamental under-standing of the complex damage process is gained. It is shown that different microstructural characteristics of the EB-PVD 7YSZ TBC, such as feather-arms and column diameters, have a great influence on the erosion resistance of not infiltrated and infiltrated TBCs. In general, erosion resistance is increased by CMAS infiltra-tion, at the expense of the mechanical integrity of the TBC. The CaO-content of the CMAS and the infiltration time are identified as major factors influencing the erosion behavior. These influences also dominate the erosion resistance of the investigated CMAS-resistant TBC systems made of Gd2Zr2O7 or Al2O3. The formation of a reaction layer due to CMAS infilt
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- 2021
133. Interface Formation during Collision Welding of Aluminum
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Niessen, Benedikt, Schumacher, Eugen, Lueg-Althoff, Jörn, Bellmann, Jörg, Böhme, Marcus, Böhm, Stefan, Tekkaya, A. Erman, Beyer, Eckhard, Leyens, Christoph, Wagner, Martin Franz-Xaver, Groche, Peter, Niessen, Benedikt, Schumacher, Eugen, Lueg-Althoff, Jörn, Bellmann, Jörg, Böhme, Marcus, Böhm, Stefan, Tekkaya, A. Erman, Beyer, Eckhard, Leyens, Christoph, Wagner, Martin Franz-Xaver, and Groche, Peter
- Abstract
Collision welding is a high-speed joining technology based on the plastic deformation of at least one of the joining partners. During the process, several phenomena like the formation of a so-called jet and a cloud of particles occur and enable bond formation. However, the interaction of these phenomena and how they are influenced by the amount of kinetic energy is still unclear. In this paper, the results of three series of experiments with two different setups to determine the influence of the process parameters on the fundamental phenomena and relevant mechanisms of bond formation are presented. The welding processes are monitored by different methods, like high-speed imaging, photonic Doppler velocimetry and light emission measurements. The weld interfaces are analyzed by ultrasonic investigations, metallographic analyses by optical and scanning electron microscopy, and characterized by tensile shear tests. The results provide detailed information on the influence of the different process parameters on the classical welding window and allow a prediction of the different bond mechanisms. They show that during a single magnetic pulse welding process aluminum both fusion-like and solid-state welding can occur. Furthermore, the findings allow predicting the formation of the weld interface with respect to location and shape as well as its mechanical strength.
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- 2021
134. Einfluss der Struktur und Herstellungsroute auf das tribologische Verhalten thermisch gespritzter Hochentropielegierungen
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Lampke, Thomas, Leyens, Christoph, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Löbel, Martin, Lampke, Thomas, Leyens, Christoph, Technische Universität Chemnitz, and Löbel, Martin
- Abstract
Hochentropielegierungen stellen einen neuen Entwicklungsansatz metallischer Werkstoffe ohne ein eigenschaftsbestimmendes Hauptelement dar. Die zielgerichtete Übertragung der bisher überwiegend an Massivwerkstoffen ermittelten Eigenschaften in die Beschichtungstechnik erfordert die Kenntnis der bestimmenden Einflussfaktoren. Für die Schichtherstellung werden die Verfahren des thermischen Spritzens betrachtet. Hierfür wird eine geeignete Prozessroute ermittelt. Die detaillierten Untersuchungen zu den Prozess-Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen erfolgen an Legierungen mit variabler Struktur. Diese werden anhand von thermodynamischen Parametern sowie Untersuchungen an schmelzmetallurgisch hergestellten Massivwerkstoffen ausgewählt. Zur Bewertung des Einflusses der Größe der Strukturmerkmale, der Heterogenität und möglicher Ungleichgewichtszustände werden schmelz- und pulvermetallurgisch hergestellte Massivwerkstoffe als Referenz betrachtet. Die geplanten Forschungsarbeiten tragen zu einem Verständnis der Prozess-Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehung von Hochentropielegierungen bei. Weiterhin wird eine geeignete Prozessroute für die pulvermetallurgische Verarbeitung sowie für Anwendungen in der Oberflächentechnik ermittelt.
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- 2021
135. Physical and Geometrical Properties of Additively Manufactured Pure Copper Samples Using a Green Laser Source
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Gruber, Samira, primary, Stepien, Lukas, additional, López, Elena, additional, Brueckner, Frank, additional, and Leyens, Christoph, additional
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
136. Influence of Bondcoat Topography on the Properties of Suspension Sprayed YSZ Thermal Barrier Coatings
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Toma, Filofteia-Laura, additional, Sagel, Julia, additional, Leyens, Christoph, additional, Slámečka, Karel, additional, Tkachenko, Serhii, additional, and Čelko, Ladislav, additional
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
137. Development of a System for Additive Manufacturing of Ceramic Matrix Composite Structures Using Laser Technology
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Polenz, Stefan, primary, Kunz, Willy, additional, Braun, Benjamin, additional, Franke, Andrea, additional, López, Elena, additional, Brückner, Frank, additional, and Leyens, Christoph, additional
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
138. Additive Manufacturing of β-NiAl by Means of Laser Metal Deposition of Pre-Alloyed and Elemental Powders
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Müller, Michael, primary, Heinen, Bastian, additional, Riede, Mirko, additional, López, Elena, additional, Brückner, Frank, additional, and Leyens, Christoph, additional
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
139. Interface Formation during Collision Welding of Aluminum
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Niessen, Benedikt, Schumacher, Eugen, Lueg-Althoff, Jörn, Bellmann, Jörg, Böhme, Marcus, Böhm, Stefan, Tekkaya, A. Erman, Beyer, Eckhard, Leyens, Christoph, Wagner, Martin Franz-Xaver, Groche, Peter, and Publica
- Subjects
lcsh:TN1-997 ,model test rig ,jet ,cloud of particles ,impact welding ,welding window ,collision welding ,magnetic pulse welding ,welding mechanisms ,lcsh:Mining engineering. Metallurgy - Abstract
Collision welding is a high-speed joining technology based on the plastic deformation of at least one of the joining partners. During the process, several phenomena like the formation of a so-called jet and a cloud of particles occur and enable bond formation. However, the interaction of these phenomena and how they are influenced by the amount of kinetic energy is still unclear. In this paper, the results of three series of experiments with two different setups to determine the influence of the process parameters on the fundamental phenomena and relevant mechanisms of bond formation are presented. The welding processes are monitored by different methods, like high-speed imaging, photonic Doppler velocimetry and light emission measurements. The weld interfaces are analyzed by ultrasonic investigations, metallographic analyses by optical and scanning electron microscopy, and characterized by tensile shear tests. The results provide detailed information on the influence of the different process parameters on the classical welding window and allow a prediction of the different bond mechanisms. They show that during a single magnetic pulse welding process aluminum both fusion-like and solid-state welding can occur. Furthermore, the findings allow predicting the formation of the weld interface with respect to location and shape as well as its mechanical strength.
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- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
140. Fast beam oscillations improve laser cutting of thick materials
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Wetzig, Andreas, Herwig, Patrick, Borkmann, Madlen, Goppold, Cindy, Mahrle, Achim, Leyens, Christoph, and Publica
- Abstract
We provide here an overview of the capabilities of oscillating beams to improve solid‐state laser fusion cutting of thick‐sheet AISI 304 stainless steel and present results of the so‐called dynamic beam shaping (DBS) technique, which relies on fast and commonly harmonic oscillations of the laser focus at frequencies in the kHz range.
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- 2020
141. Additive manufacturing of complex pure copper parts via binder jetting
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Ulrich, Tobias, Greifzu, M., Fitzek, O., Dornick, M., Stepien, Lukas, Lopez, Elena, Brückner, Frank, and Leyens, Christoph
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- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
142. Image-based algorithm for nozzle adhesion detection in powder-fed directed-energy deposition
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Kledwig, Christian, Perfahl, Holger, Reisacher, Martin, Brückner, Frank, Bliedtner, Jens, Leyens, Christoph, and Publica
- Subjects
directed energy deposition ,process monitoring ,coaxial monitoring ,laser cladding ,melt pool ,laser metal deposition ,nozzle adhesion ,image processing - Abstract
The rapidly growing technological innovation of directed energy deposition leads to an increase in part complexity as well as quality and mechanical properties of manufacturable components. However, the variety of process parameters and influencing factors still requires skilled operators, who observe the machine tools. For an unobserved use of deposition welding machines, well parametrized and validated monitoring systems have to analyze the process to detect irregularities and finally initiate a machine stop. This study focuses on nozzle adhesions that frequently occur when tool or high-speed steels are processed. This effect leads to decreasing quality or ultimately to a failure of the whole welding process. In this work, the authors present an algorithm and the corresponding parametrization to automatically detect nozzle adhesions based on images from a coaxial camera, integrated in the laser head. The algorithm is based on a detailed image analysis from which temporal and spatial patterns are derived. In particular, the algorithm calculates a nozzle adhesion indicator based on the heat intensity distribution in an experimentally derived shaped area on the inner nozzle boundary. It is parametrized in such a way that process-critical adhesions are detected. The algorithm was parametrized using an experimental setup with four materials: stainless steel (X2CrNiMo17-12-2), tool steel (X35CrMoMn7-2-1), high-speed steel (HS6-5-2C), and the nickel-based alloy NiCr19NbMo.
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- 2020
143. Less CO2 and fine dust emissions in automotive
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Barbosa, Maria Manuel, Bischoff, René, Strauß, Winfried, Hillig, Holger, Nowotny, Steffen, Leyens, Christoph, and Publica
- Abstract
There is increasing pressure on the automotive industry for further redn. of CO2 and particulate (PM10, PM2.5) emissions. One of the main issues is the fine dust resulting from the wear of the brake disk/brake pads, which is considered to be a major source of non-exhaust traffic-related emissions, particularly in urban locations. Carbide coatings are the state-of-art soln. for controlling rotor wear. The challenge of cost-effective serial prodn. for automotive applications can be mastered by high power laser cladding.
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- 2020
144. Neue Ansätze zur Beschichtung von Werkzeugkanten (Tl.1)
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Krülle, Tim, Kaulfuß, Johannes, Zimmer, Otmar, Leyens, Christoph, and Publica
- Abstract
Tools for cutting applications are subject to particularly high loads in the area of the cutting edge. For this reason, wear protection layers have been applied to protect the edges for decades. The stability of a coated edge depends on parameters such as edge geometry, roughness, the material to be machined and the coating material System to be applied. This work deals with the investigation of AlCrN-based multilayer Systems and cathodic arc coating processes, which allow a reduction of the cutting edge radius during the deposition process. Thus, it should be possible to consider higher starting radii when selecting tools and to offer coating Solutions with a freely adjustable edge geometry.
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- 2020
145. Prospects of laser cutting for lava-like fuel-containing materials (LFCM) management at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant
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Wetzig, Andreas, Saveliev, Maxim, Krasnov, Viktor, Mahrle, Achim, Herwig, Patrick, Javelle, Cécile, Leyens, Christoph, Molitor, Norbert, and Publica
- Abstract
Japan Materials Testing Reactor (JMTR) has been contributing to various research and development (R&D) activities such as the fundamental research of nuclear materials/fuels, safety R&D of power reactors, and radioisotope production since the beginning of the operation in 1968. JMTR, however, was decided as one of decommission facilities in April 2017 and it is taken an inspection of a plan concerning decommissioning because the performance of JMTR does not confirm with the stipulated earthquake resistance. As aluminum and beryllium are used for the core structural materials in JMTR, it is necessary to establish treatment methods of these materials for the fabrication of stable wastes. In addition, a treatment method for the accumulated spent ion-exchange resins needs to be examined. This reports describes the overview of the examination situations.
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- 2020
146. Alloy design and microstructure evolution in the AlxCoCrFeNi alloy system synthesized by laser metal deposition
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Kuczyk, Martin, Kotte, Liliana, Kaspar, Jörg, Zimmermann, Martina, Leyens, Christoph, and Publica
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Additive manufacturing ,microstructure ,High-throughput screening ,High entropy alloys ,laser metal deposition - Abstract
In this contribution the AlxCoCrFeNi alloy system is explored thoroughly over a wide compositional range of x = 0.2 to 1.5 (5 to 30 at% Al). For this alloy system compositional gradient structures were produced by laser metal deposition of pre-alloyed CoCrFeNi and elemental Al powders using an in-house developed coaxial cladding system COAXpowerline. The evolution of the microstructure with increasing Al content was analyzed in the as built as well as the homogenized condition (1350 K for 20 h). Metallographic cross sections were prepared and thoroughly analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and electron backscattered diffraction. Additionally, the evolution of the sample hardness with increasing Al contents was determined for both sample conditions. In the AlxCoCrFeNi alloy system the lattice structure as well as the sample hardness can easily be adjusted by the variation of Al. With increasing Al content a phase transition from a solid solution fcc phase toward a multiphase bcc microstructure consisting of a Fe and Cr rich solid solution bcc phase and an ordered Al and Ni rich bcc B2 phase can be observed. This is combined with an increase in sample hardness from around 200 HV up to around 500 HV in the as built condition. The compositional regions of the phase transitions for both sample conditions were compared to ab initio thermodynamic calculations done using a CALPHAD approach. For the as built condition a strong deviation from the calculated transition regime could be observed. After homogenization the experimental and calculated data are in good agreement.
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- 2020
147. Comparative analysis of the potential of state-of-the-art lasers and new prototypic high-power beam sources for cutting nonmetals
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Mickan, Alexander, Rose, Michael, Hauptmann, Jan, Wetzig, Andreas, Leyens, Christoph, and Publica
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comparative analysis ,Laser ,non-metal ,cw laser ,high power ,remote ,cutting - Abstract
At Fraunhofer IWS Dresden, different, partially prototypic high-power continuous wave (cw) beam sources for the remote laser processing of nonmetals with galvanometric-driven scanner systems are available. The emitted wavelengths of the lasers cover the range from visible light to mid-infrared. A spectroscopic analysis was performed to gain insight into the processability of typical nonmetal materials with single wavelengths. The wavelength-depending absorption was calculated based on the measured reflectivity and transmissivity of the selected materials. Relating to these results, the theoretic potential of the beam sources was verified in a comparable cutting research. The investigated work pieces are representatives of the groups of thermoplastics and thermosets, fiber-reinforced polymers, glasses, natural fiber textiles, and cellulosic based materials. The laser systems were divided in two groups for the investigation. To get a reference of the processability with state-of-the-art cw systems, a CO2 laser with a wavelength of 10.6 mm and a solid-state Yb:YAG fiber laser with 1.07 mm were used. The new prototypic beam sources were a green laser with a wavelength of 0.515 mm, a CO laser with a range of 5.3-5.8 mm, and a CO2 laser with 9.3 mm in a power range from 1 to 1.5 kW. Differences in the possible focusability are caused by the wavelengths and given beam qualities. For a direct comparison, these differences needed to be compensated. To get comparable intensities, the spot diameter in the working distance for each laser was set to 250 mm. This allows to process the materials with almost the same intensities. Since the laser sources with the short wavelengths offer a better focusability, experiments with the smallest possible focus diameters for the used optics were performed to get an optimized ablation result. Finally, the aim of the research was to evaluate the suitability of the available beam sources for new fields of application. The latest results of experimental and theoretical investigations on the remote laser processing of nonmetals with a wide range of laser wavelength will be presented and discussed.
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- 2020
148. Comprehensive study on the formation of grain boundary serrations in additively manufactured Haynes 230 alloy
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Haack, Maximilian, Kuczyk, Martin, Seidel, André, Lopez, Elena, Brückner, Frank, Leyens, Christoph, and Publica
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superalloy ,EBSD ,additive manufacturing ,grain boundary serration ,Haynes 230 ,laser metal deposition - Abstract
Recently, grain boundary serrations have been introduced in conventionally processed Haynes 230 through a slow-cooling heat treatment. The aim of this work was to utilize these heat treatments to introduce serrations in additively manufactured (Laser Metal Deposition) Haynes 230. Contrary to expectations, serrations already formed during the fast-cooling of the Laser Metal Deposition process. Electron Backscatter Diffraction was used to elucidate the underlying phenomenon for the emergence of serrations during fast-cooling. As a result, a hypothesis regarding a new mechanism responsible for the formation of grain boundary serrations was formulated. Additionally, specific characteristics of the Laser Metal Deposition process have been identified. This includes a columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) for slower feed rates, leading to smaller grains despite lower cooling rates; the observation of an abrupt increase in grain growth for a raised solution annealing temperature; the fact that serrations hinder uncontrolled grain growth and finally that the LMD-process leads to a finer carbide morphology compared to conventional manufacturing methods, potentially leading to an increased precipitation strengthening effect.
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- 2020
149. A study on the accuracy of thermography-based temperature measurement in powder-fed directed energy deposition
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Kledwig, Christian, Hofer, Markus, Reisacher, Martin, Brückner, Frank, Bliedtner, Jens, Leyens, Christoph, and Publica
- Subjects
directed energy deposition ,temperature distribution ,process monitoring ,laser cladding ,thermal imaging ,laser metal deposition - Abstract
Due to continuous development and increasingly deep understanding of the additive process, directed-energy deposition (DED) is becoming more and more interesting for industrial use. However, both the number of influencing factors and the process complexity, still require well-trained operators who can monitor and understand the machine tools. In order to facilitate the operators and to enable longer unattended processes, higher process safety, reliable monitoring systems and closed-loop controller are required. For example, despite a large number of investigations, the monitoring and control of the temperature distribution within the work piece still poses a big challenge. This study focusses on workpiece temperature measurement using a thermal imaging camera that observes the entire machining area. In order examine the measurement error caused by different viewing angles (f = 0 EL 75°), object temperatures (T = 333 EL 1073K), surface conditions (welded and milled) and materials (316L, Inconel 718 and CuAl10) commonly used in DED, several approaches were followed using a thermal camera. It was found that surface condition and material cause the greatest measuring errors (up to +325K |−453K).). However, the measuring errors can be significantly reduced by suitable selection of the emissivity, so that it is possible to measure even the milled CuAl10 surface at a known viewing angle with a measuring error of +13.3% |−10.9%.
- Published
- 2020
150. Prognose für thermoelektrische Anwendungen
- Author
-
Greifzu, Moritz, Stepien, Lukas, Lopez, Elena, Brückner, Frank, and Leyens, Christoph
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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