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Flower colour polymorphism is traditionally attributed to pollinator selection although other factors, such as indirect selection on correlated traits, can play an important role., Lysimachia arvensis is a widespread annual species with two colour morphs differing in anthocyanin composition. We explored the hypothesis that colour polymorphism is maintained by selection related to environmental heterogeneity. Morph frequencies and environmental traits were recorded in 51 populations along a wide geographical range. To explore the existence of morph-by-environment interactions, we conducted an experimental study comparing the two morphs under treatments differing in water and light availability., A geographical pattern was found with a negative association between blue frequencies and latitude. The proportion of the blue morph increased with temperature and sunshine hours, but decreased with precipitation. Flowering onset and flower size differed between morphs and scarcely varied across treatments. In contrast, several fitness components such as germination, seedling survival, seedling mass and flower production showed important morph-by-environment interactions. The blue morph showed higher overall male and female fitness in all the treatment combinations excepting in sun-wet conditions where the red morph had higher fitness., Synthesis. Our results indicate that the mechanism of selection on flower colour seems to be related to differences in fitness of both morphs due to abiotic factors. These differences could explain the geographical distribution of flower colour morphs and the maintenance of the colour polymorphism. The marked difference in flowering time between morphs leaves open the potential for assortative mating and speciation in Lysimachia arvensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We analyze the effects of triterpene saponosides on invasive prostate cancer cells. [•] Desglucoanagalloside B selectively induces cancer cell apoptosis. [•] Desglucoanagalloside B attenuates cancer cell invasive behavior. [•] Saponins may be used in the palliative treatment of advanced prostate cancers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Five new oleanane-type triterpenoids, including two aglycones, 13β-28-epoxy-3β,22α,23-trihydroxyolean-16-one (1) and 13β-28-epoxy-22α,23-dihydroxyolean-3,16-dione (2), and three glycosides, anagalligenone-3-O-α-l-arabinopyranoside (3), anagalligenone-3-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl(1 → 4)-α-l-arabinopyranoside] (4) and anagalligenone-3-O-[β-d-xylopyranosyl(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1 → 4)-α-l-arabinopyranoside] (5), were isolated from the aerial parts of Lysimachia parvifolia, together with three known oleanane-type triterpenoid glycosides (6–8). The structures of the new compounds were subsequently elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and their cytotoxicities evaluated against six human cancer cell lines. Compounds 5–8 exhibited significant cytotoxicities against all the cell lines tested, with IC50 values lower than 10 μM. The possible mechanism of action of compound 6 was also studied. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] A new triterpene saponin (nummularoside) was isolated from Lysimachia nummularia L. [•] Its structure was established on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical methods. [•] The compound possesses a 13β,28-epoxy-bridge and a branched pentasaccharide unit. [•] Significant cytotoxic activity was seen against five human cancer cell lines. [•] The compound does not affect normal cells of respective origin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Lysimachia vulgaris L. (yellow loosestrife) is a medicinal plant that has been used in the treatment of fever, ulcer, diarrhea and wounds in traditional medicine. A reliable in vitro culture protocol for yellow loosestrife was established. Explants (leaf lamina, stem internode and root segments) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog minimal organics (MSMO) medium supplemented with various plant growth regulator combinations. Of the tested combinations, those involving benzyladenine (BA) with either indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were the most effective for all used explants in shoot production. Best shoot proliferation was obtained from leaf lamina explant cultured on media containing 0.5 mg/1 BA and 0.1, 0.5 or 1 mg/1 IBA, from stem internode explant cultured on media containing 1 mg/ 1 BA and 0.5 mg/1 IBA or 0.01 mg/1 thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.5 mg/1 IAA, and from root explant cultured on media containing 0.5 mg/1 BA and 0.5 mg/1 IAA. Regenerated shoots were rooted on MSMO medium containing different concentrations of IAA, IBA, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). IBA was determined as the most effective auxin for rooting. Most shoots developed roots on medium with 0.5 mg/1 IBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of triterpene saponins in different parts of eight Lysimachia L. species is described. For separation, silica gel F254 plates were used with chloroform-methanol-water (8:7:1, v/v) as mobile phase 1 and with n-butanol-acetic acid-water (6:1:3, v/v) as mobile phase 2. The method was validated for selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and indirect precision. Saponins were most abundant in the underground parts of all analyzed species, where their content ranged from 0.12% in Lysimachia clethroides to 1.18% in Lysimachia ephemerum. The saponin levels in aerial parts of the plant were generally lower, the only exception being L. ephemerum leaf (1.57%) and Lysimachia thyrsiflora stem (2.26%). The method is sensitive with good precision and accuracy and may be suitable for comparison of the differences in saponin content among samples from various related species and genera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemical investigation of Lysimachia christinae, a traditional Chinese medicine used as an effective conservative treatment for gall stones, hepatolithiasis, and urinary calculi, resulted in the isolation of two new flavonoids, myricetin 3,3′-di- α- L-rhamnopyranoside ( 1) and quercetin 3,3′-di- α- L-rhamnopyranoside ( 2), along with the five known flavonoids quercetin 3-[ O- α- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)- β- D-galactopyranoside], amentoflavone, hyperin, quercetin 3- β- D-glucopyranoside, and kaempferol 3- α- L-rhamnopyranoside. Amentoflavone was reported for the first time from the genus Lysimachia, and quercetin 3-[ O- α- L-rhamopyranosyl-(1→2)- β- D-galactopyranoside] was isolated from this plant for the first time. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their chemical reactions and extensive spectroscopic analyses, including UV, mass, and NMR spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixteen endemic Hawaiian species of Lysimachia, formerly referred to as subgenus Lysimachiopsis, form a morphologically distinct and monophyletic group within the genus. This group has radiated in various habitats, and most species are endemic to a single island. To reconstruct phylogenetic interrelationships between the recognized taxa, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of 12 species of Lysimachia subgenus Lysimachiopsis using nuclear ribosomal DNA from two (ETS, ITS) and plastid DNA from five markers (rpl16, rpl20-rps12, rps16, trnH-psbA, trnS-G). A Bayesian analysis using all molecular data indicated that there are two major evolutionary lineages of Hawaiian endemic Lysimachia. The results also provide new insights into the evolutionary history of the problematic L. hillebrandii /L. remyi complex, showing that L. hillebrandii and L. waianaeensis are closely related but that L. ovoidea is more distantly related and belongs to the other major lineage. Furthermore, L. remyi subsp. remyi and subsp. subher bacea are both closely related to L. maxima, but L. remyi subsp. caliginis and subsp. kipahuluensis belong to the second major lineage. Our results also indicated that earlier taxonomic treatments of the group need to be partially revised to reflect evolutionary relationships. A brief discussion on biogeography of the group is presented. The new combinations Lysimachia kipahuluensis subsp. caliginis and Lysimachia remyi subsp. maxima are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Three 6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one glycosides named lysilactones A–C (1–3) were isolated from the aerial parts of Lysimachia clethroides. Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. This is the first report of 6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one glycosides. Furthermore, we have finished a total synthesis of lysilactone A. The key step is a Suzuki coupling used for the construction of the central biaryl bond. Lysilactone A was prepared in eight steps starting from phloroglucinic acid and orcinol, where the longest linear sequence is seven steps. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A new E-ring γ-lactone pentacyclic triterpene, 3β-myristoxyurs-12-en-19,28-olide, has been isolated from the chloroform extract of Lysimachia clethroides Duby, together with four known pentacyclic triterpenoid acids. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses. All of the compounds showed various degrees of cytotoxic activities in MTT assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Unrelated plants pollinated by the same group or guild of animals typically evolve similar floral cues due to pollinator-mediated selection. Related plant species, however, may possess similar cues either as a result of pollinator-mediated selection or as a result of sharing a common ancestor that possessed the same cues or traits. In this study, visual and olfactory floral cues in Lysimachia species exhibiting different pollination strategies were analysed and compared, and the importance of pollinators and phylogeny on the evolution of these floral cues was determined. For comparison, cues of vegetative material were examined where pollinator selection would not be expected. Methods Floral and vegetative scents and colours in floral oil- and non-floral oil-secreting Lysimachia species were studied by chemical and spectrophotometric analyses, respectively, compared between oil- and non-oil-secreting species, and analysed by phylogenetically controlled methods. Key Results Vegetative and floral scent was species specific, and variability in floral but not vegetative scent was lower in oil compared with non-oil species. Overall, oil species did not differ in their floral or vegetative scent from non-oil species. However, a correlation was found between oil secretion and six floral scent constituents specific to oil species, whereas the presence of four other floral compounds can be explained by phylogeny. Four of the five analysed oil species had bee-green flowers and the pattern of occurrence of this colour correlated with oil secretion. Non-oil species had different floral colours. The colour of leaves was similar among all species studied. Conclusions Evidence was found for correlated evolution between secretion of floral oils and floral but not vegetative visual and olfactory cues. The cues correlating with oil secretion were probably selected by Macropis bees, the specialized pollinators of oil-secreting Lysimachia species, and may have evolved in order to attract these bees. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: We have previously reported anti-obesity effects of Lysimachia foenum-graecum in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity model. Here we isolated a triterpene saponin foenumoside B as an active component of L. foenum-graecum. Foenumoside B blocked the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 0.2μg/ml in adipogenesis assay and suppressed the induction of PPARγ, the master regulator of adipogenesis. Foenumoside B induced the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and modulated the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism towards lipid breakdown in differentiated adipocytes. In mouse model, oral administration of foenumoside B (10mg/kg/day for 6weeks) reduced HFD-induced body weight gain significantly without affecting food intake. Treatment of foenumoside B suppressed lipid accumulation in white adipose tissues and the liver, and lowered blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, ALT, and AST in HFD-induced obese mice. Consistent with the in vitro results, foenumoside B activated AMPK signaling, suppressed the expression of lipogenic genes, and enhanced the expression of lipolytic genes in vivo. Foenumoside B also blocked HFD-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in adipose tissue, suggesting its protective role against insulin resistance. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that foenumoside B represents the anti-obesity effects of L. foenum-graecum, and suggest therapeutic potential of foenumoside B in obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

It has been suggested that rbcL and matK are the core barcodes in plants, but they are not powerful enough to distinguish between closely related plant groups. Additional barcodes need to be evaluated to improve the level of discrimination between plant species. Because of their well-studied taxonomy and extreme diversity, we used Chinese Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) species to test the performance of core barcodes ( rbcL and matK) and two additional candidate barcodes ( trnH- psbA and the nuclear ribosomal ITS); 97 accessions from four subgenus representing 34 putative Lysimachia species were included in this study. And many closely related species pairs in subgen. Lysimachia were covered to detect their discriminatory power. The inefficiency of rbcL and matK alone or combined in closely related plant groups was validated in this study. TrnH- psbA combined with rbcL + matK did not yet perform well in Lysimachia groups. In contrast, ITS, alone or combined with rbcL and/or matK, revealed high resolving ability in Lysimachia. We support ITS as a supplementary barcode on the basis of core barcode rbcL and matK. Besides, this study also illustrates several mistakes or underlying evolutionary events in Lysimachia detected by DNA barcoding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of Lysimachia (Primulaceae), L. vietnamensis L. K. Phan & C. M. Hu and L. verbascifolia C. M. Hu & K. L. Phan from Vietnam are described and illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new 13,28-epoxy oleanane-type triterpenoids, namely heterogenoside E and F, were isolated from Lysimachia heterogenea Klatt, together with the eight known compounds: palmitic acid, β-stigmasterol, kaempferol, quercetin, hyperin, isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin-3-O-galactopyranoside and anagallisin C. Heterogenoside F possesses acetoxyl groups at the unusual C-21 and C-22 positions of its oleanane skeleton. The cytotoxic activities of anagallisin C, heterogenoside E and F were weak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Tropical Anagallis' corresponds to one of two evolutionary lineages within the genus Anagallis L. Generally, species within this lineage have a limited distribution in (sub-)tropical regions in Africa or Madagascar. Two species, however, are endemic to South America, and exhibit a trans-Atlantic disjunction with the rest of the species within the lineage. To investigate this disjunct distribution, as well as other dispersal events, the distribution of extant taxa was used to hypothesize the ancestral area(s) of distribution. Africa, Madagascar, Europe and South America. Dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) was used to optimize distribution areas onto parsimony and Bayesian phylogenies based on sequence data from four chloroplast loci and the nuclear internal transcribed spacers (ITS). Parsimony analysis gave one most parsimonious tree while Bayesian analysis resulted in a collapsed node due to alternative placements of Anagallis nummularifolia Baker, endemic to Madagascar. Optimization of the present distribution using DIVA and the most parsimonious tree and six alternative topologies of the Bayesian analysis, show an origin of the lineage in Europe as most likely, although one topology indicates a broader ancestral distribution area. Dispersal to Africa appears to have been a single event, while two parallel dispersal events seem to have resulted in the American as well as Madagascan distributions. The lineage 'tropical Anagallis' evolved in Europe and may have been present in the Eocene boreotropical forests, although scarcity of fossils makes assessment of age difficult. Dispersal to South America is proposed to have been via the North Atlantic land bridge, or, more likely, through transport by the North Equatorial Current. Dispersal from Europe to Africa represents a single event, while dispersal to Madagascar from mainland Africa has occurred twice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Lysimachia clethroides Duby is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb has been used in China to treat edema, jaundice diseases, hepatitis, tumor and inflammations, but the anti-tumor mechanisms are unclear. Aim of the study: The present study was undertaken to investigate if total flavonoids from Lysimachia clethroides Duby (ZE4) possesses anti-cancer effects through apoptotic pathways in human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. Materials and methods: K562 cells were treated with different concentrations of ZE4 at different time intervals. Cell viability was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry, Hoechst 33258 staining and COMET assay. Western blot analysis was used to detect Bcl-2, Trail and DR5 expressions. Results: 15 flavonoids were isolated and identified from ZE4. ZE4 could inhibit the growth of K562 cells significantly by induction of apoptosis. Marked morphological changes of apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and single DNA strand breakages were observed clearly after treatment of ZE4. Bcl-2 expression was down-regulated remarkably while Fas, Trail and DR5 up-regulated when apoptosis occurred. Conclusions: This result suggests that total flavonoids of Lysimachia clethroides Duby exert potential anti-cancer activity through growth inhibition and apoptosis in K562 cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The demise of coppicing in UK ancient woodlands, combined with the planting of non-native, fast-growing conifers in the twentieth century, heightens the potential recharge value of ground flora seed banks. Soil cores from adjoining semi-natural and conifer-containing stands in four lowland ancient woods in central England were removed to establish seed bank species richness. During a fourteen-month germination trial soil from two depths yielded 6554 seedlings from 81 species, ten of which showed a strong affinity for ancient woodland conditions. Juncus effusus accounted for 80% of emergent seeds whilst 23 other species, including Lysimachia nummularia and Potentilla sterilis, were represented by only one individual. Species richness is described by a model that explains 40% of observed variance ( P < 0.00001). The model has three significant variables: species richness increases as soil pH rises, and decreases with both depth and increasing time since the most recent planting/disturbance event. No difference was found in the density of seeds from species common to paired semi-natural and conifer-containing stands that were separated only by a woodland ride, suggesting prior management and environmental conditions have a greater influence on seed banks than current stand type. Sørensen similarity index values revealed poor congruence between above-ground vegetation and species in the seed bank. Taking pH measurements in conifer stands identified as younger in terms of planting/disturbance may help locate areas where greater numbers of species (including woodland specialists) are located. Caution is required, however, as these seed banks may also contain non-target, competitive species that may swamp the regeneration of woodland specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The alcoholic extract of Lysimachia ramosa Wall (Primulaceae) was tested in vitro against helminth parasites, Fasciolopsis buski and Ascaris suum, from porcine hosts and Raillietina echinobothrida from domestic fowl. The live adult parasites, collected from a freshly autopsied host, were exposed to different concentrations (5–50mg) of the test plant extract in physiological phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) having 0.1% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) at 37±1°C. The treated parasites revealed complete inactivation and flaccid paralysis that was followed by death at varying periods of time. A dose-dependent loss of motility and mortality was observed in all the treated parasites. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed conspicuous deformity of the surface architecture in all the parasites exposed to the test plant extract. The general tegument in F. buski showed shrinkage and loss of scale-like spines; proglottides all along the strobilar length in R. echinobothrida appeared shrunken and deformed and the cuticular surface of A. suum appeared disorganised, having lost transverse striations. The botanicals of the test plant seem to be effective against all the three types of helminth parasites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two new oleane-type triterpene saponins, lysimachiagenoside E (1) and lysimachiagenoside F (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance. The structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR techniques, including 1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, TOCSY, ROESY experiments as well as chemical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interactions between bees that depend on floral oil for their larvae and flowers that offer oil involve an intricate mix of obligate and facultative mutualisms. Using recent phylogenies, new data on oil-offering Cucurbitaceae, and molecular-dating, we ask when and how often oil-offering flowers and oil-foraging bees evolved, and how frequently these traits were lost in the cause of evolution. Local phylogenies and an angiosperm-wide tree show that oil flowers evolved at least 28 times and that floral oil was lost at least 36–40 times. The oldest oil flower systems evolved shortly after the K/T boundary independently in American Malpighiaceae, tropical African Cucurbitaceae and Laurasian Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae); the ages of the South African oil flower/oil bee systems are less clear. Youngest oil flower clades include Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae), Iridaceae, Krameria (Krameriaceae) and numerous Orchidaceae, many just a few million years old. In bees, oil foraging evolved minimally seven times and dates back to at least 56 Ma (Ctenoplectra) and 53 Ma (Macropis). The co-occurrence of older and younger oil-offering clades in three of the four geographical regions (but not the Holarctic) implies that oil-foraging bees acquired additional oil hosts over evolutionary time. Such niche-broadening probably started with exploratory visits to flowers resembling oil hosts in scent or colour, as suggested by several cases of Muellerian or Batesian mimicry involving oil flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Phylogenetic analyses were performed using nrITS variations of eight species including one variety of the genus Lysimachia sect. Nummularia in Japan and Taiwan, with another 34 Lysimachia species and Glaux maritime obtained from a DNA database. Among the four dwarf-leaf taxa in Japan and Taiwan, L. japonica var. minutissima of Japan and two Taiwanese species were placed into two different clades; and L. liukiuensis of Japan, was positioned outside of these two clades. These results suggest that three independent dwarfism events generated the four dwarf-leaf taxa; and that there were likely multiple migration events from China to Japan and Taiwan. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Objectives] Effects of IBA (Indole Butyric Acid) on rooting and plant height by branch and twig of Lysimachia christinae 'Aurea' were studied in order to research its hydroponics propagation and provide theoretical and practical basis for its reproduction and culture. [Methods] The branch and twig of L. christinae 'Aurea' were treated with IBA in the concentrations of 0, 10, 50 and 100 mg/L and with 4 h of soaking time in this study. [Results] The rooting rate, rooting number, root developing index and the plant height of the twig and branch cuttings treated with three kinds of concentrations of IBA were higher than control. The rooting rate and number of branch treated with three kinds of concentrations of IBA were significantly higher than control, while the differences of number and length of adventitious root were not obvious. The rooting rate and number, the plant height of the branch cutting were larger than that of twig. The speed of root growing on the branch was faster than that of the twig among all the treatments. After the branch cuttings were treated with 50 mg/L of IBA, the rooting rate was 100% and the rooting developing index was 1.73, which were significantly higher than the other treatments. [Conclusions] The best treatment for the branch cutting rooting of L christinae 'Aurea' was 50 mg/L of IBA solution with 4 h of soaking time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete chloroplast genome ofLysimachia coreana, an endemic plant in Korea, has been studied in this article. The genome size is 155,386 bp in length with a typical quadripartite structure, including the large single-copy region (85,325 bp), small single-copy region (17,951 bp) and two inverted repeated regions (26,055 bp). The genome consisted of 132 coding genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Cytotoxicity-guided phytochemical analysis on the extract of Lysimachia heterogenea Klatt led to the isolation of 3β,16β-12-oleanene-3,16,23,28-tetrol (1) and its four new oligosaccharidic derivatives heterogenosides A, B, C, and D (2–5). Their structural elucidation was mainly based on NMR and mass spectral data. The time course experimental results indicated that unlike the likely lysis activity of heterogenosides B–D, heterogenoside A showed a significantly time-dependent cytotoxicity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The regenerability of three ornamental species—Lysimachia christinae, Lysimachia rubinervis and Lysimachia nummularia ‘Aurea’, were investigated using in vitro leaves and shoot tips. 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) added to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium were tested for their effect on organogenesis. On the medium, shoot regeneration occurred directly without callus formation. In these species, L. christinae developed the highest regeneration rate and numbers of shoots/explant from shoot tips (100%, 12.25) and leaf bases (100%, 13.01) on the MS medium containing 3.0mgl−1 BAP and 0.1mgl−1 NAA. For L. rubinervis, the highest shoot induction rate and number of shoots/explant were obtained from shoot tip (100%, 16.87–17.20) on the MS medium with 0.1mgl−1 NAA and 3.0–5.0mgl−1 BAP. L. nummularia ‘Aurea’, however, showed the highest regeneration rate and number of shoots/explant (100%, 12.73) from leaf bases on MS medium supplemented with 1.0mgl−1 BAP and 0.1mgl−1 NAA. All in vitro shoots rooted well on half macronutrient MS medium containing 0.1mgl−1 NAA. After acclimatization, transplanted plantlets grew normally and flowered in the field. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The gland cells were successfully collected from the stems of Lysimachia fordiana Oliver, and the homologous pigments of fordianin A, fordianin B, fordianaquinone A and fordianaquinone B were firstly detected in the glands by HPLC. This indicated that the stem was an ideal material for the preparation of the glands, and the gland was a center for the polycyclic pigments accumulation in this species. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Japanese species, Lysimachia japonica Thunb. (Primulaceae) has been recorded as a new alien for the Flora of Turkey from the NE Anatolia. The detailed description of the species together with its photographs is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One new oleane-type triterpene saponin, named lysimachiagenoside A (1) and the known 21-O-angeloylbarringtogenol C (2) were isolated from the aerial parts of Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance. 21-O-angeloylbarringtogenol C was a new natural product. These structures were identified on the basis of 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques, including 1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, TOCSY, and ROESY experiments as well as chemical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The antioxidant activities of water extract, methanol extract, ethyl acetate, and n-BuOH fractions of methanol extract from Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance were investigated in this study. Various methods, such as the total antioxidant capacity measured by phosphomolybdenum method, scavenging activities towards 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide anion radical, and hydroxyl radical, were established in in vitro systems. The amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids in the extracts and fractions were also determined by spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that all the extracts and fractions exhibited antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities at different magnitudes of potency. The decreasing order of antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities among the extracts assayed through all the four methods were found to be ethyl acetate fraction> n-BuOH fraction>methanol extract>water extract. This similar order of the amounts of total phenolics and total flavonoids shows that the extent of antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities is in accordance with the amounts of phenolics and flavonoids present in extracts and fractions. The extracts of L. foenum-graecum Hance might be valuable antioxidant natural sources and seemed to be applicable in both healthy medicine and food industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We investigated seed morphology in 34 species of the genus Lysimachia and in 14 species and two subspecies of six additional genera ( Anagallis, Ardisiandra, Asterolinon, Glaux, Pelletiera, Trientalis), which have been shown to be closely related to, or are placed within Lysimachia in previous molecular studies. We studied seed shape, seed coat structure, and seed coat surface patterns. Three major types of seed shape were identified: (1) sectoroid, (2) polyhedral, and (3) coarsely rugose with concave hilar area. In addition, seeds may be keeled or winged. The outer layer of the seed coat is either sponge-like and adhering only loosely to the inner seed coat or it is thin and tightly adhering to the underlying tissue. Seed surface patterns can be divided into six main types: (1) reticulate, (2) tuberculate, (3) vesiculose, (4) colliculate, (5) undulate, or (6) poroid-alveolate. Seed surface patterns are mostly congruent with molecular phylogenetic relationships. A reticulate surface pattern is diagnostic of, e.g. Lysimachia subgenera Palladia and Hawaiian Lysimachiopsis. Mapping seed characters onto a recent phylogenetic tree, reveals that they provide potentially synapomorphic character states for various subclades of Lysimachia. Salient examples include a rugose seed shape, which turns out to be synapomorphic for the clade comprising the genus Pelletiera plus Asterolinon linum-stellatum and a sponge-like outer seed coat layer, which characterizes a clade with Lysimachia vulgaris, L. thyrsiflora, and L. terrestris, with an analogue that apparently evolved in parallel in Trientalis europaea. We also discuss possible habitat factors that may have favored the independent evolution of particular seed types such as winged seeds in various lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven triterpene saponins were isolated from Lysimachia christinae and identified as lysichriside A (1), lysichriside B (2), primulanin (3), lysikokianoside 1 (4), anagallisin C (5), ardisiacrispin A (6), and ardisicrenoside B (7). Compounds 1 and 2 are new triterpene saponins, compounds 3, 5, and 7 were isolated from this genus, and compounds 4 and 6 were isolated from this species for the first time. Their structures were elucidated by means of 1D and 2D NMR experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qualitative and quantitative determination of the pharmacologically active benzoquinones, embelin and rapanone, in different organs of eight Lysimachia species has been conducted by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. An analytical Hypersil BDS C-18 column and a mobile phase of water containing 0.1% v/v H3PO4 and acetonitrile (10:90) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1 were used. UV detection was at 286 nm. The recovery of the method was 81.5% for embelin and 80.5% for rapanone. Good linearity ( r > 0.999) was obtained for both compounds. The leaves of L. ephemerum had the highest amount of rapanone (1.69%) while the roots of L. punctata had the highest amount of embelin (1.28%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new steroidal saponin, paridiformoside B (1), was obtained from the EtOH extract of the whole plant of Lysimachia Paridiformis Franch, togerher with one steroidal sapogenin (7) and seven known steroidal saponins (2-6, 8-9). Their structures were elucidated using extensive spectroscopic techniques including 1D and 2D NMR spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new saponins were isolated from an ethanol extract of the whole plants of Lysimachia davuria. The new saponins were respectively characterized as 3- O-{ β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[ β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]- α-L-arabinopyranosyl}-3 β,28-dihydroxyolean-12-en-30-oic acid- O-[ β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)- β-D-glucopyranosyl]-ester ( 1) and 3- O-{ β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[ β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]- α-L-arabinopyranosyl}-3 β,28-dihydroxyolean-12-en-30-oic acid- O- β-D-glucopyranosyl-ester ( 2). Their structures were determined by 1D, 2D NMR and MS techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Four pigments including two new skeleton benzo-di-lactones fordianin A (1) and fordianin B (2), and another two new quinones fordianaquinone A (3) and fordianaquinone B (4) were firstly isolated from the acetone extract of the leaves of Lysimachia fordiana Oliv. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods, mainly 1D and 2D NMR. These four new pigments were evaluated for cytotoxicity against the A549 (human lung cancer) and HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) cell lines. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract??Most flowers offer nectar and/or pollen as a reward for pollinators. However, some plants are known to produce mostly fatty oil in the flowers, instead of nectar. This oil is exclusively collected by specialized oil-bees, the pollinators of the oil-plants. Little is known about chemical communication in this pollination system, especially how the bees find their hosts. We collected the floral and vegetative scent emitted by oil-producingLysimachia punctataby dynamic headspace, and identified the compounds by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Thirty-six compounds were detected in the scent samples, several of which were flower-specific. Pentane extracts of flowers and floral oil were tested onMacropis fulvipesin a biotest. Flower and oil extracts attracted the bees, and some of the compounds identified are seldom found in the floral scent of other plants; these may have been responsible for the attraction of the bees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: As an alternative of traditional extraction method, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was applied for five flavanoids extraction from Lysimachia clethroide. The operational parameters of PLE, such as extraction solvent, temperature, pressure, static extraction time, flush volume and cycles were optimized by univariate approach coupled with central composite design (CCD) in order to obtain the highest extraction efficiency. The optimized result employed 50% acetonitrile aqueous as extraction solvent, 100°C of extraction temperature, 1500psi of extraction pressure, 25min of static time, 70% flush volume, and only one cycle to extract the target compounds completely. Finally, the contents of five major flavanoids in L. clethroides from different sources were determined simultaneously by the combination of the presented PLE and HPLC method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two new saponins, capilliposide G ( 1 ) and capilliposide H ( 2 ), were isolated from the whole plants of Lysimachia capillipes. Their structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR, MS technique and chemical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a compilation of vascular flora data from previous reports and current findings from 1965 through 2003 of Fort Bragg Military Reservation and Weymouth Woods Sandhills Nature Preserve, located in the Sandhills region of North Carolina. Vascular plants are divided into four major groups: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms (monocots) and Angiosperms (dicots). Reported for the study area are 143 families, 490 genera, and 1,206 species and infraspecific taxa, of which 203 (16.8%) are alien or adventive. Sixty one species are rare, of which three are federally endangered: Lysimachia asperulifolia, Rhus michauxii, and Schwalbea americana. The following five species are currently known in North Carolina only from study area populations: Carex tenax, Hypericum fasciculatum, Pteroglossaspis ecristata, Rhynchospora crinipes, and Warea cuneifolia. This study documents the importance of Fort Bragg Military Reservation and Weymouth Woods Preserve in contributing to the floristic diversity of the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One new saponin, named capilliposide D ( 1), and a known saponin, candidoside ( 2), were isolated from the whole plants of Lysimachia capillipes. Their structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR, MS techniques, and chemical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the saponins from whole plants of Lysimachia davurica Ledeb., two new saponins named davuricoside I (compound 1) and E (compound 2) were isolated. Their chemical structures were elucidated as 3β, 16α, 28, 29-tetrihydroxy-olean-12-en-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β- D-glucuronopyranoside (compound 1) and 3β, 16α, 29-trihydroxy-13, 28-epoxy-oleanane-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (compound 2) on the basis of their one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data, and chemical methods. Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxic activity against human A2780 cells. (Managing editor: Wei Wang) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Background and Aims The aim of the study was to evaluate factors causing change in spatial distribution patterns of plants between growth stages and generations for a monocarpic biennial plant, Lysimachia rubida. It was assumed that habitat heterogeneity was a primary factor determining spatial patterns of plants, and a randomization procedure was developed for testing the null hypothesis that only spatial association with ground surface conditions determined spatial patterns of plants.• Methods A 5-year demographic census was conducted on an open dry habitat that was heterogeneous with regard to the ground surface conditions.• Key Results There was significant habitat association in that plants at vegetative and reproductive stages were denser in areas with smaller gravel than with larger gravel. Point process analyses rejected the null hypothesis of the spatial association with ground surface conditions.• Conclusions The results suggest that other factors, such as patchy seed dispersal, secondary dispersal of the seeds and life-history variation at various spatial scales, also affected spatial patterns of individuals in a population of L. rubida. Spatial structures and dynamics of a local population in a patchy habitat represent various performances of plants within patches and seed dispersal within a patch and beyond the patch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the saponins from whole plants of Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl., two new saponins, named capilliposide E (1) and capilliposide F (2), were isolated. The structures of the new saponins were elucidated as 3β,22α-dihydroxy-16α-acetat-28→13-lactone-oleanane-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1←2)-α-Z-arabinpyranoyi]-22-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 3β, 22α-dihydroxy-16α-acetat-28-l3-lactone-oleanane-3-O-{[β-D-glucopyranosy-(l→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(l→4)]-α-L-arabinpyranoyl}-22-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2). The structures of these compounds were determined by 1D- and 2D-NMR, MS techniques, and chemical methods. (Managing editor: Wei WANG) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new saponins, named davuricoside L ( 1 ) and davuricoside O ( 2 ), have been isolated from the whole plants of Lysimachia davurica . Their structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR, FAB-MS techniques, and chemical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]