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Skin biopsy specimens from 1 5 patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome, with simultaneously occurring plaques and tumours, were examined to assess phenotypic deviation. We focused on immunophenotypic differences between the two types of lesions with respect to the T-cell markers CD2. CD3. CD4. CD5 and CD8. In six patients (40%) loss of one or more T-cell markers occurred in at least one of the lesions. Three of the patients studied (20%) showed a difference in immunophenotype between plaques and tumours, with an additional loss of one of the T-cell markers in the tumours (respectively. CD5. CD2 and CD4). All three of these patients showed a larger number of blast cells in the tumour compared with the plaque. No correlation between this loss of antigenicity and the prognosis was observed. The results of this study show that different immunophenotypes can occur simultaneously in an individual patient. Furthermore, we were able to confirm a relationship between the number of intraepidermal CD1+ cells in plaque lesions and the prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examination of biopsies from 62 patients with, or suspected of having cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) revealed 24 cases in which the neoplastic cells expressed aberrant or suppressor T-cell phenotypes. The clinical records of these patients were reviewed in an attempt to establish whether recognition of these phenotypes has any clinical implications. Twelve patients had mycosis fungoides (MF) with plaques (n = 4) or tumours (n = 8). four had Sézary syndrome, and eight had large-cell lymphomas of pleomorphic (n = 6) or anaplastic subtype (n = 2). Most of the large-cell lymphomas behaved aggressively, as might have been expected from their cytological appearance. Aggressive courses were also seen in Sézary syndrome, and in tumour lesions of MF, whereas the behaviour in cases of plaque lesions was indolent. Again, this might have been anticipated from the clinical staging and routine histological examination. It is suggested that the expression of aberrant or suppressor T-cell phenotypes in CTCL is not of independent prognostic significance, but that the stage and histology are more important. This issue is an important topic for a prospective analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two cases are reported of cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma with the suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8) phenotype. In both cases there was a solitary skin tumour in which there was a dense infiltrate with large irregularly shaped cells which on immunophenotyping expressed CD8. DNA hybridization analysis showed rearrangements of the T-celI-receptor gene in both cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using monoclonal antibodies with the immunoperoxidase technique the distribution pattern of class I and class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and of the lymphocyte subsets have been studied in intestinal biopsies from children without mucosal lesions, from children with coeliac disease (CD) and from infants with cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI). The staining of the intestinal mucosa for class I antigens is unaltered irrespective of the histological picture or the clinical diagnosis. Class II antigens are only partially or not expressed at all by epithelial cells in untreated coeliac disease and in some cases of cow's milk protein intolerance. The number and the composition of the lamina propria lymphocytes in both CD and CMPI are different from the normal situation. An increase of all lamina propria lymphocyte subsets is observed in untreated CD. A decrease of OKT4+ lymphocytes is observed in the lamina propria of CMPI patients. These changes may be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD) is a lymphoproliferative disorder with well established clinical and histological features, one of the clinical manifestations being a peripheral polyarthritis. A case of AILD with a symmetrical non-erosive peripheral polyarthritis is described, including the findings in the synovial fluid and histology of the synovium. There was a marked reduction in the number of peripheral blood T lymphocytes bearing the CDT8 phenotype in both the peripheral blood and synovial fluid. The arthritis was difficult to control, requiring large doses of corticosteroids, which produced significant side effects. Levamisole 150 mg, one day each week, was effective in controlling the arthritis and returning the numbers of CDT8 lymphocytes to normal. The aetiology of AILD is unknown, though a defect in T cell regulation, in particular T cell suppression, with a secondary B cell proliferation has been postulated. The demonstration of reduced numbers of lymphocytes bearing the CDT8 phenotype in this patient supports that theory. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In-vitro synthesis of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis was measured after stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in a short-term, serum-free culture system. Diminished responses were found in 16 out of 17 consecutive patients with active disease. Normal PHA responsiveness was recovered by assaying Ficoll-Hypaque isolated E rosette forming cells in serum-free medium, indicating basically normal T cell function in RA. Preincubation of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (or isolated E rosette forming cells) with sera obtained from patients with active RA for 30 minutes at 4 degrees C or 37 degrees C blocked PHA responsiveness in 34 out of 43 tests. This suggests that serum blocking factors may be responsible for reduced T cell reactivity in RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of an 82-year-old male who went to his general practioner (GP) with an 18-month history of abdominal cramps and diarrhea. A full blood count and lymphocytes immunotyping revealed the presence of abnormal lymphocytes with κ -restricted surface immunoglobulin expression. The article discusses a diagnosis of de novo B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) with central nervous system involvement, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and his treatment regimen.

The presence of leukemic blasts detected by light microscopy in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) establishes the diagnosis of leukemic meningitis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALL). Flow cytometry immunophenotyping (FCI) is a very sensitive method that detects a minute number of aberrant cells, and is increasingly performed on CSF samples. We sought to determine the sensitivity and specificity of CSF FCI for the diagnosis of leukemic meningitis in ALL. Between November 2007 and August 2011, 800 CSF samples from 80 patients with ALL were available from diagnostic lumbar punctures (LPs; n = 80), follow-up LPs ( n = 687) and at the time of relapse ( n = 33). FCI was performed on 267 samples, and only identified aberrant cells in cytologically confirmed cases of leukemic meningitis. A blinded review of all cases with detectable CSF nucleated cells confirmed these findings. We conclude that CSF FCI has a 100% sensitivity and specificity for the detection of lymphoblasts. However, additional studies are needed to define the role this procedure plays in the diagnosis of leukemic meningitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the B cells as regulators of immune tolerance in allergic diseases. He mentions that the regulatory B cells were key players in the co-ordination of immune responses in several diseases including lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. He also suggests that the study of B cells needs further exploration in its role on allergic diseases including asthma.

A middle aged Northern European man presented with a submental lymph node and was found on imaging to have generalized lymphadenopathy. There was bone marrow infiltration by small apparently lymphoid cells, many with cytoplasmic tails; these cells were CD56+ and weakly CD4+. A provisional diagnosis was confirmed by further immunophenotyping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the innate counterparts of adaptive immune cells. Emerging data indicate that they are also key players in the progression of multiple tumors. In this review we briefly describe ILCs' functions in the skin, lungs and liver. Next, we analyze the role of ILCs in primary cutaneous melanoma and in its most frequent and deadly metastases, those in liver and lung. We focus on their dual anti– and pro-tumoral functions, depending on the cross-interactions among them and with the surrounding stromal cells that form the tumor microenvironment (TME) in each organ. Next, we detail the role of extracellular vesicles secreted to the TME by ILCs and melanoma on both cell populations. We conclude that the identification of markers and tools to allow the modulation of individual ILC subsets, in addition to the development of standardized protocols, is essential for addressing the therapeutic modulation of ILCs. The role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in cancer progression has been uncovered in recent years. ILCs are classified as Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 ILCs, which are characterized by the transcription factors necessary for their development and the cytokines and chemokines they produce. ILCs are a highly heterogeneous cell population, showing both anti– and protumoral properties and capable of adapting their phenotypes and functions depending on the signals they receive from their surrounding environment. ILCs are considered the innate counterparts of the adaptive immune cells during physiological and pathological processes, including cancer, and as such, ILC subsets reflect different types of T cells. In cancer, each ILC subset plays a crucial role, not only in innate immunity but also as regulators of the tumor microenvironment. ILCs' interplay with other immune and stromal cells in the metastatic microenvironment further dictates and influences this dichotomy, further strengthening the seed-and-soil theory and supporting the formation of more suitable and organ-specific metastatic environments. Here, we review the present knowledge on the different ILC subsets, focusing on their interplay with components of the tumor environment during the development of primary melanoma as well as on metastatic progression to organs, such as the liver or lung. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous immunophenotypic features have been examined for their potential prognostic significance in predicting treatment outcome in leukaemias. These include the immunophenotypic subgroups of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). However, only a few examples exist in developing Asian countries of the value of determining the immunologic characteristics of patients with ALL. The purpose of this study is to summarize the subtypes of ALL according to immunophenotypes recorded in previous reports in Thailand. A total of 263 documented cases were reviewed. Of these, 70, 42, 51, 10 and 90 patients had the phenotypes:- common, B, T, Null and Pre-B, respectively. The summative percentages for common, B, T, Null and Pre-B phenotypes are 26.6, 15.9, 19.4, 3.8 and 34.2%, respectively. According to this study, the three common phenotypes in general Thai ALL patients are Pre-B (34.2%), common (26.6%) and T (19.4%) phenotypes. After performing subtype analysis, the most common phenotypes among both adult and pediatric group is still Pre-B phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the immunogenotyping and immunophenotyping of patients who are at risk for pouchitis. Goals of immunogenotyping and immunophenotyping; Factors contributing to the inconsistency and discrepancy to the difficulty in conducting and interpreting clinical studies on pouchitis; Significance of immunogenotyping and immunophenotyping in the study of inflammatory bowel disease.

The article reports on the findings of deep immunophenotyping associated with distinct population of T cells regulatory. Topics discussed including Tregs, immunosuppressive therapy, aplastic anemia and bone marrow patients. Role of gene expression, immunosuppression and autoimmunity in tregs patients is also discussed.

The article presents information on the role of flow cytometry in the pathological diagnoses. It states that flow cytometry uses fluorescent dyes, such as propidium iodide, to measure the cellular DNA content. It notes the several application purposes of the technology including its role in the diagnoses of immunophenotyping of leukemias and lymphomas, and its usefulness as a method of diagnosing Glanzmann thrombasthenia and Bernard-Soulier diseases. Meanwhile, it notes that cytometry, which is a qualitative and quantitative research tool, has undergone a transition of becoming a standard clinical testing.

The article focuses on the morphological evaluation of blood smears when a lymphoproliferative disorder or mononucleosis is suspected. It asserts that the recognition of abnormal lymphocytes in blood smears can contribute to a rapid diagnosis of various diseases and enables rapid therapeutic intervention. It highlights the insufficient uniform definition of abnormal lymphocytes. It recommends the provision of additional clinical information for better interpretation of blood cell morphology.

Emphasizes the potential role of quantitative flow cytometry in the detection of stem cells, dendritic cells (DC) and antigen specific T cells. Cell product preparation; Cell product characterization; Use of immunophenotyping DC.

Focuses on the identification of diurnal variation of lymphocyte subsets by monoclonal antibodies. Discovery of diurnal rhythm in the total numbers of lymphocytes, T cells, helper and cytotoxic cells, Ia positive cells and B cells; Visibility of lowest levels of all subsets at 0900 hours and highest levels at 2100; Ratio of helper to suppressor cells.

Presents a case of plasmacytoma in a patient with AIDS. Characteristics of AIDS; Medical history of the patient; Incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma and B-cell lymphoma.

Photographs of hereditary stomatocytosis are presented.

Blood samples from 29 preterm (24–32 weeks of gestation) and 21 full-term (37–42 weeks of gestation) neonates were analysed for surface markers of lymphocyte subtypes and macrophages, and the effects of gestational age, neonatal infection, maternal pre-eclampsia, maternal betamethason therapy and mode of delivery were assessed with multiple regression analysis. Gestational age alone had few independent effects (increase in CD3[sup +], CD8[sup +]CD45RA[sup +], and CD11α[sup +] cells, and decrease in CD14[sup +], HLA-DR[sup -] cells) during the third trimester on the proportions of the immune cell subtypes studied. Neonatal infection and mother's pre-eclampsia had the broadest and very opposite kinds of effects on the profile of immune cells in the blood. Infection of the neonate increased the proportions of several ‘immature’ cells (CD11α[sup -]CD20[sup +], CD40[sup +]CD19[sup -], and CD14[sup +]HLA-DR[sup -]), whereas mother's pre-eclampsia decreased the proportions of naive cell types (CD4[sup +]CD8[sup +], CD5[sup +]CD19[sup +]). In addition, neonatal infection increased the proportion of T cells (CD3[sup +], CD3[sup +]CD25[sup +], and CD4[sup +]/CD8[sup +] ratio, and CD45RA[sup +] cells), while maternal pre-eclampsia had a decreasing effect on the proportion of CD4[sup +] cells, CD4[sup +]/CD8[sup +] ratio, and proportions of CD11α[sup +], CD14[sup +] and CD14[sup +]HLA-DR[sup +] cells. Maternal betamethason therapy increased the proportion of T cells (CD3[sup +]) and macrophages (CD14[sup +], CD14[sup +]HLA-DR[sup +]), but decreased the proportion of natural killer (NK) cells. Caesarean section was associated with a decrease in the proportion of CD14[sup +] cells. We conclude that the ‘normal range’ of proportions of different mononuclear cells is wide during the last trimester; further, the effect of gestational age on these proportions is more limited than the effects of other neonatal and even... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the pathogenic properties of islet-infiltrating lymphocytes related to the severity of the autoimmune destruction of islet β-cells in the NOD mouse. We analysed the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) produced by adoptive transfer of islet lymphocytes from NOD into NOD.scid mice. Here we show that the transfer was most effective when both CD4[sup +] and CD8[sup +] T cells were present in the infiltrate, but CD4[sup +] T cells alone were sufficient to cause the disease. Islet lymphocytes from both females and males transferred diabetes effectively, but the severity of IDDM was higher when female islet lymphocytes were used. Unexpectedly, the sensitivity of male islets to β-cell damage was greater than that of female islets. Treatment of NOD females with a peptide of heat shock protein (hsp)60, p277, known to protect NOD mice from IDDM, reduced the pathogenicity of the islet lymphocytes. In contrast, administration of cyclophosphamide to males, a treatment that accelerates the disease, rendered the islet lymphocytes more pathogenic. More severe disease in the recipient NOD.scid mice was associated with more interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-secreting islet T cells of the NOD donor. The disease induced by islet lymphocytes was strongly inhibited by co-transfer of spleen cells from prediabetic mice, emphasizing the regulatory role of peripheral lymphocytes. Thus, the cellular characteristics of the islet infiltrate and the pathogenicity of the cells are subject to complex regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]