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International audience; In many developing countries, urban growth is characterised by the emergence of informal housing at the periphery. Nevertheless, there is little evidence based on data from informal land markets and, in general, studies focusing on such markets often neglect environmental factors. Therefore, to contribute to these research gaps, this article aims to enhance our understanding of land markets in informal land parcels and their relationship to environmental amenities, by providing empirical evidence from Mexico City. The article estimates a hedonic pricing model using robust ordinary least squares with a SHAC (Spatial Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent) inference, including structural, environmental, neighbourhood and accessibility features. Results provide empirical insights regarding the way this land market behaves in the peri-urban area. Our findings reveal that informal land parcel purchasers are willing to pay for basic services such as access to piped water, proximity to schools and accessibility features such as being close to city centre, motorways and underground stations. Although a positive relationship between land price and distance to the nearest forest or Protected Natural Area is highlighted, it is low, meaning that individuals are largely ambivalent about environmental amenities. Therefore, the problem of irregular settlements could be approached from two different angles. Firstly, informal land buyers will not desist from invading and modifying natural areas without a comprehensive urban and environmental policy, oriented towards changing the perception of green areas as potential urbanisation opportunities. Secondly, public policy needs to solve the housing supply crisis, considering the characteristics presented here.

In the absence of comparable sales, the development approach to valuation (also known as residual valuation) is considered an acceptable method to determine the value of land. The method involves considering the value after the completion of the development, then by deducting the cost of such a development, the remaining amount (residual amount) is the amount that a developer would be prepared to pay for such a property in order to obtain the development potential (Boshoff, 2011). Currently, Airoli real estate market is saturated and recently there has not been any transaction related to land parcels, so to derive at a land value application of residual valuation approach is appropriate as it take into consideration current real estate market trends, which directly rely on the proposed mix of development conceptualized by developer.

The article deals with the legal aspects of registration and registration of leases of land shares, changes in the terms of the contract or its termination, the moment when the right to lease land shares. The procedure of land lease, which is carried out in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On Land Lease" and the decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "On approval of a standard lease of land", defines the basic provisions of land lease, forms, conditions and procedure for concluding a lease. Among the most common questions of unit owners, the most relevant and open question is the innovations in the process of concluding a lease of land. Before the answers to the above questions are presented, the algorithm of registration of land lease (share) lease agreements is considered, first of all, attention is paid to the presence in the contract, except for essential conditions, of additional.

The Ukrainian legislation governing the public participation in making the decisions allowing and setting the conditions for the environmentally harmful activity was essentially amended recently. These procedures implementation experience demonstrates that their potential is not used properly neither by the persons planning to carry out the environmentally harmful activity, no by the persons, that are negatively affected by this activity. Proper use of these procedures allows to improve protection of the land ownership infringed by industrial installations negative impact and to avoid pointless expenditures, which entrepreneurs have to bear because of the conflicts with the public, affected by the environmentally harmful installation exploitation. The author of this article sets the task to study the public participation in the mentioned procedures legal nature, this study will allow to benefit more fully of these procedures’ potential. As a result of research carried out in this article, the author draws the following conclusions. The public participation in the permitting procedure or the taking the others administrative decisions procedure for the installation having or are likely to have adverse impact on the environment, among the others, are the procedures in which the limitations on land ownership are established. The land owners right to participate in decision-making procedures is their land ownership logical extension, the public participation in decision-making procedure is one the forms of the land ownership implementation. The land owners participating in decision-making procedures of the permitting documents allowing to carry out the activity having or is likely to have adverse impact on their land parcel have the right that public authority taking these decisions establishes only reasonable limitations of their land ownership and have also the right that this public authority imposes reasonable restrictions on the other person’s right to exercise the activity having or is likely to have adverse impact on their land parcels. This right violation is the land ownership violation and entitles the person, whose right have been violated, to appeal to the court for the protection.

Benevides, P., Costa, H., Moreira, F. D., Moraes, D., & Caetano, M. (2021). Annual Crop Classification Experiments in Portugal Using Sentinel-2. In IGARSS 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium: Proceedings (pp. 5838-5841). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9555009 --------------------------- This work has been supported by projects IPSTERS (DSAIPA/AI/0100/2018), foRESTER (PCIF/SSI/0102/2017), and SCAPEFIRE (PCIF/MOS/0046/2017), and by Centro de Investigação em Gestão de Informação (MagIC), all funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). Value-added data processed by CNES for the Theia data centre www.theia-land.fr using Copernicus products. The satellite image pre-processing uses algorithms developed by Theia's Scientific Expertise Centers. SIP validation data was kindly provided by Instituto de Financiamento da Agricultura e Pescas. This paper presents an experimental crop classification of the 10 most abundant annual crop types in Portugal, using a study area located in Alentejo region. This region has great diversity of land uses as well as multiple crop types. Sentinel-2 2018 intra-annual time-series imagery is considered in the experiment. The Portuguese Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) is used to extract automatic training samples. LPIS information is automatically processed with the help of auxiliary datasets to filter out crop areas more likely to have been mislabeled. Classification is obtained using random forest. Validation is performed using an independent dataset also based on LPIS. A global accuracy of 76% is obtained. The novelty of the methodology here presented shows that LPIS can be used together with auxiliary data for crop type mapping, helping to characterize the agriculture land diversity in Portugal. authorsversion published

Simple Summary Termitaria are nests of termites built from clayey soils. These nests can protrude to several meters high above the ground-surface. They serve not only as habitats for termites but also as foraging hotspots for grazing and browsing animals due to an increase in nutrient recycling that results in the growth of nutrient-rich vegetation around termitaria. There have been suggestions that a relationship exists between termitaria and groundwater due to the high demand of water by termite colonies for their nest building, to maintain high humidity and for their metabolism. However, few studies are available to directly or indirectly indicate this relationship. In this study, effort was made to investigate the direct relationship between termitaria and groundwater and to further answer the question on whether termitaria can indicate the presence of groundwater. A small parcel of land with a termitarium was selected for this study where nine resistivity soundings were made with one at the foot of the termitarium. The result obtained indicated a suitable geoelectrical signature around the termitarium and the integration of six geoelectrical parameters revealed the termitarium as falling in the middle of the most suitable zone of groundwater and hence can be used as a biomarker. Abstract Termite nests have long been suggested to be good indicators of groundwater but only a few studies are available to demonstrate the relationship between the two. This study therefore aims at investigating the most favourable spots for locating groundwater structures on a small parcel of land with conspicuous termite activity. To achieve this, geophysical soundings using the renowned vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique was carried out on the gridded study area. A total of nine VESs with one at the foot of a termitarium were conducted. The VES results were interpreted and assessed via two different techniques: (1) physical evaluation as performed by drillers in the field and (2) integration of primary and secondary geoelectrical parameters in a geographic information system (GIS). The result of the physical evaluation indicated a clear case of subjectivity in the interpretation but was consistent with the choice of VES points 1 and 6 (termitarium location) as being the most prospective points to be considered for drilling. Similarly, the integration of the geoelectrical parameters led to the mapping of the most prospective groundwater portion of the study area with the termitarium chiefly in the center of the most suitable region. This shows that termitaria are valuable landscape features that can be employed as biomarkers in the search of groundwater.

Subdivision is a very important issue in land surveying and is characterized by the legal change of property boundaries in agreement with the local standards and regulations for maintaining...

In order to transcend the challenge of accelerating the establishment of cadastres and to efficiently maintain them once established, innovative, and automated cadastral mapping techniques are needed. The focus of the research is on the use of high-resolution optical sensors on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms. More specifically, this study investigates the potential of UAV-based cadastral mapping, where the ENVI feature extraction (FX) module has been used for data processing. The paper describes the workflow, which encompasses image pre-processing, automatic extraction of visible boundaries on the UAV imagery, and data post-processing. It shows that this approach should be applied when the UAV orthoimage is resampled to a larger ground sample distance (GSD). In addition, the findings show that it is important to filter the extracted boundary maps to improve the results. The results of the accuracy assessment showed that almost 80% of the extracted visible boundaries were correct. Based on the automatic extraction method, the proposed workflow has the potential to accelerate and facilitate the creation of cadastral maps, especially for developing countries. In developed countries, the extracted visible boundaries might be used for the revision of existing cadastral maps. However, in both cases, the extracted visible boundaries must be validated by landowners and other beneficiaries.

The presence of a large number of territorial units with a high price of land determines the appropriate accuracy of their area determination in the short term. The widespread use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is a modern geospatial mapping technology. Using an UAV equipped with appropriate devices for aerosurveying  such as, for example, the Trimble UX5  is economically feasible in comparison with ground geodetic measurements, since the latter requires a lot of costs. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyze accuracy estimation of land parcel area determination based on aero surveying materials using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in comparison with results of ground geodetic measurements using a total station. As a result, a comparison of detailed plan and an existing base of land parcel measurements with accuracy estimations have been made. Based on our analysis and experimental studies, we can state that the UAV allows more efficient data collection within the requirements of land management in comparison with ground geodetic measurements. The use of aero surveying materials for determination of land parcel areas has been proposed. The results of the study provide an opportunity to improve the reliability of land parcel data in the normative and methodological framework.

The LPIS (Land Parcel Identification System) supports area-based payment schemes in EU countries under the Common Agricultural Policy and is a useful tool enabling the proper functioning of the structural agriculture support mechanism. This study analyses the agricultural parcel management system in Poland in the context of solutions applied in the EU within the Common Agricultural Policy. The research concerns solutions applied in the field of the LPIS system, arising from European legal and technical specifications, particularly those referring to the adopted type of a reference parcel (agricultural parcel, cadastral parcel, farmers’ block, physical block, topographic block). Based on the data originating from LPIS questionnaire interviews, a study was conducted related to the adopted models of reference parcels in the EU countries and regions, including in Poland in the years 2006–2016. The research sample comprised LPIS systems functioning in the EU in the analytical period. In the paper, it is demonstrated how the implemented models of reference parcels had been changing over time and the most frequent reasons of the changes were indicated. Poland is one of few EU Member States in which the Land and Property Register has been the basis for the LPIS since 2006. The conclusions of the research provide a basis for planning of a change in LPIS in Poland.

Worldwide, loss of farmland due to transition to other land uses is recognized as a major challenge. Data from the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) are potentially useful to assess agricultural land use dynamics as they contain detailed information on agricultural land use. In this paper, we therefore analyse data from two individual studies, one from Flanders and one from Denmark, to explore whether LPIS data are applicable to assess farmland loss. Our results show that in both Flanders and Denmark, around 4.5% of the total registered farmland area in LPIS was lost in a 5-year period (2008–2013 for Flanders and 2011–2016 for Denmark). Complementary land use data and aerial photo interpretation reveal that the majority of lost registered farmland still was in agricultural use after 5 years. Hence, the confirmed loss was only around 0.5% for Flanders and Denmark. We conclude that both Flemish and Danish LPIS data only with some difficulty are able to quantify loss of farmland and therefore question if LPIS data alone are suitable to assess change in farmland area. The major part of farmland leaving the register is most likely related to a general change in agricultural structure.

We apply the hedonic pricing method to analyze the effects of conservation easements (CEs) on surrounding vacant land parcel prices within the Metropolitan Atlanta Statistical Area (MASA). First, we collected data on forest related CEs in 30 counties in MASA and randomly sampled 312 land parcels from these same counties for information related to land parcels. The distance between each property and the nearest CE, and between each pair of properties, are calculated and used to find spatial dependence. Results show that the total number of CEs in properties' surrounding areas enhances property values. In addition, the proximity to CE-protected open space after the CEs are established have positive price effects on the surrounding properties, and this effect diminishes with distance.

Homeowners’ Associations (HOAs) dictate landscape structure and management through legally enforceable land covenants at the neighborhood scale in the USA. Determining the location and spatial exte...

The aim of this work is both to assess differentiation of geometric features of parcels in the immediate neighbourhood of motorways and expressways in Poland (as divided into provinces) as well as to analyze their land cover. In order to achieve this, the authors used data on parcels from the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) as well as information on land cover from the Database of Topographic Objects (obtained from the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography). It was concluded that there is a correlation not only between the existence of motorways and expressways and the land cover along them but also between geometric features of parcels. In those cases when motorway interchanges are located in the vicinity of big cities as it is exemplified, for instance, by the province of Silesia, Mazovia or even Łodź, there is an increase in development intensity in their vicinity. Besides that, parcels tend to be smaller on those areas where the density of motorways and expressways is the greatest.

Previous attempts to quantify the role that dogs play in mitigating household property crime rates have produced mixed results.gisand spatial analysis methods to conduct such an investigation are not well-represented in the anthrozoological academic press for an entire city. This study seeks to address these gaps using agis-based case study of dog license locations and reported property crime locations for land parcel data in the City of Milwaukee,wi, for 2011. We found that parcels with reported licensed dogs experienced property crime at rates of between 1.40 and 1.71 percentage points lower than the property crime rates for parcels that were zoned the same and did not have licensed dogs. This association between the presence of dogs and reduced property crime rates suggests dogs have a deterrent effect on property crime; more comprehensive analysis is encouraged to draw more concrete conclusions.

Despite the urban heat islands phenomenon has long been recognized as a major urban environmental problem, it was not until recently that this urban phenomenon gained attention from the discipline of urban planning. To integrate the findings of the urban heat islands research into the planning practice, the relationship between land surface temperatures and urban physical and socioeconomic characteristics should be addressed at the planning relevant spatial scale, a land parcel. Using a parcel as a unit of analysis, this study proposed to use a machine learning approach to identify important variables in the formation of urban heat islands in Indianapolis, Indiana. Applying random forest method to planning zones, this study identified planning zone specific urban physical and socioeconomic characteristics that are important for the interpretation of urban heat islands phenomenon of Indianapolis, Indiana. The main contribution of this study is twofold: to integrate urban physical and socioeconomic characteristics into a land parcel for the better interpretation of the result of urban heat islands study into planning practice and to apply machine learning approach to identify highly determinant variables in the formation of urban heat islands.

Having been an autonomous region since 1906, Bandung has experienced continuous expansion. One factor pushing this development was the construction of a road network connecting Bandung with its surrounding towns, yielding a variety of spatial and functional physical elements in urban space. This research study examines the architectural development of the southern part of Bandung, located on Jalan Raya Kopo and Jalan Terusan Buah Batu from 1996 until 2015 by analyzing the transformation that occurred, using the typo-morphological method, and by determining the correlation between the functional elements (land use or exploitation and the spatial-physical component of buildings and land parcels known as kaveling of their scope (height, mass lay-out, area width and type of lot). The tendency of the the area’s expansion in each of the street corridors can be analyzed through determining the correlation between these components covering the variety and dominant character or features observed. Jalan Raya Kopo shows a tendency toward a commercial trade-bound function whose mass type consists of one storey situated on the land parcel on the roadside in the middle of small lots. On the other hand, the extension of Jalan Terusan Buah Batu shows a functional tendency toward mixed use featuring a two-storied building mass on a land parcel on the roadside positioned in the middle of small lots. A change has been discernible in the actual planning of the spatial pattern from a purely residential area into a merger between commercial or industrial occupancy, in addition to the increasing density of the area and its soaring skyline.Keywords: Urban architecture, physical, spatial, street corridor

The first maps and studies in the field of land use were initiated in the United States as early as before World War I. Between the two world wars such studies were carried out with the main focus on regional planning. Planning process at all levels is usually based on rich statistical materials, which allows to compare the state of the space in different time periods. In the presented paper, the authors investigated transformations of the spatial structure of lands for a part of Podgórze, the district of Krakow for the period of the past 169 years. Source materials utilised for the research works and analyses included cadastral maps from the selected analysed years, i.e. 1847, 1909, 2003 and 2016. Based on the mentioned materials, the characteristics of land parcels as spatial features were analysed and changes were determined for the periods of 1847–1909, 1909–2003 and 2003–2016 showing the present situation. Computer processing of maps was performed for this purpose, and distributions and correlations between spatial variables characterizing parcel structure were analysed for the study area.

Considerable research has been conducted on evaluating the effectiveness of land consolidation (LC). However, most of the previous studies dealt with such evaluation in the areas where LC has taken place, whereas few focused on the potential evaluation before LC is implemented. Furthermore, land fragmentation has critical effects on the effectiveness evaluation of LC, but is not appropriately measured by currently used landscape metrics in the potential evaluation since project zones of LC cannot be delimited before LC implementation. To fill these gaps, this study demonstrates a potential evaluation model for LC, in which land fragmentation is taken into account by buffering land parcels and then quantifying their contiguity with a proper method. This model was tested in a case study area – Yangshan County of Guangdong, China, and the results showed that the new model is more robust than the traditional approach that evaluates the potential of land parcels in LC in terms of their locations, quality, terrains, and distances to infrastructural facilities. Moreover, the model revealed that land fragmentation plays an important role in LC potential evaluation. These findings imply that the proposed method can provide more appropriate guidelines for land decision-makers.