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RESUMEN La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica multifactorial, incurable, recurrente y progresiva, asociada a importantes complicaciones físicas y psicológicas y con considerable morbimortalidad. Por este motivo, deben individualizarse la evaluación, el tratamiento y el seguimiento del paciente obeso dentro de una unidad multidisciplinar que disponga de unos adecuados recursos humanos y estructurales. Su tratamiento médico mediante medidas higiénicas-dietéticas, aunque imprescindible, puede resultar insuficiente y la opción quirúrgica, reservada a obesidades severas o mórbidas, no está exenta de complicaciones ni es del agrado de muchos pacientes. En este contexto, pueden considerarse tres situaciones en las que el tratamiento endoscópico, como estrategia complementaria y con escasas complicaciones, contribuye al beneficio del paciente obeso: en primer lugar, aquel subgrupo de pacientes con sobrepeso grado II u obesidad no mórbida en el que el tratamiento médico aislado haya fracasado o como complemento al mismo; en segundo lugar, en aquellos pacientes con obesidad mórbida que rechacen la cirugía o a los cuales esta les resulte contraindicada o de riesgo excesivo; y finalmente, en aquellos pacientes afectos de superobesidad que necesitan perder peso previo a la cirugía bariátrica para disminuir la morbimortalidad de la misma. En este sentido, el Grupo Español de Endoscopia Bariátrica (Grupo Español de Trabajo para el Tratamiento Endoscópico del Metabolismo y la Obesidad [GETTEMO]) ha elaborado este Documento de Consenso para que sirva de orientación práctica a todos los profesionales implicados en la endoscopia de la obesidad y permita establecer los requisitos mínimos necesarios para el correcto funcionamiento de una Unidad de Endoscopia Bariátrica. ABSTRACT Obesity is a chronic multifactorial, incurable, recurrent, and progressive disease associated with significant physical and psychological complications, and considerable morbidity and mortality. For this reason, the assessment, management, and follow-up of obese patients should take place in the setting of a multidisciplinary unit equipped with adequate human and structural resources. Medical treatment using hygienic-dietary measures, while indispensable, may be insufficient, and surgery, which is reserved for severe or morbid obesity, is not exempt from complications neither is to the liking of many patients. In this context three situations may be considered where endoscopic treatment, used as a supplementary strategy with few complications, contributes to benefit obese patients: first, in a subgroup of patients with grade-II overweight or non-morbid obesity where medical therapy alone failed or needs supplementation. Second, in patients with morbid obesity when surgery is rejected, is contraindicated, or entails excessive risk. Finally, in patients with superobesity who need to lose weight before bariatric surgery in order to reduce surgery-related morbidity and mortality. In this regard, the Spanish Task Force on Bariatric Endoscopy (Grupo Español de Trabajo para el Tratamiento Endoscópico del Metabolismo y la Obesidad, GETTEMO) have developed this Consensus Document to serve as practical guidance for all professionals involved in the endoscopic management of obesity, and to facilitate establishing a minimum set of requirements for the proper functioning of a bariatric endoscopy unit.

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) contains benzene and styrene, posing a risk to human health. Research objective was to create and evaluate a bio-based material that mimics EPS physical and mechanical properties; this material was developed from crop residues (Triticum sp.), fungi (Pleurotus sp.), and edible films (carrageenan, chitosan, and xanthan gum). Treatments differed in the type of film applied over the bio-based material, and physical and mechanical properties were evaluated. Compressive and flexural strength ranged from 20 to 60 kPa and 4.6 to 17.9 kPa, respectively; dimensional stability and relative density ranged from 5.1 to 7.3% and 178.7 to 198.9 kg m−3, respectively. The bio-based material does not pose to be an alternative to EPS yet, and further researches must assess water absorption and biodegradability.

Introduction: Bariatric endoscopy includes a series of specific techniques focused on the management of obese patients. As a quality criterion, safety as expressed by a minimal incidence of serious complications is required in addition to efficacy. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, multicenter review of the experience recorded at seven hospitals included in the Grupo Español de Endoscopia Bariátrica (GETTEMO) in order to document the incidence, cause, and resolution (including legal consequences) of serious complications reported for each bariatric technique, and according to endoscopist expertise. Results: In all, 6,771 bariatric endoscopic procedures were collected, wherein 57 serious complications (0.84%) were identified. Balloons: Orbera®-Medsil®, 5/5,589; Spatz2® (older model): 44/225; Heliosphere®: 1/70; Obalon®: 0/107. Sutures: POSE®, 5/679; sleeve gastroplasty with Apollo® system: 0/55. Prostheses: Endobarrier®: 2/46. All complications were resolved with medical/endoscopic management except for five cases (0.07%) that required surgery. A single lawsuit occurred (esophageal perforation with Spatz2® balloon), which had a favorable outcome. There was no mortality, and apparently no differences were found according to endoscopist expertise level. Conclusions: In our multicenter experience, bariatric endoscopy may be considered as a safe procedure (0.84% of serious complications in all). However, some devices may induce a higher proportion of complications, such as 19.55% for Spatz2® balloons (already replaced) or 4.34% for Endobarrier® (at the upper limit of accepted safety), although our experience with the latter is limited. All complications were resolved with conservative medical management, and only exceptionally required surgery (0.07%). No technique-related mortality was seen, and only one lawsuit occurred. Further evolutionary studies are required on the novel endoscopic techniques presently emerging to authenticate our results. Introducción: la endoscopia bariátrica abarca una serie de técnicas específicas encaminadas al tratamiento del paciente obeso. Como criterios de calidad, además de eficacia debe exigirse seguridad, expresada por una mínima incidencia de complicaciones graves. Métodos: revisión descriptiva y retrospectiva, multicéntrica, incluyendo la experiencia de siete hospitales que forman parte del Grupo Español de Endoscopia Bariátrica (GETTEMO) para documentar la incidencia, causa y resolución (y sus consecuencias médico-legales) de las complicaciones graves detectadas con cada una de las distintas técnicas de endoscopia bariátrica, diferenciadas además en función de la experiencia del endoscopista. Resultados: se recogieron 6.771 procedimientos endoscópicos bariátricos, entre los que se detectaron 57 complicaciones graves (0,84%). Balones: Orbera®-Medsil®: 5/5.589; Spatz2® (modelo antiguo): 44/225; Heliosphere®: 1/70; O'balon®: 0/107. Suturas: POSE®: 5/679; gastroplastia en manga con sistema Apollo®: 0/55. Prótesis: Endobarrier®: 2/46. Todas ellas se resolvieron con tratamiento médico/endoscópico, excepto cinco casos (0,07%) que requirieron cirugía. Existió una única demanda judicial (perforación esofágica con balón Spatz2®), con resolución judicial favorable. No hubo mortalidad ni aparentemente diferencias en relación con la experiencia de los endoscopistas. Conclusiones: en nuestra experiencia multicéntrica, la endoscopia bariátrica puede considerarse un procedimiento seguro (0,84% total de complicaciones graves). Sin embargo, algunos dispositivos pueden presentar un mayor porcentaje de complicaciones, como en el 19,55% de balones Spatz2® (ya sustituido) o en el 4,34% del Endobarrier® (en el límite alto de la seguridad aceptada), aunque en este dispositivo nuestra casuística es limitada. Todas las complicaciones se resolvieron con tratamiento médico conservador, requiriendo cirugía solo de forma excepcional (0,07%). No se observó mortalidad relacionada con las técnicas y solo un único caso de demanda judicial. Se requieren más estudios evolutivos de las novedosas técnicas endoscópicas emergentes que corroboren estos resultados.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic sutured gastroplasty (ESG) has evolved over time. With the advent of full-thickness endoscopic suturing, an efficient technique for ESG was developed and refined. METHODS: This prospective first in man trial started in April 2012, and represents the first use of full-thickness endoscopic suturing for primary obesity therapy. The trial focused on procedure development, reproducibility, safety, and short-term efficacy. The trial was performed at centers in five countries, in three phases. Phase I was evaluation of safety and technical feasibility of various procedure techniques; stitch patterns and sequences were assessed for efficiency, safety, and feasibility. Phase II entailed continued procedure refinement to establish a standardized technique. Phase III entailed evaluation of technical feasibility and weight loss outcomes in 77 patients; the procedure was performed using the standardized technique, and there was no procedure development. Data was prospectively collected into a registry. RESULTS: In Phase I, the procedure was created, and modified to improve time efficiency. Safety and technical feasibility were established, and short-term weight loss was demonstrated. In Phase II, a number of stitch patterns were attempted, and the stitch pattern was modified and finalized. 22 patients were included, and 1-year total weight loss was 17.3 ±2.6%. In Phase III, adherence to the final technique was high. 77 patients were included, with mean BMI of 36.1 ± 0.6 kg/m2. Mean weight loss was 16.0 ± 0.8%, at 6 months and 17.4 ± 1.2% at 12 months (n=44). Post-procedure nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain were frequently reported; there were no reported significant adverse events post-procedure or during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Following a methodical procedure development phase, ESG demonstrated safety and short-term efficacy in this trial. The procedure also achieved meaningful weight loss during the follow-up period.

espanolIntroduccion: la endoscopia bariatrica abarca una serie de tecnicas especificas encaminadas al tratamiento del paciente obeso. Como criterios de calidad, ademas de eficacia debe exigirse seguridad, expresada por una minima incidencia de complicaciones graves. Metodos: revision descriptiva y retrospectiva, multicentrica, incluyendo la experiencia de siete hospitales que forman parte del Grupo Espanol de Endoscopia Bariatrica (GETTEMO) para documentar la incidencia, causa y resolucion (y sus consecuencias medico-legales) de las complicaciones graves detectadas con cada una de las distintas tecnicas de endoscopia bariatrica, diferenciadas ademas en funcion de la experiencia del endoscopista. Resultados: se recogieron 6.771 procedimientos endoscopicos bariatricos, entre los que se detectaron 57 complicaciones graves (0,84%). Balones: Orbera®-Medsil®: 5/5.589; Spatz2® (modelo antiguo): 44/225; Heliosphere®: 1/70; O’balon®: 0/107. Suturas: POSE®: 5/679; gastroplastia en manga con sistema Apollo®: 0/55. Protesis: Endobarrier®: 2/46. Todas ellas se resolvieron con tratamiento medico/ endoscopico, excepto cinco casos (0,07%) que requirieron cirugia. Existio una unica demanda judicial (perforacion esofagica con balon Spatz2®), con resolucion judicial favorable. No hubo mortalidad ni aparentemente diferencias en relacion con la experiencia de los endoscopistas. Conclusiones: en nuestra experiencia multicentrica, la endoscopia bariatrica puede considerarse un procedimiento seguro (0,84% total de complicaciones graves). Sin embargo, algunos dispositivos pueden presentar un mayor porcentaje de complicaciones, como en el 19,55% de balones Spatz2® (ya sustituido) o en el 4,34% del Endobarrier® (en el limite alto de la seguridad aceptada), aunque en este dispositivo nuestra casuistica es limitada. Todas las complicaciones se resolvieron con tratamiento medico conservador, requiriendo cirugia solo de forma excepcional (0,07%). No se observo mortalidad relacionada con las tecnicas y solo un unico caso de demanda judicial. Se requieren mas estudios evolutivos de las novedosas tecnicas endoscopicas emergentes que corroboren estos resultados. EnglishIntroduction: Bariatric endoscopy includes a series of specific techniques focused on the management of obese patients. As a quality criterion, safety as expressed by a minimal incidence of serious complications is required in addition to efficacy. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, multicenter review of the experience recorded at seven hospitals included in the Grupo Espanol de Endoscopia Bariatrica (GETTEMO) in order to document the incidence, cause, and resolution (including legal consequences) of serious complications reported for each bariatric technique, and according to endoscopist expertise. Results: In all, 6,771 bariatric endoscopic procedures were collected, wherein 57 serious complications (0.84%) were identified. Balloons: Orbera®-Medsil®, 5/5,589; Spatz2® (older model): 44/225; Heliosphere®: 1/70; Obalon®: 0/107. Sutures: POSE®, 5/679; sleeve gastroplasty with Apollo® system: 0/55. Prostheses: Endobarrier®: 2/46. All complications were resolved with medical/ endoscopic management except for five cases (0.07%) that required surgery. A single lawsuit occurred (esophageal perforation with Spatz2® balloon), which had a favorable outcome. There was no mortality, and apparently no differences were found according to endoscopist expertise level. Conclusions: In our multicenter experience, bariatric endoscopy may be considered as a safe procedure (0.84% of serious complications in all). However, some devices may induce a higher proportion of complications, such as 19.55% for Spatz2® balloons (already replaced) or 4.34% for Endobarrier® (at the upper limit of accepted safety), although our experience with the latter is limited. All complications were resolved with conservative medical management, and only exceptionally required surgery (0.07%). No technique-related mortality was seen, and only one lawsuit occurred. Further evolutionary studies are required on the novel endoscopic techniques presently emerging to authenticate our results.

Recently, the Elipse® swallow balloon with spontaneous evacuation has been incorporated. GETTEMO wants to position defending innovations in endoscopic treatment of bariatric patients, including this new gastric balloon. Any bariatric endoscopic procedure must always be done within a suitable protocol and in a Multidisciplinary Unit. In order to ensure maximum safety and to be able to effectively solve potential complications, in most of the cases a prior endoscopy should be required to rule out complications, the balloon must be implanted (or supervised) by a bariatric endoscopist and it is necessary to have an Endoscopic Emergency Department.

One of the seven States in Mexico which owns mezcal designation of origin (DO) and it is the second agave producer in the country; therefore; the agave-mezcal industry is a strategic activity in the State. Since several agents interact in a non-articulated way in the industry, the main objectives of this study are: 1) to get reliable information of the whole process, and 2) to develop a supply chain tactical planning model of this industry. Initially, an preliminary research identifies basic information related to business processes, using structured primary data: interviews and surveys. Taking into account the gathered basic information, the tactical planning model of the supply chain is developed. This analysis considers the relationships among small-to medium sized enterprises (SMEs). The results of this study allowed obtaining information related to the industry; the identification of specific opportunity areas in the agents’ interaction, and the evaluation of the potential and constraints that the Zacatecas’ agave-mezcal supply chain has.

Background: Many obese patients cannot lose weight or reject conventional obesity management. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (the Apollo method) is a pioneering coadjuvant, interventionist technique for the integral management of obesity. Objectives: The goals of this study were to report safety and efficacy results obtained at 6 months in patients undergoing endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty. Material and methods: A prospective study was performed in 55 patients (13 males, 42 females) who were subjected to the Apollo technique; mean age was 43.5 years (range 25-60) and mean BMI was 37.7 kg/m² (range 30-48). All received multidisciplinary follow-up for weight loss. Weight changes and presence of complications were assessed. Through the endoscope a triangular pattern suture is performed consisting of approximately 3-6 transmural (mucosa to serosa) stitches, using a cinch device to bring them nearer and form a plication. Results: A total of 6-8 plications are used to provide a tubular or sleeve-shaped restriction to the gastric cavity. No major complications developed and patients were discharged at 24 hours following the procedure. Endoscopic and radiographic follow-up at 6 months post-procedure showed a well preserved tubular form to the stomach. After 6 months patients had lost 18.9 kg and 55.3% of excess weight. Conclusions: Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty, together with dietary and psycho-behavioral changes, is a safe, effective technique in the coadjuvant management of obese patients. Introducción: muchos pacientes obesos no son capaces de perder peso o rechazan los tratamientos convencionales de la obesidad. La gastroplastia endoscópica en manga (método Apollo) es una técnica intervencionista pionera coadyuvante para el tratamiento integral de la obesidad. Objetivos: los objetivos de este estudio son comunicar resultados de seguridad y eficacia a 6 meses de pacientes intervenidos de gastroplastia endoscópica en manga. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo de intervención sobre 55 pacientes (13 hombres, 42 mujeres) sometidos a método Apollo, con edad media de 43,5 años (rango 25-60) e índice de masa corporal (IMC) medio de 37,7 kg/m² (rango 30-48), y a seguimiento multidisciplinar para perder peso. Se evaluaron cambios ponderales y presencia de complicaciones. A través de un endoscopio se realizó un patrón de sutura triangular, consistente en aproximadamente 3-6 puntos transmurales (de mucosa a serosa) que, mediante un sistema de cinchado, aproxima los puntos para formar una plicatura. Resultados: en total se realizaron entre 6-8 plicaturas para crear la restricción tubular o en manga de la cavidad gástrica. No existieron complicaciones mayores y los pacientes fueron dados de alta 24 horas después de la intervención. Los controles endoscópicos y radiográficos a los 6 meses postprocedimiento mostraron conservación de la forma tubular gástrica. Los pacientes con 6 meses de evolución perdieron 18,9 kg y un 55,3% de porcentaje de exceso de peso. Conclusiones: la gastroplastia endoscópica en manga, junto a la intervención dietética y modificación psicoconductual en pacientes obesos, es una técnica segura y eficaz en el tratamiento coadyuvante de la obesidad.

espanolIntroduccion: muchos pacientes obesos no son capaces de perder peso o rechazan los tratamientos convencionales de la obesidad. La gastroplastia endoscopica en manga (metodo Apollo) es una tecnica intervencionista pionera coadyuvante para el tratamiento integral de la obesidad. Objetivos: los objetivos de este estudio son comunicar resultados de seguridad y eficacia a 6 meses de pacientes intervenidos de gastroplastia endoscopica en manga. Material y metodos: se realizo un estudio prospectivo de intervencion sobre 55 pacientes (13 hombres, 42 mujeres) sometidos a metodo Apollo, con edad media de 43,5 anos (rango 25-60) e indice de masa corporal (IMC) medio de 37,7 kg/m2 (rango 30-48), y a seguimiento multidisciplinar para perder peso. Se evaluaron cambios ponderales y presencia de complicaciones. A traves de un endoscopio se realizo un patron de sutura triangular, consistente en aproximadamente 3-6 puntos transmurales (de mucosa a serosa) que, mediante un sistema de cinchado, aproxima los puntos para formar una plicatura. Resultados: en total se realizaron entre 6-8 plicaturas para crear la restriccion tubular o en manga de la cavidad gastrica. No existieron complicaciones mayores y los pacientes fueron dados de alta 24 horas despues de la intervencion. Los controles endoscopicos y radiograficos a los 6 meses postprocedimiento mostraron conservacion de la forma tubular gastrica. Los pacientes con 6 meses de evolucion perdieron 18,9 kg y un 55,3% de porcentaje de exceso de peso. Conclusiones: la gastroplastia endoscopica en manga, junto a la intervencion dietetica y modificacion psicoconductual en pacientes obesos, es una tecnica segura y eficaz en el tratamiento coadyuvante de la obesidad. EnglishBackground: Many obese patients cannot lose weight or reject conventional obesity management. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (the Apollo method) is a pioneering coadjuvant, interventionist technique for the integral management of obesity. Objectives: The goals of this study were to report safety and efficacy results obtained at 6 months in patients undergoing endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty. Material and methods: A prospective study was performed in 55 patients (13 males, 42 females) who were subjected to the Apollo technique; mean age was 43.5 years (range 25-60) and mean BMI was 37.7 kg/m2 (range 30-48). All received multidisciplinary follow-up for weight loss. Weight changes and presence of complications were assessed. Through the endoscope a triangular pattern suture is performed consisting of approximately 3-6 transmural (mucosa to serosa) stitches, using a cinch device to bring them nearer and form a plication. Results: A total of 6-8 plications are used to provide a tubular or sleeve-shaped restriction to the gastric cavity. No major complications developed and patients were discharged at 24 hours following the procedure. Endoscopic and radiographic follow-up at 6 months post-procedure showed a well preserved tubular form to the stomach. After 6 months patients had lost 18.9 kg and 55.3% of excess weight. Conclusions: Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty, together with dietary and psycho-behavioral changes, is a safe, effective technique in the coadjuvant management of obese patients.

Taking the reaction between the formic acid and the peroxide hydrogen as a model for the generation of performic acid, the theoretical description of the formation mechanism of peracids was made. For the described systems, semiempirical (AM1) and ab initio (HF/STO-3G, HF/3–21G* and HF/6–311G*) calculations were performed. Two possible routes, without (Route A) and with catalyst (Route B) is proposed. In these two instances the determinant stage of the reaction is the formation of the neutral tetrahedral intermediary. With base in different factors, route B is the favored reaction. During the observation of the frontier orbitals and some neighbors, it was established that the electrophilic reactivity of the performic acid is due to the unoccupied orbitals which are produced in the peroxide hydrogen bond. This does empinge on the reaction mechanisms under study. Nevertheless, the formic acid LUMO undergoes a series of transformations during the different trajectories, however, this molecular orbital remains in the formation of the product finally.