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Background Recent evidence suggests that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and their early changes may predict antidepressant response in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, in adolescents, BDNF levels in depression and their changes during antidepressant treatment are relatively unknown. We aimed to investigate whether pre-treatment BDNF levels and their early changes predict antidepressant response in depressed adolescents. Methods The study included 83 MDD adolescents and 52 healthy controls aged 12 to 17 years. All depressed adolescents were treated with escitalopram in an 8 week, open-label trial. Depression severity and serum BDNF level at baseline, and weeks 2 and 8 were measured with the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) and ELISA, respectively. Results Responders showed a significant decrease in BDNF levels at week 2 but non-responders and healthy controls had no changes in BDNF levels at week 2. The early decrease (baseline – week 2) of BDNF levels predicted SSRI response with moderate sensitivity and specificity. Logistic regression analysis revealed that early BDNF decrease predicted SSRI response at week 8 after controlling for other demographic and clinical variables. Limitations The follow-up duration of the study was limited in 8 weeks. It remains possible that serum BDNF levels would have changed with longer treatment. Conclusions This is the first longitudinal study to investigate the effect of antidepressants on BDNF levels in adolescents with MDD. Our findings suggest that a decrease of serum BDNF levels in early phase of SSRI treatment may be associated later SSRI response in adolescents with MDD.

Background Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis (IHP) is a rare clinical disease characterized by inflammatory fibrosis, which causes diffuse thickening of the dura mater. The inflammatory fibrosis will be locally invasive in nature but will be characterized by a benign histological appearance, known as an inflammatory pseudotumor. We present the case of a patient with an infiltrative lesion involving the right frontal convexity diagnosed as IHP, which had been suspected to be a malignant tumor or high-grade meningioma from the preoperative radiological findings. Case Description A 59-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of a temporary loss of consciousness. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed a 30-mm × 12-mm mass located in the right frontal convexity. The lesion had an isointensity to high-intensity signal with moderate periregional edema on T2-weighted MRI, and homogeneous enhancement, including a necrotic portion with a long dural tail along the right frontal convexity, after contrast-enhanced MRI. Thus, our preliminary diagnosis was high-grade meningioma or a malignant tumor. We decided to surgically remove the tumor. Intraoperatively, the lesion appeared as a dural-based yellowish mass with partial infiltration of the cortex. Histopathological examination of the lesion revealed thickened meninges with marked fibroinflammatory changes. The inflammatory changes extended into the underlying brain parenchyma and were centered in the perivascular spaces. The lesion showed abundant lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry revealed mixed T and B lymphocytes and plasma cells. Only a small number of IgG4-positive cells were identified. From these findings, we finally concluded that the diagnosis was IHP. The patient did not receive any further steroid therapy, because the patient had no evidence of systemic autoimmune disease. A follow-up brain MRI scan was performed 6 month after surgery, which revealed no recurrence of the lesion. Conclusions Surgical treatment can be the first treatment option when the lesion is not localized to a critical portion of the brain. Thus, it might be possible to arrive at a definitive diagnosis histologically and determine additional treatment strategies. Also, if the surgeons are confident that the IHP has been removed completely, additional steroid therapy might not be necessary.

본 연구는 초등교사의 수업환경조절전략 활용능력을 미래교수역량과 관련된 중요한 역량이라고 보아, 이를 측정할 수 있는 검사도구를 개발하고 타당화 하는데 목적을 두 었다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 문헌고찰과 전문가 집단의 협의를 통해 수업 환경조절전략 활용능력의 개념을 정의하고 구성요인을 추출하였으며, 내용타당도를 확 인하여 측정도구의 측정문항을 개발하였다. 개발된 측정도구의 예비문항은 서울시교육 청 소속 초등학교에 근무하는 교사 606명에게 적용하여 조사를 실시하였다. 응답 결과 는 측정도구의 타당도를 검증하기 위해 SPSS 18.0을 사용하여 탐색적 요인분석을 하였 으며, AMOS 23.0을 사용하여 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 측정도구의 신 뢰도는 높게 나타났으며, 수업환경조절전략 활용능력의 2개 하위 영역, 6개의 구성요인 과 16개의 문항을 확정하였다. 또한 측정모형의 적합도도 양호하였으며, 판별타당도와 수렴타당도를 통해 측정도구의 타당도를 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 초등교사의 수업 환경조절전략 활용능력을 측정할 수 있는 신뢰롭고 타당한 측정도구를 개발하였다. 이 측정도구는 초등 교사를 위한 다양한 교사교육 프로그램의 개발에 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in an immunocompromised patient with organ transplantation demonstrated unusual brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Recognition of EBV-positive DLBCL by radiologists on MRI may prevent unnecessary neurosurgical resection, and it could be important to obtain viable cells for accurate diagnosis on stereotactic biopsy because of extensive necrosis. Case Description A 62-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with left hemiparesis grade III and dysarthria lasting for 3 weeks. She underwent kidney transplantation in 2007 and was taking immunosuppressants and had hypothyroidism. Brain MRI showed a 3.8-cm peripheral enhancing lesion with extensive central necrosis in association with marked perilesional edema. The irregular ringlike enhancing lesion showed diffusion restriction and mildly increased regional cerebral blood volume in the rim portion of the mass. 11C-Methionine positron emission tomography revealed slightly increased uptake in the peripheral lesion. The provisional diagnosis was a high-grade glioma. Stereotactic multiple biopsies were performed for the central necrotic area and peripheral enhancing lesion. The nonenhancing areas showed only necrotic material, without viable cells, and the enhancing portion showed viable cells for an accurate diagnosis in a frozen biopsy specimen. The pathologic diagnosis was EBV-positive DLBCL with extensive necrosis. Positron emission tomography of the chest, abdomen, pelvis, and neck soft tissues ruled out systemic diseases. She underwent whole-brain radiotherapy at a dose of 30.6 Gy. Eight months later, her neurologic symptoms had improved, with a stable brain lesion and improved perilesional edema. Conclusions We report an immunocompromised patient with EBV-positive DLBCL, which showed atypical MRI findings, including extensive necrosis. Multiple biopsies were required for final diagnosis.

Hemangioblastoma (HB) is a rare benign tumor that most commonly occurs in the cerebellum. HB is composed of neoplastic stromal cells and abundant small vessels. However, the exact origin of stromal cells is controversial. Extraneural HBs have been reported in a small series, and peripheral HBs arising in the adrenal gland are extremely rare. Herein, we report a case of sporadic adrenal HB in a 54-year-old woman. The tumor was a well-circumscribed, yellow mass measuring 4.2 cm in diameter. Histologically, the tumor was composed of small blood vessels and vacuolated stromal cells with clear cytoplasm. On immunohistochemical stain, the stromal cells were positive for S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase, and synaptophysin. The tumor did not reveal mutation of VHL alleles. We herein present a case of HB of the adrenal gland and review of the literature.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly population, but its underlying cause has not been fully elucidated. Recent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in regulating the expression levels of genes associated with AD development. In this study, we analyzed miRNAs in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients and cognitively normal (including amyloid positive) individuals. miR-1273g-3p was identified as an AD-associated miRNA and found to be elevated in the CSF of early-stage AD patients. The overexpression of miR-1273g-3p enhanced amyloid beta (Aβ) production by inducing oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairments in AD model cell lines. A biotin-streptavidin pull-down assay demonstrated that miR-1273g-3p primarily interacts with mitochondrial genes, and that their expression is downregulated by miR-1273g-3p. In particular, the miR-1273g-3p-target gene TIMM13 showed reduced expression in brain tissues from human AD patients. These results suggest that miR-1273g-3p expression in an early stage of AD notably contributes to Aβ production and mitochondrial impairments. Thus, miR-1273g-3p might be a biomarker for early diagnosis of AD and a potential therapeutic target to prevent AD progression.

A2RAM devices are fabricated using an adaptation of Si-Nanowire process flow. They include a Si-SiGe heterostructure to improve memory performance. Even the device structure is not exactly what we expect, we succeed to evidence 1T-DRAM programming.

Cognitive impairment often occurs in glioblastoma (GBM) patients due to the tumor itself and treatment side effects. Choline alphoscerate (L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, GPC) is frequently used to compensate for cognitive impairment in GBM patients. This study was conducted to determine whether GPC affects the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of GBM patients. From 2011 to 2020, 187 isocitrate dehydrongenase (IDH)-wild-type GBM patients were analyzed. The patients were classified based on whether GPC was continuously used for at least 3 or 12 months (mos) after GBM diagnosis. Although GPC usage (≥3 mos) did not make significant differences in survival extension, median OS in the long-term GPC group (≥12 mos) was longer with statistical significance, compared to the control group (

Background and Objectives: Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) is not confined to early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has a potential role in stage IV disease. We aimed to evaluate the effect of SABR on local control rates and survival outcomes in patients with all stages of NSCLC according to the treatment aim. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 88 patients with NSCLC who received SABR at the Korea University Guro Hospital between January 2015 and March 2021. Among these, 64 patients with stage I–II NSCLC ineligible for surgery were treated with a definitive aim. Twenty-four patients with stage IV limited metastatic NSCLC showing a favorable response to prior systemic therapy were treated with a consolidative aim. Results: The median follow-up time was 34 (range: 5–88) months. Thirty-one patients developed recurrence (35.2%), with distant metastasis being the most common (25/31, 80.6%). In-field local recurrence occurred in four patients (4/88 patients, 4.5%). For patients treated with definitive SABR, the 3-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 91.8% and 58.6%, respectively. In patients treated with consolidative SABR, the 3-year OS and DFS rates were 86.7% and 53.8%, respectively. With respect to treatment-related pulmonary toxicity, grade 3 radiation pneumonitis incidence requiring hospitalization was 2.3% (2/88). Conclusions: Definitive SABR is appropriate for medically inoperable or high surgical risk patients with early stage NSCLC with acceptable treatment-related toxicities. Consolidative SABR improves local control rates and helps achieve long-term survival in patients with limited metastatic NSCLC.

Introduction A mixed germ cell tumor with a teratoma component can become enlarged following chemotherapy, and such an event is diagnosed as growing teratoma syndrome. Removing large, hypervascular tumors including a tumor encased by developed vasculatures from the pineal region is challenging during a single operation. Case report A 15-year-old male underwent chemotherapy for mixed germ cell tumors according to the KSPNO G082 protocol. This case of a mixed germ cell tumor with growing teratoma syndrome was recognized very early during chemotherapy. The tumor was completely removed during the staged operations. First, the anteriorly located tumor on the third ventricle was removed via the transcallosal interforniceal approach, and 1 month later, the occipital transtentorial approach was used for the pineal tumor with decreased vascularity. Conclusion Performing staged operations could be recommended for large hypervascular pineal tumors, which can be safely removed during the second operation once vascularity has decreased.

Medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity (MBEN) is a rare histological subtype of medulloblastomas in very young children. It is characterized by an aggressive grape-like appearance and favorable outcomes. Herein, we report the case of a nine-month-old patient with MBEN, associated with an activated sonic hedgehog (SHH), with rare multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features. Conventional MRI findings indicated the dense homogeneous enhancement of a large unusual gyriform mass in the cerebellar vermis and both cerebellar hemispheres. The mass showed restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted images, low concentrations of taurine on MR spectroscopy, and a relatively low cerebral blood volume on dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MR perfusion image. The patient underwent partial tumor resection, chemotherapy, and autologous blood stem cell transplantation. After treatment, the lesion rapidly regressed in the serial follow-up imaging without recurrence.

Objectives: Evidence suggests that emotion regulation difficulty may play an important role in the association between life stress, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms. We proposed two models depicting the possible moderating roles of prefrontal cortex activation during emotion regulation in the associations among these variables and tested them. We hypothesized that (1) the association between stress and sleep disturbance would differ across prefrontal cortex activation during emotion regulation (moderation model) and (2) the indirect effects of stress on depressive symptoms through sleep disturbance would depend on prefrontal cortex activation during emotion regulation (moderated mediation model). Methods: Forty-eight healthy adults without sleep disorders based on nocturnal polysomnography participated in this study. They received functional magnetic resonance imaging scans while performing an emotion regulation task. They also completed questionnaires assessing life stress, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms. The proposed models were tested using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. Results: As hypothesized, there was a significant moderating effect of prefrontal cortex activation during emotion regulation on the association between life stress and sleep disturbance. Furthermore, right lateral prefrontal cortex activation had a moderating role in the indirect effect of life stress on depressive symptoms through sleep disturbance. Conclusion: These findings highlight the important role of prefrontal cortex function during emotion regulation in the associations between stress, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms. Increasing lateral prefrontal cortex recruitment when regulating the emotional response to negative life events may be critical for the prevention and intervention of depression as well as sleep problems.

A close link has been established between self-harm and suicide risk in adolescents, and increasing attention is given to social media as possibly involved in this relationship. It is important to identify indicators of suicidality (i.e., suicide ideation or attempt) including aspects related to contagion in online and offline social networks and explore the role of social media in the relationship between social circumstances and suicidality in young adolescents with self-harm. This study explored characteristics of Korean adolescents with a recent history of self-harm and identified how behavioral and social features explain lifetime suicidality with emphasis on the impact of social media. Data came from a nationwide online survey among sixth- to ninth-graders with self-harm during the past 12 months (n = 906). We used χ2 tests of independence to explore potential concomitants of lifetime suicidality and employed a multivariate logistic regression model to examine the relationship between the explanatory variables and suicidality. Sensitivity analyses were performed with lifetime suicide attempt in place of lifetime suicidality. 33.9% (n = 306) and 71.2% (n = 642) reported to have started self-harm by the time they were fourth- and six-graders, respectively; 44.3% (n = 400) reported that they have friends who self-harm. Having endorsed moderate/severe forms and multiple forms of self-harm (OR 5.36, p < 0.001; OR 3.13, p < 0.001), having engaged in self-harm for two years or more (OR 2.42, p = 0.001), having friends who self-harm (OR 1.92, p = 0.013), and having been bullied at school were associated with an increased odds of lifetime suicidality (OR 2.08, p = 0.004). Notably, having posted content about one’s self-harm on social media during the past 12 months was associated with an increased odds of lifetime suicidality (OR 3.15, p < 0.001), whereas having seen related content in the same period was not. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results with lifetime suicide attempt, supporting our findings from the logistic regression. The current study suggests that self-harm may be prevalent from early adolescence in South Korea with assortative gathering. The relationship of vulnerable adolescents’ social circumstances to suicide risk may be compounded by the role of social media. As the role of social media can be linked to both risk (i.e., contagion) and benefit (i.e., social connection and support), pre-existing vulnerabilities alongside SH and what online communication centers on should be a focus of clinical attention.

This study investigated the effects of anterior insula (AI) activation on the association between stress and sleep disturbance as a neurobiological basis of the trait-like degree of sleep reactivity to stress. Additionally, it examined the effects of AI activity on the association between sleep disturbance and depression.The participants were 48 adults. To assess AI activation in response to sleep-related stimuli (SS) compared to neutral stimuli (NS), we extracted mean AI parameter estimates for the SS-NS contrast. We examined whether the interaction between life stress and AI activation would predict sleep disturbance and whether the interaction between sleep disturbance and AI activation would predict depression.At higher levels of bilateral AI activation in response to SS, higher levels of stress were associated with greater sleep disturbance (left AI x stress: b = 1.07, SE = 0.44, p 0.05; right AI x stress: b = 1.05, SE = 0.48, p 0.05). In addition, at higher levels of right AI activation, higher levels of sleep disturbance were associated with more severe depressive symptoms (right AI x sleep disturbance: b = 2.55, SE = 1.10, p 0.05).This study assessed sleep quality and depressive symptoms based on self-reported questionnaires.This study revealed moderating effects of AI activation on the association between negative life stress and sleep disturbance. Additionally, AI activation strengthened the association between sleep disturbance and depression. AI activation may reflect a crucial etiological diathesis for insomnia and stress-related disorders.

Lichens are symbiotic organisms that produce various secondary metabolites. Here, different lichen extracts were examined to identify secondary metabolites with anti-migratory activity against human lung cancer cells. Everniastrum vexans had the most potent inhibitory activity, and atranorin was identified as an active subcomponent of this extract. Atranorin suppressed β-catenin-mediated TOPFLASH activity by inhibiting the nuclear import of β-catenin and downregulating β-catenin/LEF and c-jun/AP-1 downstream target genes such as CD44, cyclin-D1 and c-myc. Atranorin decreased KAI1 C-terminal interacting tetraspanin (KITENIN)-mediated AP-1 activity and the activity of the KITENIN 3'-untranslated region. The nuclear distribution of the AP-1 transcriptional factor, including c-jun and c-fos, was suppressed in atranorin-treated cells, and atranorin inhibited the activity of Rho GTPases including Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA, whereas it had no effect on epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers. STAT-luciferase activity and nuclear STAT levels were decreased, whereas total STAT levels were moderately reduced. The human cell motility and lung cancer RT² Profiler PCR Arrays identified additional atranorin target genes. Atranorin significantly inhibited tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results indicated that E. vexans and its subcomponent atranorin may inhibit lung cancer cell motility and tumorigenesis by affecting AP-1, Wnt, and STAT signaling and suppressing RhoGTPase activity.

The capability of Z2-FET (Zero Impact Ionization and Zero Subthreshold Slope FET) to operate as a sharp logic switch is demonstrated in advanced FD-SOI (Fully Depleted SOI) technology. The operation mechanism is band-modulation which enables remarkable DC performance in terms of ON/OFF current ratio and sharp switch (~1 mV/decade). Z2-FETs have successfully been used for ESD protection and capacitorless DRAM memory, but the presence of an inherent hysteresis has handicapped so far logic applications. However, this letter shows that fast pulses on the gate result in hysteresis-free switching: the device turns ON and OFF at same gate bias. The sharpness of the switch depends on device parameters, bias and speed of operation. Systematic experiments compare the performance of Z2-FETs with dual or single ground-planes.

본 연구는 대학생들이 사용하는 갈등관리 유형간의 관계와 대학생들이 갈등을 관리함 에 있어 잠재적으로 어떠한 갈등관리 전략을 사용하는지 파악하는데 목적이 있다. 조사 대상은 서울지역 소재 1개 대학에 재학 중인 대학생 365명이었으며, 갈등관리 유형을 측 정하기 위하여 Kilmann과 Thomas(1975)의 갈등관리 도구를 이건협(2007)이 번역․수정 한 측정도구를 사용하였다. 수집된 자료를 이변량 상관분석과 잠재프로파일 분석을 통해 처리한 결과, 첫째, 대학생들은 갈등관리에 있어서 타협유형과 협력유형, 수용유형을 주 로 사용하였으며, 경쟁유형과 회피유형은 비교적 적게 사용하였다. 둘째, 다섯 가지 갈등 관리 유형 간에는 p=.01 유의수준에서 정적, 부적 상관관계가 나타났다. 그러나 경쟁유형 과 수용유형 간에는 상관관계가 유의하지 않았다. 셋째, 대학생들의 갈등관리 유형을 사 용하는 경향을 살펴본 결과, 69%의 대학생은 갈등을 관리함에 있어 협력유형과 타협유 형, 수용유형을 비슷한 수준으로 사용하였고, 경쟁유형과 회피유형의 사용빈도는 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 31%에 해당하는 대학생은 협력유형과 타협유형, 수용유형, 회 피유형, 경쟁유형을 비슷한 수준으로 골고루 사용하는 것으로 분석되었다. 이는 모든 대 학생이 갈등을 직면했을 때 특정유형을 많이 사용하거나 적게 사용하는 것이 아니라 일 부는 다섯 가지의 갈등관리 유형을 비슷하게 사용하고 있는데, 이는 갈등관리 방식에 있 어 두 가지 특성의 집단이 있음을 의미하는 결과이다.

An Esaki diode with a peak-to-valley-current ratio (PVCR) of 3.59 is demonstrated at 77 K in ultrathin undoped fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) film. For the first time, the high doping required for band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) is replaced with electrostatic doping in a virtual diode configuration. By manipulating the front- and back-gate bias, a virtual P–N junction with adjustable doping can be emulated. The negative differential resistance (NDR) is captured at a low temperature for high concentrations of free electrons and holes. The electrostatic Esaki diode is fully compatible with current FD-SOI CMOS technology and does not require elaborate doping tailoring. The difference between Esaki diodes with virtual or physical doping is outlined. The simulations show that the BTBT is no longer 1D, as it can occur diagonally through the body due to the asymmetric position of front- and back-gates. The impact of gates biasing and the optimization trends are discussed.

The cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) exists in a dynamic state, however, it remains unknown how single membrane-spanning RTK proteins are retained in the plasma membrane before their activation. This study was undertaken to investigate how RTK proteins are anchored in the plasma membrane before they bind with their respective extracellular ligands for activation through protein-protein interaction, co-localization, and functional phenotype studies. Here we show that unconventional myosin-I MYO1D functions to hold members of the EGFR family (except ErbB3) at the plasma membrane. MYO1D binds only with unphosphorylated EGFRs and anchors them to underlying actin cytoskeleton at the plasma membrane. The C-terminal end region of the MYO1D tail domain containing a β-meander motif is critical for direct binding with kinase domain of the EGFR family, and expression of the tail domain alone suppresses the oncogenic action of full-length MYO1D. Overexpressed MYO1D increases colorectal and breast cancer cell motility and viability through upregulating EGFR level, and thereby promotes colorectal tumor progression in a syngeneic mouse model. MYO1D is upregulated in human colorectal cancer tissues from advanced stages. Collectively, molecular motor MYO1D plays a distinct role in the dynamic regulation of EGFR family levels by holding them at the plasma membrane before their activation. Overexpressed MYO1D contributes to colorectal carcinogenesis possibly as a novel oncogene and thus may serve as an additional target for suppression of RTK signaling in cancer treatment.

Background Spinal cord involvement of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is rare in a young immunocompetent patient and can be misdiagnosed as an inflammatory demyelinating disease (IDD) of the central nervous system. Case report We report a case of PCNSL mimicking IDD in a previously healthy 46-year-old man with weakness in both hands for 1 week. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spinal cord revealed contrast-enhancing intraparenchymal and leptomeningeal lesions in the cervical spinal cord and medulla oblongata. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed pleocytosis (37/mm3). The patient’s symptoms and lesions improved with corticosteroid treatment. However, he developed semicomatose mentality 5 months later. Brain MRI, ventricular biopsy, and 18F-flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography confirmed PCNSL. The patient deceased 3 months later, despite high-dose methotrexate chemotherapy. Conclusion Persistent gadolinium-enhancing MRI lesions along the ventricular regions and spinal leptomeninges could differentiate PCNSL involving the spinal cord from IDD in the early stages of the disease.

Due to the progressive aging of Korean society and the introduction of brain banks to the Korean medical system, the possibility that pathologists will have access to healthy elderly brains has increased. The histopathological analysis of an elderly brain from a subject with relatively well-preserved cognition is quite different from that of a brain from a demented subject. Additionally, the histology of elderly brains differs from that of young brains. This brief review discusses primary age-related tauopathy; this term was coined to describe elderly brains with Alzheimer’s diseasetype neurofibrillary tangles mainly confined to medial temporal structures, and no β-amyloid pathology.

Electrostatic doping aims at replacing donor/acceptor dopant species with free electron/hole charges induced by the gates in ultrathin MOS structures. Highly doped N+/P+ terminals and virtual P-N junctions can be emulated in undoped layers prompting innovative reconfigurable devices with enriched functionality. The distinct merit is that the carrier concentration and polarity (i.e., electrostatic doping) are tunable via the gate bias. After presenting the fundamentals, we review the family of electrostatically-doped devices fabricated with emerging or mature technologies (nanowires, nanotubes, 2D materials, FD-SOI). The multiple facets of the Hocus Pocus diode are discussed by underlining the difference with classical physical diodes. Electrostatic doping gave rise to a number of band-modulation devices with outstanding memory and sharp-switching capability. The concept, intrinsic mechanisms and typical applications are described in detail.

Purpose This study is to report clinical outcomes of salvage concurrent chemo-radiation therapy (CCRT) in treating patients with loco-regional recurrence (LRR) following initial complete resection of non-small cell lung cancer. Materials and Methods Between February 2004 and December 2016, 127 patients underwent salvage CCRT for LRR. The median radiation therapy (RT) dose was 66 Gy and clinical target volume was to cover recurrent lesion with margin without elective inclusion of regional lymphatics. Majority of patients (94.5%) received weekly platinum-based doublet chemotherapy during RT course. Results The median follow-up time from the start of CCRT was 25 months. The median survival duration was 49 months, and overall survival (OS) rates at 2 and 5 years were 72.9% and 43.9%. The 2- and 5-year rates of in-field failure-free survival, distant metastasis free survival, and progression free survival were 82.4% and 73.8%, 50.4% and 39.9%, and 34.6% and 22.3%, respectively. Grade ≥ 3 radiation-related esophagitis and pneumonitis occurred in 14 (11.0%) and six patients (4.7%), respectively. On both univariate and multivariate analysis, higher biologically equivalent dose (BED10) (≥ 79.2 Gy10 vs. < 79.2 Gy10; hazard ratio [HR], 0.431), smaller CTV (≤ 80 cm3 vs. > 80 cm3; HR, 0.403), and longer disease-free interval (> 1 year vs. ≤ 1 year; HR, 0.489) were significantly favorable factors for OS. Conclusion The current study has demonstrated that high dose salvage CCRT focused to the involved lesion only was highly effective and safe. In particular, higher BED10, smaller CTV, and longer disease-free interval were favorable factors for improved survival.