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In this paper, we present an alternative approach to evaluate the average Nusselt number for mixed boundary layer conditions in parallel flow over an isothermal flat plate. This approach can be used regardless of the critical Reynolds number where the flow transitions from laminar flow to turbulent flow. This approach is simple and uses graphical visualisation of the physical situation. This should assist comprehension and retention. It utilises the average quantity for the laminar boundary layer and the average value for turbulent boundary layer to obtain the average quantities for mixed boundary layers without the need to perform the usual integration. It can easily be incorporated into part of undergraduate chemical, mechanical and petroleum engineering curricula. A worked example is included to show the utility of the approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disturbances of consciousness, defined as a syndrome of psychopathological symptoms characterised by narrowing or fatigue of consciousness streams, cognitive, behavioural, and biological rhythm impairment, is one of the important factors affecting the quality of patient functioning after surgery, including hospitalisation period, rehabilitation, and treatment costs. In orthopaedic surgery, they are most often seen after fractures of the proximal femur. Currently, almost 20,000 osteoporotic hip fractures are treated in Poland every year. This number will double over the next 15 years. The thesis discusses the pathomechanism of the formation of these fractures. Owing to the difficulty in collaborating with patients with these types of complications, it seems important to standardise the patient's medical condition and to promptly introduce appropriate pharmacological treatment. Knowledge of the principles of diagnosis and the ability to treat postoperative delirium should be essential in any psychiatrist consulting for surgical departments, including orthopaedics. A significantly higher risk of postoperative delirium was seen in advanced-age patients with pre-operative cognitive impairment. Recent reports on pathophysiology and risk factors for postoperative disorders of consciousness have been described in this thesis. The authors also presented the latest trends in prophylaxis and treatment of postoperative delirium. The aim of this paper is to review contemporary literature on this subject and to highlight the growing problem of postoperative awareness disturbances in the daily practice of counselling psychiatry, associated with the increasing number of surgical procedures of the femoral fracture and postoperative improvement of quality of life, including the reduction of mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

14-year old Polish half bred mare, with a three months history of weight loss and recurrent colic was referred to the clinic. A series of diagnostic tests were performed, including glucose absorption test, abdominal ultrasound examination, abdominocentesis, endoscopy with duodenum biopsy and a rectal biopsy. Complete examination revealed a moderate inflammatory infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the lamina propria in large intestine and peritonitis. The horse was treated with dexamethasone, anthelmintics and a proper diet. The mare initially responded well to the medication course. Clinical signs of colic reappeared during treatment, and there was no response to analgesic and antispasmodic drugs. The owner elected euthanasia. Histopathology at necropsy confirmed progression of lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis in all parts of intestine. In the presented horse, there was an exacerbation of the disease after arrival at the Clinic, which may be associated with the development of the disease or its earlier asymptomatic advance. Due to the diagnostic difficulties associated with this condition, it may be undiagnosed in a large number of horses suffering from recurrent colic and weight loss. The exact cause and predisposition to develop IBD is not diagnosed in all horses. Further studies are needed to enable early diagnosis and the introduction of an effective treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the study:The attempt to limit the negative effects of polyester implants on the articular cavity by using preparations containing growth factors.Materials and Methods:Polyester implants used for the reconstruction of a rabbit’s cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) were saturated with autogenic platelet-rich plasma (PRP), antlerogenic stem cells MIC-1 and their homogenate prior to the surgery. Six months after CCL reconstruction, morphological, and biochemical blood tests were carried out, including proteinogram and acute phase proteins. The knee joints were also examined macro- and microscopically.Results:The results, compared to the control group, showed a favorable effect of the PRP and homogenate of antlerogenic cells on limiting the inflammation caused by the presence of polyester implant in the knee joint. The addition of growth factors caused covering the implant faster with the recipient’s connective tissue, thus contributing to reducing the inflammatory reaction of the articular capsule to the presence of polyester. At the same time, no enhanced local or general reaction of the rabbit organism was observed to the presence of xenogenic antlerogenic stem cells MIC-1 homogenate which, like the PRP, may provide an easily available source of growth factors, increasingly often used in regenerative medicine.Conclusions:Applying antlerogenic stem cells, their homogenate or PRP increases the volume of connective tissue that surrounds and intertwines polyester CCL implant, separating it from synovial cavity environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Progress in Plant Protection is the property of Institute of Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)