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Introduction: Current research on sport motivation mostly focuses on the Self-Determination Theory, which has brought a qualitatively novel approach in the field by making a distinction between six types of motivation. The present study tested the reliability and validity of the Hungarian adaptation of the Sport Motivation Scale II (SMS-II) with a large sample of athletes. The assessment of the psychometric properties focused on the factor structure, construct validity and convergent validity of the Hungarian version. Methods: The sample included 1197 Hungarian athletes aged 11 to 67 years, who engaged in more than 50 different sports. The test battery comprised the Hungarian adaptations of the SMS-II, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS-H), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory 2 (CSAI-2), and the Flow State Questionnaire (PPL-FSQ). Results: Considering that each subscale of the SMS-II consists of only three items, all subscales showed acceptable internal consistency. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the original sixfactor model showed the best fit with the data. All fit indices obtained for this model fell within the acceptable range. The examination of construct validity revealed the expected simplex pattern of the subscales, while the associations between the SMS-II and the measures used to test convergent validity were consistent with those obtained in previous studies. Discussions: The Hungarian version of the SMS-II provides a reliable and valid measure of sport motivation based on the Self-Determination Theory. The only inconsistency between the observed data and the theoretical model was that intrinsic motivation did not show a closer association with integrated regulation than with identified regulation, which finding is probably related to the contents of the involved subscales. Conclusions: A possible future direction of construct validity analysis and improvement may be focused on content refinement. Specifically, the construct validity of the Hungarian SMS-II could possibly be improved by completing the items assessing intrinsic motivation with references to the positive experience directly related to the activity itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Infection or vaccine‐induced T cell‐dependent immune response and the subsequent high‐affinity neutralizing antibody production have been extensively studied, while the connection between natural autoantibodies (nAAbs) and disease‐specific antibodies has not been thoroughly investigated. Our goal was to find the relationship between immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG isotype nAAbs and infection or vaccine‐induced and disease‐related autoantibody levels in systemic autoimmune diseases (SAD). A previously described indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was used for detection of IgM/IgG nAAbs against citrate synthase (anti‐CS) and F4 fragment (anti‐F4) of DNA topoisomerase I in 374 SAD samples, with a special focus on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 92), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 73) and systemic sclerosis (n = 157) disease groups. Anti‐measles IgG and anti‐dsDNA IgG/IgM autoantibodies were measured using commercial and in‐house indirect ELISA tests. In all SAD groups the anti‐measles IgG‐seropositive cases showed significantly higher anti‐CS IgG titers (P = 0·011). In anti‐dsDNA IgG‐positive SLE patients, we detected significantly higher levels of anti‐CS and anti‐F4 IgG nAAbs (P = 0·001 and < 0·001, respectively). Additionally, we found increased levels of IgM isotypes of anti‐CS and anti‐F4 nAAbs in anti‐dsDNA IgM‐positive SLE patients (P = 0·002 and 0·016, respectively). The association between IgG isotypes of pathogen‐ or autoimmune disease‐related antibodies and the IgG nAAbs may underscore the immune response‐inducible nature of the diseases investigated. The relationship between protective anti‐dsDNA IgM and the IgM isotype of anti‐F4 and anti‐CS may provide immunoserological evidence for the beneficial roles of nAAbs in SLE patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the bone-like apatite forming ability of bioglass coated bones by immersing them in simulated body fluid (SBF). Various types of bioactive coatings with an average thickness of 15 μm were deposited on the surface of the cortical bovine bone by vacuum assisted infiltration.More intense apatite crystallization was observed using additives such as hydroxyapatite, sintered bone and α-whitlockite in the base glass. The dissolution properties of the scaffolds were determined by ICP-OES and XRF methods. The consequence of the release of Ca and P during immersion in SBF on the mechanical properties was observed through measurements of microhardness, bending and compressive strength.

Grasslands contribute to the ecological diversity of our cultural landscapes. In the last centuries, the most important trend was a constant loss of this valuable asset due to urbanization and the intensification of cultivation. Studies focusing on grasslands are not so abundant, and especially analyses on the spatial trends of grasslands in Eastern-Central Europe are scarce. Focusing on Hungarian local studies, we analyze our results from a macro-regional perspective, with a draft study of the V4 countries (Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland). The authors employed GIS and statistical methods to analyze data to explore trends of changes of grasslands in V4 countries, Hungary, and in three micro-regions of different landscape character. These include an open landscape, partly intensively cultivated (micro-region of Csorna), and two more diverse landscapes with different proportion of forests (micro-regions of Gönc and Veszprém). Our results show that very complex, sometimes opposite processes influence the area of grasslands. In spite of the fact that an increase in the area of grasslands is witnessed at both the national and the international level in absolute values, recently, unfavorable processes have started, and there are certain landscapes where grasslands are threatened especially natural grassland by forestation and grasslands where soil conditions are suitable for crop production. Our results showed that despite the different landscape conditions, the majority of grassland has been turned into arable land and into shrubs and forest area. The loss of pastures due to urban sprawl is a dominant process just around the built-up area of city of Veszprém in the most urbanized study area.

Bioactive glass-ceramic coated 3D scaffolds with proper mechanical properties were fabricated. The base material of the scaffold is bovine bone, which appears mainly as a waste of the meat processing industry. After pre-treatment, different glass-ceramic mixtures were deposited onto the surface of these bones by infiltration in a vacuum chamber to form a smooth layer having a thickness of about 20 μm. This coating has a beneficial effect both on the hardness and bending strength, and has bioactive properties to promote the colonization of bone-forming cells. Therefore, a scaffold that provides mechanical support and is biodegradable, was achieved with the bovine bone - glass-ceramics composites. Structure and properties of the composite scaffolds were tested by imaging methods (SEM, LM, CT), chemical and phase composition (EDS, XRD), strength, hardness and specific surface area measurements. In vitro cytotoxicity and cell adsorption were tested using colon adenocarcinoma tumour cells.