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In dit artikel wordt de vraag beantwoord of bij witwassen zonder gronddelict het zwijgen van de verdachte in de praktijk wordt gebruikt om een ‘bewijsgat’ te vullen en zodoende als bewijs wordt gebruikt. Hiertoe zijn honderd uitspraken van Nederlandse rechtbanken en hoven tussen 2010 en 2021 systematisch en kwalitatief geanalyseerd. Hieruit blijkt dat het zwijgen niet wordt gebruikt om een bewijsgat te vullen, maar wel de rechterlijke overtuiging kan bevestigen en (de interpretatie van) het bewijs sterkt en de verdachte wellicht beter de kans kan benutten om een alternatief scenario te schetsen. Daarnaast worden aandachtspunten voor de recht- spraak aangedragen.

Few would disagree that AI systems and applications need to be “responsible,” but what is “responsible” and how to answer that question? Answering that question requires a normative perspective on the role of journalistic AI and the values it shall serve. Such a perspective needs to be grounded in a broader normative framework and a thorough understanding of the dynamics and complexities of journalistic AI at the level of people, newsrooms and media markets. This special issue aims to develop such a normative perspective on the use of AI-driven tools in journalism and the role of digital journalism studies in advancing that perspective. The contributions in this special issue combine conceptual, organisational and empirical angles to study the challenges involved in actively using AI to promote editorial values, the powers at play, the role of economic and regulatory conditions, and ways of bridging academic ideals and the messy reality of the real world. This editorial brings the different contributions into conversation, situates them in the broader digital journalism studies scholarship and identifies seven key-take aways.

The platform economy undoubtedly brings advantages, but also generates significant challenges for (local) government. National and local regulators seeking to address such challenges are confronted with limits imposed by EU law, which seemingly grants online platforms a wide degree of freedom to provide their services within the Union’s internal market. This article evaluates the room for national and local authorities to regulate platform-mediated services under the E-Commerce Directive and Services Directive after the “Airbnb cases” (Airbnb Ireland and Cali Apartments). Taking the short-term rental market as a case study, the article concludes that there is in fact considerable room to target both the intermediary services provided by the platforms (upstream), as well as the underlying services (downstream). A combination of upstream and downstream regulation is recommended for local enforcement to be effective, avoid further fragmentation from city to city and halt the trend towards ever-stricter regulation of the underlying services. E-Commerce, Services, EU Law, Platform Economy, Airbnb, Regulation, Short-Term Rental. Digital Services Act

Whether and how the GCM will impact national migration orders depends crucially on whether and how both governments and non-state actors engage with it in practice. This article takes Morocco as a case study and focuses on the role of the government and civil society. It asks how far their practices regarding the GCM support its potential as a soft law instrument to impact national migration orders. To undertake a more fine-grained analysis, the article includes an analysis of the implementation of Objective 15 (provision of basic services) as a test case. The paper draws on government reports, civil society reports and semi-structured interviews with policy makers and members of civil society. It identifies good conditions for the GCM to have an impact, in particular Moroccan claimed leadership in migration affaires in Africa; its engagement with the GCM’s review mechanism, and its reliance on the GCM to legitimise migration policies even if some of those policies, as shown by the test case regarding objective 15, are not fully in conformity with the GCM. As to the role of civil society, its impact on the implementation of the GCM is hampered by the sceptical view of most non-governmental organization regarding the GCM. The majority of civil society considers the GCM’s content very problematic and even if a small number of NGOs is positive about (parts of) it, not all of them invoke the GCM in their daily work. The test case regarding Objective 15 shows that NGOs monitoring access to services do not rely on this Objective. Combined with the lack of formal involvement in the national review process, civil society actors are so far unable (or unwilling) to exploit the political potential of the GCM.

De agent van de toekomst is ongetwijfeld uitgerust met een bodycam. De bodycam biedt de samenleving een unieke inkijk in en meer controle op het politiewerk. Agenten en burgers hebben baat bij het mogelijk de-escalerende effect van de bodycam. Een potentiële bijvangst van de grootschalige invoering van bodycams in de dagelijkse politiepraktijk is de bijdrage die bodycambeelden kunnen leveren aan de waarheidsvinding in strafzaken en de afhandeling van klachten over bijvoorbeeld de bejegening van burgers. Dit artikel richt zich op die potentiële bijvangst.

In the EU processing of personal data is subject to strict regulations that are laid out in the GDPR. The GDPR definition of personal data is: any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person. Hence, if the definition applies, that data falls under the realm of the GDPR. If data is anonymised however, and as such does not constitute ‘personal data’, GDPR regulations are not applicable. This makes the definition of personal data very important. Or better yet, determining when, according to the GDPR, data should be seen as personal data. This approach of the GDPR, where data is either in scope of the regulation or not, can be considered a binary or ‘black and white’ approach to the applicability of the Regulation. This article describes the advances in technology of the big data era and how these advances make it impossible to adequately make the distinction between data and personal data. It focusses on the definition of personal data and discusses the shortcomings of the binary approach. Specific attention is paid to recital 26 GDPR, which provides some guidance to determine whether a natural person is identifiable. The difficulty of the binary approach in the definition of personal data is presented against the background of the technological developments of the last decades and in the years to come (the big data era), as these development challenge the adequate demarcation of personal data even further and demand for a better approach. The article concludes with reflections on what will be a sustainable approach for the demarcation of the scope of data protection and as such a maintainable and preferable basis for privacy protection in the future. A risk based approach is suggested in which different degrees of re-identifiability are recognized, as opposed as a too simplistic binary approach.

Artikel 2 van het EVRM bepaalt dat het recht van eenieder op leven wordt beschermd door de wet. Desondanks zijn in de afgelopen 30 jaar naar schatting 40.000 mensen omgekomen bij een poging op irreguliere wijze de EU te bereiken. Lisa-Marie Komp deed onderzoek naar de vraag of EU-lidstaten juridisch aansprakelijk zijn voor het grote aantal doden.

In recent years, a platform economy has emerged that is dominated by undertakings such as Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple, and Microsoft. They have established a form of private governance vis-à-vis their consumers and customers by means of standard terms that create a risk of exploitation. This trend clashes with the internal market effort of the EU that is predicated on consumer rights and fair competition to address market failures such as market power, information asymmetry, and asymmetrical contractual dependency. In this article we examine how the resulting tensions can be addressed by means of EU competition and contract law. This is based on enforcing fairness by requiring (1) the implementation of proportionality—balancing interests—and (2) respect of the duty of care, in the sense of compliance by design. Jointly this can be seen as an expression of accountability that needs to be made explicit. Apart from pre-existing case law and legislation, we take into account the December 2020 Commission proposals for platform regulation, as well as behavioural insights into consumer behaviour.

In this paper, we adopt an experimentalist approach to determining the content of international human rights for assessing national mandatory work programmes for recipients of social assistance (MWPs). This approach implies going back and forth between law and experience in order to determine the better way to secure human rights in an ever-changing environment. After having identified six criteria for evaluating MWPs in the soft case-law of international bodies, we confront this emerging international human rights framework with an empirical study on MWP practices in the Netherlands. This confrontation reveals that specific aspects of the capability for voice of working welfare recipients are absent in the human rights framework and that the framework is not gender-neutral. Including these aspects, we construct an experimentalist human-rights-based instrument that is suitable for evaluating national MWPs.

In the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) the right of States to control migration is firmly established despite strong indications that the effects of migration control are not racially neutral. In this article we attempt to understand how it is possible that the doctrine of sovereign migration control is not considered to breach the prohibition of racial discrimination. We argue that the ECtHR’s approach to migration and racial discrimination fits a pattern in the historical development of migration law whereby the right to travel, and the power of States to restrict this right, have been consistently defined in such a way as to protect the interests of the predominantly white population of today's global North. Hence, the ease with which the racialised impact of migration control is accepted as normal and compatible with the prohibition of racial discrimination is consistent with migration law's long history as part of colonial and postcolonial relations.

Bij de solidaire premieovereenkomst in het nieuwe pensioenstelsel is het verplicht een solidariteitsreserve te vormen. Dit artikel bespreekt de betekenis en werking van deze reserve.

Contrary to the common claim that privacy is a concept in disarray, this Article argues that there is considerable coherence in the way privacy has been conceptualized over many decades of privacy scholarship. Seemingly disparate approaches and widely differing definitions actually share close family resemblances that, viewed together from a bird’s-eye perspective, suggest that the concept of privacy is more akin to a kaleidoscope than to a swamp. As a heuristic device to look at this kaleidoscope, we use a working definition of privacy as "having spaces in which you can be yourselves," building on two major strands in privacy theory: identity-building and boundary-management. With this heuristic, we analyze how six authoritative privacy accounts can be under¬stood in the terms and rationale of other definitions. We show how the notions of Cohen (room for boundary management), Johnson (freedom from others’ judgement), Nissenbaum (contextual integrity), Reiman (personhood), Warren and Brandeis (being let alone), and Westin (control over information) have significant overlap with—or may even be equivalent to—an understanding of privacy in terms of identity-fostering spaces. Our kaleidoscopic perspective high¬lights not only that there is coherence in privacy, but also helps to understand the function and value of having many different privacy definitions around: each time and context bring their own privacy-related challenges, which might best be addressed through a certain conceptualization of privacy that works in that particular context. As the world turns its kaleidoscope of emerging privacy issues, privacy scholarship turns its kaleidoscope of privacy definitions along. The result of this kaleidoscopic perspective on privacy is an illuminating picture of unity in diversity.

De consultatieversie van het wetsvoorstel Wet toekomst pensioenen (hierna de Consultatieversie) beoogt een grondige herziening van het partnerpensioen. In deze bijdrage bespreken wij de belangrijkste onderdelen van deze voorgestelde herziening. Tevens behandelen wij enkele andere aan het partnerpensioen gerelateerde onderwerpen.

In the Middle Ages, goods washed up on the beach or fished up from the sea were an important economic asset. The customs and rules that determined the status of these goods are referred to as the ‘law of wreck’ or ‘right of wreck’. Several competing interest groups were involved: the local inhabitants as salvagers, finders or beach combers; merchants, skippers and ship-owners; landowners and the prince. Seventeenth century Dutch lawyers like Hugo Grotius and Johan van Heemskerk painted a favourable picture of the law of wreck in the Dutch Republic by pointing to the greed of the medieval counts of Holland who would only have exploited the misery of castaways. This article shows how the law of wreck developed in Holland and Zeeland in the late Middle Ages and how its rules were applied in the stewardship of North Holland between 1340 and 1400. Although the preserved accounts of the stewardship show that the count did take advantage of washed up goods, the count also had drowned people found on the beach buried and allowed merchants who could prove their goods had washed up on the Dutch beach to recover them.

This contribution discusses the Dutch possibilities of collective redress in the domain of labour law. More specifically, it examines the legal options of bringing collective actions and obtaining collective redress in Dutch courts in labour cases, and elaborates on the relevant legal framework as well as the extent to which these opportunities have been used in practice. Findings imply that the Netherlands was among one of the first European countries to introduce a general collective action system. This general collective action regime allows unions and other interest groups to raise cases to protect workers’ rights, even outside the scope of collective labour agreements. Such a collective action regime, however, is not commonly used in practice. Nevertheless, as of January 2020 the admissibility criteria for this general collective redress mechanism have been expanded and it has become an ‘opt-out’ regime, without the need for individual workers to initiate individual follow-up proceedings in the event of a successful case. The latter could improve the effective enforcement of workers’ rights in practice and could provide an incentive for trade unions and other organisations that are active in the protection of workers’ rights to incite a collective action.

Geleid door de standaardarresten van de Hoge Raad, is in het denken over aansprakelijkheid van de moeder voor door de dochter onbetaald gebleven schulden, impliciet de veronderstelling geweest dat het gaat om aansprakelijkheid jegens contractscrediteuren. De aansprakelijkheid van de dochter uit onrechtmatige daad is een wezenlijk ander gevalstype. Contractscrediteuren hebben met de beperkte aansprakelijkheid van de dochter ingestemd. Dat geldt niet voor onrechtmatige daadscrediteuren; zij zijn crediteur tegen hun wil. De regel voor contractscrediteuren kan hierdoor niet gedachteloos worden toegepast op onrechtmatige daadscrediteuren.

Children around the world who have been found responsible for murder continue to be sentenced to indeterminate or long periods of detention. This is in contravention of children’s rights standards which urge a ban on the life sentence and require that detention is used only for the shortest appropriate period of time. Nonetheless, the public and victims of crime have a legitimate interest in the protection of public safety and appropriate accountability for serious offending. Further, there is little guidance on what a rights compliant approach in such cases might involve. This work builds on previous studies of how children are sentenced for murder across the common law world and extends the analysis to a selection of European civil law jurisdictions. It explores and applies recent updated guidance from the Committee on the Rights of the Child and seeks to develop a framework for a children’s rights and human rights compliant approach to such cases.

In art. 43 wna is de informatieplicht voor de notaris opgenomen. Een onderdeel van deze informatieplicht is het ‘zo nodig’ wijzen op de gevolgen van de voorgenomen rechtshandeling. Dat wijzen op de gevolgen wordt ook wel de waarschuwingsplicht genoemd. Het is echter niet altijd even duidelijk wanneer de notaris ‘zo nodig’ op de gevolgen moet wijzen, zeker als hij onderdeel is van een omvangrijk traject waarbij meerdere deskundigen betrokken zijn.

The near future will see a multitude of lunar missions through the efforts of both space agencies and commercial stakeholders. The current lack of coordination mechanisms for lunar activities presents a serious challenge to future missions and could lead to dangerous conflicts, especially in light of the increased global interest in specific areas like the lunar south pole. The need to preserve the peaceful uses of space, together with the desire to begin a new era of sustainable space exploration, urges the development of a common level playing field for upcoming lunar activities. A number of issues must be addressed to ensure sustainable lunar exploration and settlement in and around the Moon, including, for example, mitigating the creation of debris in lunar orbit, defining standards to enable interoperability, and regulating access to natural resources. In 2019, the Moon Village Association (MVA) created an international platform to address these critical issues with the goal of de-risking future lunar missions and increasing global cooperation for lunar exploration and settlement. The MVA decided to promote the development of a neutral forum for multi- stakeholder discussions on lunar exploration: the Global Expert Group on Sustainable Lunar Activities (GEGSLA), with the goal of de- risking future lunar missions and increasing global cooperation for lunar exploration and settlement. The primary goal of GEGSLA meetings is to stimulate informal discussions to prepare documents to be brought to the attention of UNCOPUOS for further discussion and deliberation. The Group started its work with the kick-off meeting on February 25, 2021, creating the basis for increasing global coordination for a new era of sustainable space exploration.

In haar uitspraak van 21 september 2022 (ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2022:3992) heeft de rechtbank Oost-Brabant onder andere geoordeeld over de vraag of een koper van een aandeel in een registergoed met succes een beroep kan doen op de derdenbescherming van art. 3:24 BW. Eiser in deze zaak stelde dat het registergoed was ingebracht in een maatschap. Ik besteed hier aandacht aan de verschillen tussen een maatschap en een eenvoudige gemeenschap, de bescherming van art. 3:24 BW en de positie van de passerende notaris

Ob unterlassene oder gar verhinderte Seenotrettung im Mittelmeer, haftähnliche Unterbringung von Schutzsuchenden, unterschiedliche Berechtigungen von Geflüchteten mit verschiedenen Schutzstatus (etwa beim Familiennachzug) oder Prekarisierungen irregulärer Migrant:innen – die europäische Migrationspolitik gerät vielfach in Konflikt mit völkerrechtlich garantierten Menschenrechten, die innerhalb der Unionsrechtsordnung als grundrechtlicher Mindeststandard„gespiegelt“ sind (Art. 2 und 6 III EUV, Art. 52 GRC). Vor diesem Hintergrund identifiziert die REMAP-Studie wesentliche Problemfelder, in denen die Migrationspolitik der EU im Widerspruch zu ihren menschenrechtlichen Verpflichtungen steht, analysiert die anwendbaren Rechtsnormen undeinschlägige Spruchpraxis, und gibt Empfehlungen zur Entschärfung dieser Konflikte. Dies entspricht einem Verständnis von Menschenrechten als Rechtsnormen, die als justiziable Leitplanken politischen Entscheidungen strikte Grenzen setzen und darüber hinaus als objektive Prinzipien der Politikgestaltung eine Richtung geben – ein Ansatz, den man als „positivistischen Menschenrechtsmaximalismus“ bezeichnen könnte. Die folgende Kurzdarstellung beruht auf der ausführlichen englischsprachigen Zusammenfassung des Buches; für detaillierte Nachweise wird auf die einzelnen Kapitel der Studie verwiesen.

As one of many portraits collected in Immi Tallgren’s eye-opening portrait gallery of (forgotten) women in International Law, this chapter paints a picture of Gezina van der Molen. Contrary to many of the women discussed in this book, Van der Molen was already recognized as a significant actor in the world of international law and relations in her day. In many of her roles she was the first woman in a man’s world: the first woman to obtain a doctorate at the Free University of Amsterdam; the first female professor at that university; the first woman to be appointed as a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. For Van der Molen, it was not so much the positions that were important, but the work she could do through those positions – work that she had also pursued as a resistance fighter in the Second World War and in various social groups. This work was initially heavily inspired by the religious and moral principles of the church to which she belonged: the Neo-Calvinist. But her increasing encounter with plurality created a dilemma that still confronts international lawyers today: given that there are many different readings of what justice requires, who should be able to determine its meaning in concrete circumstances? In one prominent role, that of Chairwoman of the ‘Committee for War Foster Children’, it was Van der Molen who was to a large extent responsible for deciding just that. It has been her insistence on equality without wanting to recognize cultural differences as being legally relevant that has turned her into a pioneer who cannot be celebrated.

The classical “law & technology” approach focuses on harms created by technology. This approach seems to be common sense; after all, why be interested—from a legal standpoint—in situations where technology does not cause damage? On close inspection, another approach dubbed “law + technology” can better increase the common good. The “+” approach builds on complexity science to consider both the issues and positive contributions technology brings to society. The goal is to address the negative ramifications of technology while leveraging its positive regulatory power. Achieving this double objective requires policymakers and regulators to consider a range of intervention methods and choose the ones that are most suitable.

This article reviews the case law on discrimination by dominant online platforms and suggests a novel theory of harm that builds on the availability of choice to incentivise dynamic as well as static efficiency.

Borrowing from literary studies, this article revisits a series of interviews conducted with EU officials who narrated many beginnings of an EU military counter-migrant smuggling operation. The article asks what these many beginnings do together. It argues they together constitute a mode of (un)governance geared towards leaving open maximum room for manoeuvre.

Dit artikel geeft inzicht in verschillen en overeenkomsten in de kenmerken, behandeling en bestraffing van meisjes ten opzichte van jongens in de jeugdstrafrechtspleging. Geconstateerd is dat empirische kennis hieromtrent nog zeer beperkt is, zeker in Nederland. Desalniettemin is er enig bewijs voor verschillen in behandeling en bestraffing tussen meisjes en jongens. In dit artikel wordt gereflecteerd op de vraag in hoeverre differentiatie tussen meisjes en jongens in het jeugdstrafrecht vanuit (interventie)criminologisch perspectief gerechtvaardigd is en hoe differentiatie zich verhoudt tot het beginsel van gelijkheid en non-discriminatie, neergelegd in artikel 2 van het Internationaal Verdrag inzake de Rechten van het Kind.

De juridische bijstand aan slachtoffers is steeds meer omvattend en heeft zich in de afgelopen jaren tot een specialisme ontwikkeld. Steeds vaker laten slachtoffers zich in het strafproces bijstaan door gespecialiseerde slachtofferadvocaten. Hoewel de politie, het Openbaar Ministerie en de rechtbank, naast de belangen van de verdachte, tegenwoordig steeds meer rekening houden met de belangen van het slachtoffer, is de advocaat van het slachtoffer de enige die partijdig is en uitsluitend opkomt voor de belangen van het slachtoffer. Rechtsbijstand door een gespecialiseerde slachtofferadvocaat draagt bij aan de verwezenlijking van slachtofferrechten. Dit hoofdstuk schetst een actueel beeld van hoe de rol van de slachtofferadvocaat bijdraagt aan het effectueren van de rechten van het slachtoffer in het strafproces. De nadruk ligt op de rol van de slachtofferadvocaat in het strafproces, waaronder wij zowel de bijstand in de fase van de opsporing, vervolging en berechting verstaan, als ook bijstand in de fase van de tenuitvoerlegging als sluitstuk van het strafproces. Na een begripsbepaling van de term slachtofferadvocaat in paragraaf 2 en enkele opmerkingen over de rechtsbijstand door een slachtofferadvocaat en de vergoeding daarvan in paragraaf 3, wordt in paragraaf 4 aan de hand van diverse slachtofferrechten ingegaan op de klassieke rol van de advocaat als rechtsbijstandverlener in het strafproces, zonder daarbij overigens volledigheid te betrachten. In paragraaf 5 wordt de toegevoegde waarde van de advocaat voor wat betreft de empowerment van het slachtoffer belicht. Dit hoofdstuk wordt afgesloten met enkele aanbevelingen ter verbetering van de rol en de positie van de slachtofferadvocaat in paragraaf 6.

Depuis 2015, l’Europe a intensifié sa coopération avec les pays tiers dans le domaine de l’asile et de la migration. Ce rapport synthétise quatre études de pays concernant les instruments politiques, juridiques et financiers européens dans ce domaine au Niger, en Serbie, en Tunisie et en Turquie. Ces études de cas très différentes permettent d’identifier les défis fondamentaux de la politique extérieure européenne en matière d’asile et de migration (c’est-à-dire les défis qui ne sont pas spécifiques à un seul pays tiers).

In dit redactioneel blikt Lieneke Slingenberg allereerst terug op 2022; een jaar waarin de crisis in de opvang van asielzoekers een ongekend dieptepunt bereikte. Aan de hand van voorbeelden toont zij aan hoe de overheid daarin keer op keer expliciet handelde in strijd met het recht. Het is tevens een pleidooi voor een overheid die handelt op grond van en in overeenstemming met het recht.

Through a close reading of Anton de Kom’s Wij slaven van Suriname (We Slaves of Suriname), this essay explores the complex legal, symbolic, social, and political lives of differentially positioned humans in the Dutch colonial and postindependent context. Firstly, De Kom’s 1934 book reveals the fundamental dualism between legal subjects and rightless bodies in the Dutch colonial context and how European law and the rights of citizens enabled the maximum exploitation of colonized and enslaved bodies. Contrary to universalist-inclusive and progressive notions of legal citizenship and the law, the concept of what the author terms “citizenship violence” seems appropriate to appreciate the dynamics revealed in Wij slaven. However, as De Kom demonstrates, the colonized were not passive subjects; they resisted citizenship violence in multiple ways. Secondly, in discussing the racialization of citizenship and belonging in contemporary Dutch society as part of broader European patterns, the essay highlights some ominous colonial afterlives.

Legal communication and precontractual communication depend on a mutual understanding and acceptance by the participants. This chapter focuses on the role of empathy in the context of the regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) innovations, with a particular focus on intellectual property law and privacy laws. Interactions in law between human beings as well as between enterprises such as organisations and governments govern the realities and situations within society. The chapter addresses the challenge by analysing selected situations that are particularly relevant in the context of businesses and organisations. It presents the possible role of empathy in the context of AI developments to position the current discussions related to embedding empathy in AI technology. The chapter proposes how empathy could be better embedded in the regulation of both AI-generated works through copyright and the regulation of situations that are relevant to privacy laws.