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In 2022, two independent insect surveys in canton Ticino (southern Switzerland) revealed the widespread occurrence of the invasive ambrosia beetleAnisandrus maichefrom southern to central-upper Ticino. This species is native to east Asia and has previously been found as a non-native invasive species in the United States, Canada, western Russia, Ukraine and, in 2021, in northern Italy. Here, we present the results of several trapping studies using different trap types (bottle traps, funnel traps and Polytrap intercept traps) and attractants and a map of the distribution of the species. In total, 685 specimens ofA. maiche, all female, were trapped, and the identity of selected individuals was confirmed by morphological and molecular identification based on three mitochondrial and nuclear markers (COI, 28S and CAD). Traps checked from early April to early September 2022 in intervals of two to four weeks showed that flights ofA. maicheoccurred mainly from June to mid-August. Isolation of fungal associates ofA. maichefrom beetles trapped alive revealed the presence of four fungal species, including the ambrosia fungusAmbrosiella cleistominuta, the known mutualists ofA. maiche. The identity ofA. cleistominutawas confirmed by comparing DNA sequences of its nuclear, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene with reference sequences in NCBI and BOLDSYSTEMS. This represents the first record ofA. cleistominutain Europe.Ambrosiella cleistominutawas also found in association with another non-native invasive ambrosia beetle,Xylosandrus crassiusculus, at a botanic garden in central Ticino. As ambrosia beetles usually show a high degree of fidelity with only one mutualistic fungus (in the case ofX. crassiusculusnormallyAmbrosiella roeperi), this association is highly unusual and probably the result of lateral transfer among these non-native invasive species. Of the other fungal associates isolated fromA. maichein Ticino,Fusarium lateritiumis of note as there is a possibility thatA. maichecould act as a vector of this plant pathogen. We highlight several research needs that should be addressed to gain insight into the potential impact of these non-native species and to overcome problems with heteroplasmy in COI sequences in studies of invasion and population genetics of ambrosia beetles.

Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are widely known for their remarkable multifold physico-chemical properties and their numerous state-of-the-art applications, such as energy storage, sensors, lubrication, catalysis, magneto-optics, superconductivity, etc. However, the properties of GICs largely depend on the synthesis technique, structure, and morphology of the graphite; the size and properties of the intercalant species and its concentration in the host material. Accordingly, in the field of electrochemical energy storage, the appearance of novel ionic systems and detailed investigations of GICs are highly desired. In this study, two different types of graphite, natural graphite (NG) and kish graphite (KG), were used to gain insights into the intercalation of the ClO4− anion in graphite from a concentrated Al(ClO4)3 aqueous electrolyte solution through extensive electrochemical studies and various in situ and ex situ spectroscopic characterization techniques. An analysis of cyclic voltammograms indicated the presence of surface-controlled charge storage along with diffusion-controlled ion intercalation into the interlayer spaces in NG and KG. Additionally, a comparative study on the electrochemical behavior of these two types of graphite showed differences that can be correlated with their structural properties. These findings open new perspectives for GIC formation in concentrated aqueous electrolytes and applications in electrochemical energy storage.

Several of the Venera, Vega and Pioneer probe data as well as ground based observation support the presence of so-called Redox Disequilibrium Pairs (RDPs) in atmosphere of so hostile world as Venus (Greaves 2021). State of the art chemical networks cannot explain origin of an important RDP, phosphine, in oxidized atmosphere of Venus by a conventional processes (Bains 2021). We used the hybrid Density Functional Theory (DFT) for investigation of a series of chemical reaction pathways leading to the reduction of phosphate monoxide to phosphine. Our calculations indicated that a reaction network similar to photochemical synthesis of methane from carbon monoxide over acidic surfaces suggested for Mars (Civiš 2019) can also occur in clouds of Venus. As a seminal step, we have explored – via state-of-the-art quantum-based calculations – the a priori energetic feasibility of the following reaction:HCO(radical) + PO = CO2 + PH (biradical).Our calculations have shown that chemical conversion is constituted of three steps. Two of them are energetically favoured, however, the final conversion to phosphine is hardened by a significant activation barrier. This barrier can be overcome by a reaction of OPH radical with hydrogen radical. For assessing the potential of the newly introduced reaction mechanisms, models of the Venus and early Earth atmospheres in ARGO code and modified STAND chemical network were created and verified. Comparison of reaction yields suggests that this pathway is potentially effective enough and could be the source of phosphine recently discovered on Venus. We acknowledge the support provided by the Czech Science Foundation within the project reg. no. 21-11366S and by ERDF/ESF "Centre of Advanced Applied Sciences" (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000778). We acknowledge support of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Strategy AV21, project VP16. The Czech team is part of the VenSpec-H Consortium onboard the ESA EnVision mission.References:Civiš S. et al.: Formation of Methane and (Per)Chlorates on Mars. ACS Earth Space Chem. 2019, 3, 2, 221–232.Bains W. et al.: Phosphine on Venus Cannot Be Explained by Conventional Processes. Astrobiology 2021, 10 (21), 1277-1304.Greaves J. S. et al.: Phosphine gas in the cloud decks of Venus. Nature Astronomy 2021, 5, 655–664.

Asteroids and comets are often rich in polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which represent in general about 30 % of total carbon in space. The fate of these molecules in extraterrestrial delivery was investigated by experimentally simulating asteroid impacts – using laser induced breakdown (LIBD) – into rocky planetary atmospheres and surfaces. Experiments were performed with benzene, naphtalene and anthracene as simple members of PAHs. The effect of LIBD on chemistry of these compounds in various chemical environments, such as atmospheric composition and solid phase matrices, were also studied. The main gas phase products are acetylene and HCN, followed by CO and CO2, whose yields mainly depend on the content of water vapour in the atmosphere. A brownish solid product was also observed. Therefore, simple aromatic compounds, and likely also PAHs, can be a viable source of HCN – molecule with significant prebiotic importance– in planetary environments.

Chalcopyrite CuFeS2, a semiconductor with applications in chemical sector and energy conversion engineering, was synthetized in a planetary mill from elemental precursors. The synthesis is environmentally friendly, waste‐free and inexpensive. The synthesized nano‐powders were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, BET and UV/Vis techniques, tests of chemical reactivity and, namely, thermoelectric performance of sintered ceramics followed. The crystallite size of ∼13 nm and the strain of ∼17 were calculated for CuFeS2 powders milled for 60, 120, 180 and 240 min, respectively. The evolution of characteristic band gaps, Eg, and the rate constant of leaching, k, of nano‐powders are corroborated by the universal evolution of the parameter SBET/X (SBET‐specific surface area, X‐crystallinity) introduced for complex characterization of mechanochemically activated solids in various fields such as chemical engineering and/or energy conversion. The focus on non‐doped semiconducting CuFeS2 enabled to assess the role of impurities, which critically and often negatively influence the thermoelectric properties.

Pinus sylvestris is an important production tree. In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the mortality of pine trees due to insect pests. It is obvious that some pests profit from climatic changes, increase their aggressiveness and spread to new localities. The study aimed to investigate the spectrum of more abundant insect pest species in pine plantations of Czechia. The occurrence of species and intensity of their infestation were studied at 77 localities situated in six regions. Any abundant foliophagous insect species were noticed. Bark beetles and wood-boring insects were found to be prevalent. Namely, Ips acuminatus, Ips sexdentatus, Phaenops cyanea and Sirex noctilio seem to be the most dangerous. These species are now better competitors than species previously considered as main pests. Their aggressiveness, expansion to new areas and interspecies co-occurrence are alarming. Due to the advancing climate change, pine mortality due to bark beetles and wood-boring pests will probably continue to increase.

We present the first record of the tropical ambrosia beetle Xyleborus bispinatus in the Iberian Peninsula, collected in traps located in Murcia, Alicante and Valencia provinces (Spain). Insects have been captured in baited traps of long-time trapping networks (ESFP, MUFFET, RAT and SAMFIX) installed in Eastern Spain. Several individuals (410) of X. bispinatus have been collected in seven locations, first in 2009 in Murcia Region, and from 2018 to 2021 in Valencia Region. No attacks by X. bispinatus have been detected on plants thus far, and therefore the host plant in Spain remains unknown. Stable X. bispinatus populations have been detected in a wide area of central Valencian province. We may consider this as an alarming scenario that should be kept under surveillance by maintaining the current trapping network and intensifying the search for the host plants. A portion of MK’s research was supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, institutional support MZE-RO0118. Research in related with SAMFIX trap network was supported by Life SAMFIX LIFE17 NAT/IT/000609. NDS was funded by Lazio Region (Agricultural Department) and Università degli Studi della Tuscia.

Xyleborus bispinatus Eichhoff Description. Faccoli et al. (2016) compared the morphology of X. bispinatus with the other European Xyleborus species based on previous descriptions and photos (Kirkendall & Jordal 2006; Atkinson et al. 2013). All collected specimens were females ranging between 2.8–3.3 mm in size, and characterized by a flat elytral declivity bearing a pair of large tubercles on interstriae 3 that are closer to the declivity base than apex. Additionally, one to three small tubercules can also present on the declivity (Figure 1; B,G). Xyleborus bispinatus has similar morphological features to other native European Xyleborus (Figure 1). In addition to the characters given above, this species can be differentiated by its more gradually sloped declivity and a pair of large tubercles on declivital interstriae 3 (Figure 1 G) compared to the steeper sloped declivities in the native species which lack large tubercles on declivital interstriae 3 (Figure 1 F, H-J). In accordance with Faccoli et al. (2016), the presence of the large pair of declivital tubercles may lead to misidentification as X. eurygraphus (Ratzeburg) (Figure 1, D, I) or X. monographus (Fabricius) (Figure 1, A, F) which are superficially similar in appearance. For example, the pronotum of X. eurygraphus is clearly subtruncate (Figure 1, D), and is typically larger in size than X. bispinatus (3.4–4.0 mm). The declivital tubercles of X. eurygraphus are less stout than X. bispinatus, and placed near the elytral suture, on interstria 1 (Figure 1, B, D). Xyleborus monographus partially overlaps with X. bispinatus in size (3.0– 3.5 mm), but its declivity is armed with two pairs of conical tubercles on interstria 1 that are arranged in irregular square (Figure 1, A). Xyleborus bispinatus could also be misidentified as X. dryographus Ratzeburg (Figure 1, C, H), although its declivity is armed only with small granules (Faccoli 2008), and Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg) (Figure 1, E, J), which has very different, conical scutellum and much smaller size (2–2.4 mm). Distribution. Due to the long-standing synonymy with X. ferrugineus (Fabricius), the precise distribution of X. bispinatus is still unclear (Kirkendall & Jordal 2006). Xyleborus bispinatus is native to Neotropical and Neosubtropical regions where it co-occurs with X. ferrugineus. Thus, in accordance with Atkinson (2018), some records of X. ferrugineus may actually refer to X. bispinatus. Xyleborus bispinatus was recorded from the northern part of South America to Mexico and in the Eastern coast of the USA, where it was accidentally introduced (Faccoli et al. 2016; Gomez et al. 2018). Xyleborus bispinatus was initially found in Europe in 2014 attacking Ficus carica on Sicily (Italy), and five specimens were captured in 2017 in traps in southern France (Nice) (Faccoli et al. 2016; Barnouin et al. 2020). Our work enlarges the known European distribution of this alien species to the Eastern Iberian Peninsula. Host plants. As previously discussed, due to the synonymy with X. ferrugineus, only a few host plants are noted precisely for X. bispinatus. Atkinson et al. (2013), Pérez et al. (2015), Faccoli et al. (2016) and Atkinson (2020) recorded attacks on Eschweilera biflava (Lecythidaceae), Ficus carica (Moraceae), Hevea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae), Lonchocarpus macrophyllus (Fabaceae), Persea americana, Persea palustris (Lauraceae), Quercus spp. (Fagaceae), Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) and Wodyetia bifurcata (Aracaceae). Distribution in the Iberian Peninsula. During two different periods, in 2009 and from 2018 to 2021 (Table 1), 410 individuals of X. bispinatus were collected in seven locations of the Eastern Iberian Peninsula. Specimens were collected in traps of four systematic trapping networks: Estaciones de Seguimiento Forestal Permanentte (ESFP), Red de Muestreo Fitosanitario y Forestal en Ecosistema Tipo (MUFFET), trapping network of Life project Saving Mediterranean Forests from Invasions of Xylosandrus beetles and associated pathogenic fungi (SAMFIX), and Red de Alerta Temprana (RAT) and in an experimental trapping set up installed inside a private pomegranate orchard. ESFP and MUFFET are long-term monitoring projects in Mediterranean pine forests (Gallego 2019; Generalitat Valenciana 2020) which are considered twin trapping networks covering Eastern and Southeastern regions of Spain. They are implemented by the Regional Governments of Murcia and Valencia Regions. Networks are composed of 20 and 15 plots, respectively, provided with data loggers, two band dendrometers and a cross vane trap (Crosstrap, Econex, Spain) baited with a generic lure (Econex, Spain). This lure is composed of a blend of attractants that mimic a stressed tree and are thus attractive to saproxylic beetles (Faccoli et al. 2020). These specific attractants are made of an ethanol dispenser (ultrahigh release rate of 1.5 g per day at 20 ºC), a dispenser of (–) alpha-pinene (release rate of 30 mg per day at 20) and a dispenser that contains a blend of the conifer bark beetle pheromones ipsdienol, ipsenol, and cis-verbenol (300 mg of each component, with 1.5 mg per day of release rate at 20 ºC). Traps were revised monthly. SAMFIX is a trapping network composed of 62 traps Crosstrap model, divided in C3 (50 traps) and C5 (12 traps) subnetworks (LIFE SAMFIX 2020), baited only with ethanol and alpha-pinene. The eight traps of C3 subnetwork installed in Náquera were also baited with ethanol and alpha-pinene, plus quercivorol and alpha-copaene dispensers (Synergy, Canada) SAMFIX traps are located in “El Tello and Surroundings” and Náquera, in Valencia province (Table 1, Figure 2B). RAT is a web of 16 traps deployed in ports and surrounding forests implemented by the Regional Government of Valencia, traps and lures are the same used for the MUFFET network. Finally, the insects collected in the mentioned pomegranate orchard (Cullera, Valencia, Spain) were unintentionally captured using cross vane traps baited with ethanol and alpha-pinene aimed to capture mainly the species Apate monachus Fabricius (Bostrichidae) in a pomegranate orchard. The European Xyleborini Fauna. The European Xyleborini fauna is frequently changing due to the establishment of invasive alien species. Currently eight genera- Ambrosiodmus Hopkins, Ambrosiophilus Hulcr & Cognato, Anisandrus Ferrari, Xyleborus Eichhoff, Xyleborinus Ratzeburg, Cyclorhipidion Hagedorn, Xylosandrus Reitter and Heteroborips Reitter are broadly distributed across Europe (Faccoli 2008; Knížek 2011). Recently two more genera have been recorded, Euwallacea Hopkins and Cnestus Sampson (Schuler et al. 2021; Colombari et al. 2022) but these have not yet become widespread across the continent. One of these genera, Xylosandrus, is represented in Europe by four alien species: X. morigerus (Blandford) lives only in tropical orchids in greenhouses; X. germanus (Blandford) has been recorded in Europe since at least 1932 and has silently become widespread throughout European forests (review in Galko et al. 2019); X. crassiusculus (Motschulsky) was first collected in 2003 in traps set up in Tuscany, Italy (revision in Gallego et al. 2017), and X. compactus (Eichhoff) which was first detected in Campania and Tuscany (Italy) in 2010 (Pennacchio et al. 2003; Francardi et al. 2012; Garonna et al. 2012). Moreover, these last three species were reported occupying, in co-presence, the same evergreen Mediterranean maquis environment in Latium (Italy) (Contarini et al. 2020). Ambrosiophilus atratus (Eichhoff), is an invasive species native to Eastern Asia, that was first collected in 2007 and 2008, in ethanol baited traps in Legnaro, in the North-eastern part of Italy (Faccoli 2008), and in 2017 in Slovenia (Hauptman et al. 2019). The native European Xyleborus fauna is comprised of four species: X. dryographus, X. eurygraphus, X. monographus and X. pfeilii (Ratzeburg); this latter species was possibly introduced from eastern Asia, prior to the nineteenth century, and was thus considered a native European species until the review of Kirkendall and Faccoli (2010), when X. pfeilii was accepted as alien species. Within Xyleborus some alien species were intercepted or became established in Europe within the last two decades. Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff and X. perforans (Wollaston), which were reported from Austria, Hungary, and the Azores, respectively (Knížek 2011), were never established here (Kirkendall & Faccoli 2010; Barnouin et al. 2020). A single specimen interception of X. ferrugineus has been reported from Malta in 1994 (Mifsud & Knížek 2009), under the bark of imported logs from Central Africa, where it is not considered established (Rassati et al. 2015). The most recent alien Xyleborus species to Europe is X. bispinatus Eichhoff, which was reported attacking figs (Ficus carica) in South-Eastern Sicily Region in 2014 and 2015 (Faccoli et al. 2016). Moreover, Barnouin et al. (2020) captured five specimens of X. bispinatus in two localities: Mont Boron and Nice (Southern France) in ethanol traps between May and November 2017. Findings of misidentifications between X. ferrugineus and X. bispinatus, lead some authors to correct some of their recording data. For example, the interception of six specimens of X. ferrugineus in baited traps in Ravenna in 2012 (Nord-eastern Italy) (Rassati et al. 2015) are now considered as an interception of X. bispinatus (Faccoli et al. 2016). Our data show that X. bispinatus has been present in Southeastern Iberian Peninsula since at least 2009. The punctual collection records in Murcia (2009, ESFP network) and in Crevillent (2018, MUFFET network), and the no further catches in the traps until the present, evidence that this species is not established at the Southeastern. On the contrary, the continuous collection of specimens in SAMFIX C3 (Table 1, Figure 1B, C) since the installation of the trap network during the spring of 2019 may indicate the presence of an established population, even if the host plants have not yet been identified. Since 2019 we collected 96 specimens in 23 traps (in 2019), 69 specimens in 29 traps (in 2020) and 150 specimens in 28 traps (in 2021). The collected specimens of SAMFIX C3 at Náquera (Table 1, Figure 1B) between 2020 and 2021 may also mark the establishment of a population. In the RAT trap of Gandia port in the surrounding forest, 24 specimens have been collected in non-consecutive years, 2019 and 2021, which may indicate a possible established population. Lastly, the 25 specimens collected in Cullera in 2021 (Table 1, Figure 1B) are insufficient to conclude if the population is established or not, since there has only been one year of sampling. Inspections of putative host plants were carried out in the areas of El Tello, Náquera, Cullera and Gandía, with a special focus on Ficus carica, Persea americana, Quercus coccifera, and Quercus ilex. No attacks of X. bispinatus on these or other plant species were detected, thus, the host plants in Spain remain unknown. Possible impacts in Spain. Impacts of X. bispinatus on tree crops or on the invaded ecosystems were revised by EPPO (2020). This document only provides scarce host records of X. bispinatus on P. americana in Argentina in 2017, and an existing concern in USA about its potential ability to be vector of the laurel wilt fungal pathogen Harringtonia lauricola. As previously mentioned, X. bispinatus, together with the alien species Cryphalus discretus (Eichhoff) caused large infestations in fig trees in Sicily (Faccoli et al. 2016), although these authors consider X. bispinatus as secondary pest. Note that Hypocryphalus scabricollis (Eichhoff) has been synonymized with C. discretus after a recent revision of Cryphalini (Johnson et al. 2020). However, after three years (2019 to 2021) of intense monitoring, no damages on any possible host plant have been detected in “El Tello and Surroundings” area (Valencia). Consequently, X. bispinatus may breed on plants, or plant parts, that remain undetected (i.e. wild fig trees in dense vegetation of some down ravines), or their breeding activity does not produce easily visible conspicuous damages. Although EPPO (2020) considers this insect a major concern because of its potential to vector a new potential pathogen fungi in Europe, specifically H. lauricola, although to date X. bispinatus has been a non-confirmed vector of H. lauricola (Saucedo et al. 2018). However due to this potential risk, surveillance trapping and searching for host plants should continue for both the stable populations found at least in the center of Valencia province and in the other areas where X. bispinatus has been captured., Published as part of Gallego, Diego, Sora, Nicolò Di, Molina, Noelia, Gonzalez-Rosa, Eudaldo, Mas, Hugo & Knížek, Miloš, 2022, First record of Xyleborus bispinatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) and evidence of stable populations in the Iberian Peninsula, pp. 157-164 in Zootaxa 5174 (2) on pages 157-160, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5174.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6985967, {"references":["Faccoli, M., Campo, G., Perrotta, G. & Rassati, D. (2016) Two newly introduced tropical bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) damaging figs (Ficus carica) in southern Italy. Zootaxa, 4138 (1), 189 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4138.1.10","Kirkendall, L. R. & Jordal, B. H. 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Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 86 - 87 + 204 - 251","Schuler, H., Witkowski, R., van de Vossenberg B., Hoppe, B., Mittelbach, M., Bukovinszki, T., Schwembacher, S., van de Meulengraaf, B., Lange, U., Rode, S., Andriolo, A., Belka, M., Mazur, A. & Battisti, A. (2021) Recent invasion and eradication of two members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from tropical greenhouses in Europe. Biological Invasions. [preprint] https: // doi. org / 10.21203 / rs. 3. rs- 640781 / v 2","Colombari, F., Martinez-Sanudo, I. & Battisti, A. (2022) First report of the alien ambrosia beetle Cnestus mutilatus and further finding of Anisandrus maiche in the European part of the EPPO region (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini). EPPO Bulletin, 1 - 5. [early view] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / epp. 12840","Galko, J., Dzurenko, M., Ranger, C. M., Kulfan, J., Kula, E., Nikolov, C., Zubrik, M. & Zach, P. (2019) Distribution, habitat preference and management of the invasive ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus germanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in European forests with an emphasis on the West Carpathians. Forests, 10 (10), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / f 10010010","Francardi, V., Pennacchio, F., Santini, L., Rumine, P., Paoli, A., Navarra, A. & Musetti, N. (2012) First report of Xylosandrus compactus on Laurus nobilis in Tuscany. (Prima segnalazione di Xylosandrus compactus su Laurus nobilis in Toscana. In: Giornate Fitopatologiche 2012, Milano Marittima (RA). 13 - 16 Marzo 2012. Universita di Bologna, Bologna, pp. 443 - 446.","Garonna, A. P., Dole, S. A., Saracino, A., Mazzoleni, S. & Cristinzio, G. (2012) First record of the black twig borer Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Europe. 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