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102. Distribution Of Vernalization And Photoperiod Genes (Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, Vrn-B3, Ppd-D1) In Turkish Bread Wheat Cultivars And Landraces

Author

Andeden, E. E., Yediay, F. E., Baloch, F. S., Shaaf, S., Kilian, B., Nachit, M., and Ozkan, H.

Subjects
food and beverages, eye diseases
Abstract

Vernalization and photoperiod response genes play a significant role in the geographical adaptation, agronomic performance and yield potential of crops. Therefore, understanding the distribution pattern and allelic diversity for vernalization and photoperiod genes are important in any wheat breeding program. In this study, we screened 63 bread wheat cultivars and 7 bread wheat landraces from Turkey for photoperiod (Ppd-D1) and vernalization genes (Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1 and Vrn-B3) using diagnostic molecular markers. The photoperiod insensitive dominant allele, Ppd-D1a, was present in 60% of wheat cultivars and 42% of landraces, whereas, all other genotypes carried the photoperiod sensitive allele Ppd-D1b as recessive allele. Twenty-four cultivars and two landraces contained recessive alleles for all four VRN loci, whereas 39 wheat cultivars and 6 landraces contained one or more dominant VRN alleles. The highest percentage of Turkish wheat cultivars contained the dominant Vrn-B1 allele followed by Vrn-D1 and Vrn-A1. Information for vernalization and photoperiod alleles in Turkish germplasm will facilitate the planning and implementation of molecular markers in wheat breeding programs. This information will be helpful to develop elite wheat cultivars carrying suitable vernalization and photoperiod alleles with higher grain yield potential and better quality suitable for different production environments through marker assisted selection.

Published
2011

103. Geographic distribution and domestication of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides)

Author

Özkan H., Willcox G., Graner A., Salamini F., Kilian B., and Çukurova Üniversitesi

Subjects
Domestication, Evolution, Molecular diversity, Emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, Archaeobotany
Abstract

The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture had revolutionary consequences for the development of human societies. Crops such as wheat, barley, lentil, pea and chickpea played a crucial role in the establishment of complex civilizations in south west Asia. Wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) was one of the first cereals to be domesticated in the Fertile Crescent between c. 12,000 and c. 10,000 years ago. This step provided the key for subsequent bread wheat evolution. Wild emmer is found today in the western Fertile Crescent in Jordan, Syria and Israel, the central part of southeastern Turkey and mountain areas in eastern Iraq and western Iran. In this review, we summarize issues concerning geography and domestication of wild emmer wheat based on published molecular and archaeobotanical data and on our recent findings. We suggest that modern domestic tetraploid wheats derived from wild emmer lines from southeast Turkey. However, our understanding of emmer domestication is not complete. The "dispersed-specific" domestication model proposed for einkorn might well be appropriate also for emmer. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Published
2011

104. The speed of visual attention and motor-response decisions in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Author

Cross-Villasana, F., Finke, K., Hennig-Fast, K., Kilian, B., Wiegand, I.M., Müller, H.J., Möller, H.J., Tollner, T., Cross-Villasana, F., Finke, K., Hennig-Fast, K., Kilian, B., Wiegand, I.M., Müller, H.J., Möller, H.J., and Tollner, T.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 221779.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), BACKGROUND: Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit slowed reaction times (RTs) in various attention tasks. The exact origins of this slowing, however, have not been established. Potential candidates are early sensory processes mediating the deployment of focal attention, stimulus response translation processes deciding upon the appropriate motor response, and motor processes generating the response. METHODS: We combined mental chronometry (RT) measures of adult ADHD (n = 15) and healthy control (n = 15) participants with their lateralized event-related potentials during the performance of a visual search task to differentiate potential sources of slowing at separable levels of processing: the posterior contralateral negativity (PCN) was used to index focal-attentional selection times, while the lateralized readiness potentials synchronized to stimulus and response events were used to index the times taken for response selection and production, respectively. To assess the clinical relevance of event-related potentials, a correlation analysis between neural measures and subjective current and retrospective ADHD symptom ratings was performed. RESULTS: ADHD patients exhibited slower RTs than control participants, which were accompanied by prolonged PCN and lateralized readiness potentials synchronized to stimulus, but not lateralized readiness potentials synchronized to response events, latencies. Moreover, the PCN timing was positively correlated with ADHD symptom ratings. CONCLUSIONS: The behavioral RT slowing of adult ADHD patients was based on a summation of internal processing delays arising at perceptual and response selection stages; motor response production, by contrast, was not impaired. The correlation between PCN times and ADHD symptom ratings suggests that this brain signal may serve as a potential candidate for a neurocognitive endophenotype of ADHD.

Published
2015

105. Evolution of the Grain Dispersal System in Barley

Author

Pourkheirandish, M, Hensel, G, Kilian, B, Senthil, N, Chen, G, Sameri, M, Azhaguvel, P, Sakuma, S, Dhanagond, S, Sharma, R, Mascher, M, Himmelbach, A, Gottwald, S, Nair, SK, Tagiri, A, Yukuhiro, F, Nagamura, Y, Kanamori, H, Matsumoto, T, Willcox, G, Middleton, CP, Wicker, T, Walther, A, Waugh, R, Fincher, GB, Stein, N, Kumlehn, J, Sato, K, Komatsuda, T, Pourkheirandish, M, Hensel, G, Kilian, B, Senthil, N, Chen, G, Sameri, M, Azhaguvel, P, Sakuma, S, Dhanagond, S, Sharma, R, Mascher, M, Himmelbach, A, Gottwald, S, Nair, SK, Tagiri, A, Yukuhiro, F, Nagamura, Y, Kanamori, H, Matsumoto, T, Willcox, G, Middleton, CP, Wicker, T, Walther, A, Waugh, R, Fincher, GB, Stein, N, Kumlehn, J, Sato, K, and Komatsuda, T

Abstract

About 12,000 years ago in the Near East, humans began the transition from hunter-gathering to agriculture-based societies. Barley was a founder crop in this process, and the most important steps in its domestication were mutations in two adjacent, dominant, and complementary genes, through which grains were retained on the inflorescence at maturity, enabling effective harvesting. Independent recessive mutations in each of these genes caused cell wall thickening in a highly specific grain "disarticulation zone," converting the brittle floral axis (the rachis) of the wild-type into a tough, non-brittle form that promoted grain retention. By tracing the evolutionary history of allelic variation in both genes, we conclude that spatially and temporally independent selections of germplasm with a non-brittle rachis were made during the domestication of barley by farmers in the southern and northern regions of the Levant, actions that made a major contribution to the emergence of early agrarian societies.

Published
2015

108. Earth system modelling with complex dynamic human societies: the copan:CORE World-Earth modeling framework.

Author

Donges, Jonathan F., Heitzig, Jobst, Barfuss, Wolfram, Kassel, Johannes A., Kittel, Tim, Kolb, Jakob J., Kolster, Till, Müller-Hansen, Finn, Otto, Ilona M., Wiedermann, Marc, Zimmerer, Kilian B., and Lucht, Wolfgang

Subjects
TRAJECTORIES (Mechanics), ORDINARY differential equations
Abstract

Possible future trajectories of the Earth system in the Anthropocene are determined by the increasing entanglement of processes operating in the physical, chemical and biological systems of the planet, as well as in human societies, their cultures and economies. Here, we introduce the copan:CORE open source software library that provides a framework for developing, composing and running World-Earth models, i.e., models of social-ecological co-evolution up to planetary scales. It is an object-oriented software package written in Python designed for different user roles. It allows model end users to run parallel simulations with already available and tested models. Furthermore, model composers are enabled to easily implement new models by plugging together a broad range of model components, such as opinion formation on social networks, generic carbon cycle dynamics, or simple vegetation growth. For the sake of a modular structure, each provided component specifies a meaningful yet minimal collection of closely related processes. These processes can be formulated in terms of various process types, such as ordinary differential equations, explicit or implicit functions, as well as steps or events of deterministic or stochastic fashion. In addition to the already included variety of different components in copan:CORE, model developers can extend the framework with additional components that are based on elementary entity types, i.e., grid cells, individuals and social systems, or the fundamental process taxa environment, social metabolism, and culture. To showcase possible usage we present an exemplary World-Earth model that combines a variety of model components and interactions thereof. As the framework allows a simple activation and deactivation of certain components and related processes, users can test for their specific effects on modeling results and evaluate model robustness in a controlled way. Hence, copan:CORE allows developing process-based models of global change and sustainable development in planetary social-ecological systems and thus fosters a better understanding of crucial mechanisms governing the co-evolutionary dynamics between societies and the natural environment. Due to its modular structure, the framework enhances the development and application of stylized models in Earth system science but also climatology, economics, ecology, or sociology, and allows combining them for interdisciplinary studies at the interface between different areas of expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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110. The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome.

Author

Howe, K., Clark, M.D., Torroja, C.F., Torrance, J., Berthelot, C., Muffato, M., Collins, J.E., Humphray, S., McLaren, K., Matthews, L., McLaren, S., Sealy, I., Caccamo, M., Churcher, C., Scott, C., Barrett, J.C., Koch, R., Rauch, G.J., White, S., Chow, W., Kilian, B., Quintais, L.T., Guerra-Assuncao, J.A., Zhou, Y., Gu, Y., Yen, J., Vogel, J.H., Eyre, T., Redmond, S., Banerjee, R., Chi, J., Fu, B., Langley, E., Maguire, S.F., Laird, G.K., Lloyd, D., Kenyon, E., Donaldson, S., Sehra, H., Almeida-King, J., Loveland, J., Trevanion, S., Jones, M., Quail, M., Willey, D., Hunt, A., Burton, J., Sims, S., McLay, K., Plumb, B., Davis, J., Clee, C., Oliver, K., Clark, R., Riddle, C., Elliot, D., Threadgold, G., Harden, G., Ware, D., Mortimore, B., Kerry, G., Heath, P., Phillimore, B., Tracey, A., Corby, N., Dunn, M., Johnson, C., Wood, J., Clark, S., Pelan, S., Griffiths, G., Smith, M., Glithero, R., Howden, P., Barker, N., Stevens, C., Harley, J., Holt, K., Panagiotidis, G., Lovell, J., Beasley, H., Henderson, C., Gordon, D., Auger, K., Wright, D., Collins, J., Raisen, C., Dyer, L., Leung, K., Robertson, L., Ambridge, K., Leongamornlert, D., McGuire, S., Gilderthorp, R., Griffiths, C., Manthravadi, D., Nichol, S., Barker, G., Whitehead, S., Kay, M., Brown, J., Murnane, C., Gray, E., Humphries, M., Sycamore, N., Barker, D., Saunders, D., Wallis, J., Babbage, A., Hammond, S., Mashreghi-Mohammadi, M., Barr, L., Martin, S., Wray, P., Ellington, A., Matthews, N., Ellwood, M., Woodmansey, R., Clark, G., Cooper, J., Tromans, A., Grafham, D., Skuce, C., Pandian, R., Andrews, R., Harrison, E., Kimberley, A., Garnett, J., Fosker, N., Hall, R., Garner, P., Kelly, D., Bird, C., Palmer, S., Gehring, I., Berger, A., Dooley, C.M., Ersan-Urun, Z., Eser, C., Geiger, H., Geisler, M., Karotki, L., Kirn, A., Konantz, J., Konantz, M., Oberlander, M., Rudolph-Geiger, S., Teucke, M., Osoegawa, K., Zhu, B., rapp, A., Widaa, S., Langford, C., Yang, F., Carter, N.P., Harrow, J., Ning, Z., Herrero, J., Searle, S.M., Enright, A., Geisler, R., Plasterk, R.H.A., Lee, C., Westerfield, M., de Jong, P.J., Zon, L.I., Postlethwait, J.H., Nusslein-Volhard, C., Hubbard, T.J., Roest Crollius, H., Rogers, J., Stemple, D.L., Begum, S., Lloyd, C., Lanz, C., Raddatz, G., Schuster, S.C., Howe, K., Clark, M.D., Torroja, C.F., Torrance, J., Berthelot, C., Muffato, M., Collins, J.E., Humphray, S., McLaren, K., Matthews, L., McLaren, S., Sealy, I., Caccamo, M., Churcher, C., Scott, C., Barrett, J.C., Koch, R., Rauch, G.J., White, S., Chow, W., Kilian, B., Quintais, L.T., Guerra-Assuncao, J.A., Zhou, Y., Gu, Y., Yen, J., Vogel, J.H., Eyre, T., Redmond, S., Banerjee, R., Chi, J., Fu, B., Langley, E., Maguire, S.F., Laird, G.K., Lloyd, D., Kenyon, E., Donaldson, S., Sehra, H., Almeida-King, J., Loveland, J., Trevanion, S., Jones, M., Quail, M., Willey, D., Hunt, A., Burton, J., Sims, S., McLay, K., Plumb, B., Davis, J., Clee, C., Oliver, K., Clark, R., Riddle, C., Elliot, D., Threadgold, G., Harden, G., Ware, D., Mortimore, B., Kerry, G., Heath, P., Phillimore, B., Tracey, A., Corby, N., Dunn, M., Johnson, C., Wood, J., Clark, S., Pelan, S., Griffiths, G., Smith, M., Glithero, R., Howden, P., Barker, N., Stevens, C., Harley, J., Holt, K., Panagiotidis, G., Lovell, J., Beasley, H., Henderson, C., Gordon, D., Auger, K., Wright, D., Collins, J., Raisen, C., Dyer, L., Leung, K., Robertson, L., Ambridge, K., Leongamornlert, D., McGuire, S., Gilderthorp, R., Griffiths, C., Manthravadi, D., Nichol, S., Barker, G., Whitehead, S., Kay, M., Brown, J., Murnane, C., Gray, E., Humphries, M., Sycamore, N., Barker, D., Saunders, D., Wallis, J., Babbage, A., Hammond, S., Mashreghi-Mohammadi, M., Barr, L., Martin, S., Wray, P., Ellington, A., Matthews, N., Ellwood, M., Woodmansey, R., Clark, G., Cooper, J., Tromans, A., Grafham, D., Skuce, C., Pandian, R., Andrews, R., Harrison, E., Kimberley, A., Garnett, J., Fosker, N., Hall, R., Garner, P., Kelly, D., Bird, C., Palmer, S., Gehring, I., Berger, A., Dooley, C.M., Ersan-Urun, Z., Eser, C., Geiger, H., Geisler, M., Karotki, L., Kirn, A., Konantz, J., Konantz, M., Oberlander, M., Rudolph-Geiger, S., Teucke, M., Osoegawa, K., Zhu, B., rapp, A., Widaa, S., Langford, C., Yang, F., Carter, N.P., Harrow, J., Ning, Z., Herrero, J., Searle, S.M., Enright, A., Geisler, R., Plasterk, R.H.A., Lee, C., Westerfield, M., de Jong, P.J., Zon, L.I., Postlethwait, J.H., Nusslein-Volhard, C., Hubbard, T.J., Roest Crollius, H., Rogers, J., Stemple, D.L., Begum, S., Lloyd, C., Lanz, C., Raddatz, G., and Schuster, S.C.

Abstract

Zebrafish have become a popular organism for the study of vertebrate gene function. The virtually transparent embryos of this species, and the ability to accelerate genetic studies by gene knockdown or overexpression, have led to the widespread use of zebrafish in the detailed investigation of vertebrate gene function and increasingly, the study of human genetic disease. However, for effective modelling of human genetic disease it is important to understand the extent to which zebrafish genes and gene structures are related to orthologous human genes. To examine this, we generated a high-quality sequence assembly of the zebrafish genome, made up of an overlapping set of completely sequenced large-insert clones that were ordered and oriented using a high-resolution high-density meiotic map. Detailed automatic and manual annotation provides evidence of more than 26,000 protein-coding genes, the largest gene set of any vertebrate so far sequenced. Comparison to the human reference genome shows that approximately 70% of human genes have at least one obvious zebrafish orthologue. In addition, the high quality of this genome assembly provides a clearer understanding of key genomic features such as a unique repeat content, a scarcity of pseudogenes, an enrichment of zebrafish-specific genes on chromosome 4 and chromosomal regions that influence sex determination., Zebrafish have become a popular organism for the study of vertebrate gene function. The virtually transparent embryos of this species, and the ability to accelerate genetic studies by gene knockdown or overexpression, have led to the widespread use of zebrafish in the detailed investigation of vertebrate gene function and increasingly, the study of human genetic disease. However, for effective modelling of human genetic disease it is important to understand the extent to which zebrafish genes and gene structures are related to orthologous human genes. To examine this, we generated a high-quality sequence assembly of the zebrafish genome, made up of an overlapping set of completely sequenced large-insert clones that were ordered and oriented using a high-resolution high-density meiotic map. Detailed automatic and manual annotation provides evidence of more than 26,000 protein-coding genes, the largest gene set of any vertebrate so far sequenced. Comparison to the human reference genome shows that approximately 70% of human genes have at least one obvious zebrafish orthologue. In addition, the high quality of this genome assembly provides a clearer understanding of key genomic features such as a unique repeat content, a scarcity of pseudogenes, an enrichment of zebrafish-specific genes on chromosome 4 and chromosomal regions that influence sex determination.

Published
2013

111. Genome-wide association studies for Agronomical Traits in a world wide Spring Barley Collection

Author

Pasam, R.K., Sharma, R., Malosetti, M., van Eeuwijk, F.A., Haseneyer, G., Kilian, B., Graner, A., Pasam, R.K., Sharma, R., Malosetti, M., van Eeuwijk, F.A., Haseneyer, G., Kilian, B., and Graner, A.

Abstract

Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) provide a promising tool for the detection and fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying complex agronomic traits. In this study we explored the genetic basis of variation for the traits heading date, plant height, thousand grain weight, starch content and crude protein content in a diverse collection of 224 spring barleys of worldwide origin. The whole panel was genotyped with a customized oligonucleotide pool assay containing 1536 SNPs using Illumina's GoldenGate technology resulting in 957 successful SNPs covering all chromosomes. The morphological trait "row type" (two-rowed spike vs. six-rowed spike) was used to confirm the high level of selectivity and sensitivity of the approach. This study describes the detection of QTL for the above mentioned agronomic traits by GWAS. Results Population structure in the panel was investigated by various methods and six subgroups that are mainly based on their spike morphology and region of origin. We explored the patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) among the whole panel for all seven barley chromosomes. Average LD was observed to decay below a critical level (r2-value 0.2) within a map distance of 5-10 cM. Phenotypic variation within the panel was reasonably large for all the traits. The heritabilities calculated for each trait over multi-environment experiments ranged between 0.90-0.95. Different statistical models were tested to control spurious LD caused by population structure and to calculate the P-value of marker-trait associations. Using a mixed linear model with kinship for controlling spurious LD effects, we found a total of 171 significant marker trait associations, which delineate into 107 QTL regions. Across all traits these can be grouped into 57 novel QTL and 50 QTL that are congruent with previously mapped QTL positions. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the described diverse barley panel can be ef

Published
2012

112. Accessing genetic diversity for crop improvement

Author

Glaszmann, J.C., Kilian, B., Upadhyaya, H.D., Varshney, R.K., Glaszmann, J.C., Kilian, B., Upadhyaya, H.D., and Varshney, R.K.

Abstract

Vast germplasm collections are accessible but their use for crop improvement is limited—efficiently accessing genetic diversity is still a challenge. Molecular markers have clarified the structure of genetic diversity in a broad range of crops. Recent developments have made whole-genome surveys and gene-targeted surveys possible, shedding light on population dynamics and on the impact of selection during domestication. Thanks to this new precision, germplasm description has gained analytical power for resolving the genetic basis of trait variation and adaptation in crops such as major cereals, chickpea, grapevine, cacao, or banana. The challenge now is to finely characterize all the facets of plant behavior in carefully chosen materials. We suggest broadening the use of ‘core reference sets’ so as to facilitate material sharing within the scientific community.

Published
2010

123. 145

Author

Waxman, D.A., primary, Husk, G., additional, Kilian, B., additional, and Newman, D., additional

Published
2006
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126. Evolutionary History of Wheats—the Main Cereal of Mankind.

Author

Dobretsov, Nikolay, Kolchanov, Nikolay, Rozanov, Alexey, Zavarzin, Georgy, Goncharov, N. P., Golovnina, K. A., Kilian, B., Glushkov, S., Blinov, A., and Shumny, V. K.

Abstract

An attempt in integrating the results of different comparative-genetic analyses of wheats and their molecular taxonomy has been made; the correspondence of earlier evolutionary specifications to the phylogeny within the genus Triticum species has been estimated. The relationships have been established based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data. One phylogenetic tree has been constructed based on the chloroplast sequences, and several phylogenetic groups have been found within the genera Triticum and Aegilops. It has been shown that Aegilops speltoides was a donor of the plasmon for all polyploid wheat species, whereas the chloroplast genomes of the diploid Triticum species are close to other Aegilops species. Nuclear Acc-1 and Pgk-1 genes have been used as molecular markers for the A and B genomes of the Triticum species. No variability has been found in these genes within polyploid wheats. In contrast, three variants of these genes have been detected in diploid A genome Triticum. The detailed analysis showed that one of these variants was a progenitor for all A genomes of all polyploid Triticum species; the second variant is close to the B genomes of Ae. speltoides; and the third one is unique for wild diploid wheats. The inheritance of two domesticated and taxonomically important characters was studied in the ancient hexaploid wheat Triticum antiquorum. It was shown that the recessive gene controlling spherical grain was allelic to the s gene determining the same character in the endemic Indian species T. sphaerococcum. The dominant genes of T. antiquorum and T. sphaerococcum controlling compact ears were proved to be non-allelic to the corresponding T. compactum gene. Results of molecular analysis indicated the close relationship of all hexaploid wheat species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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127. Natural Variation And Identification Of Microelements Content In Seeds Of Einkorn Wheat (Triticum Monococcum).

Author

Buck, H. T., Nisi, J. E., Salomón, N., Ozkan, H., Brandolini, A., Torun, A., AltIntas, S., Eker, S., Kilian, B., Braun, H. J., Salamini, F., and Cakmak, I.

Abstract

Micronutrient deficiencies in human beings are common problems, especially in developing world. Among the micronutrient deficiencies, zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) deficiencies are particularly important affecting severely health of humans. Major reason for the widespread occurrence of micronutrient deficiencies in human beings is the high and monotonous consumption of cereal-based foods with very low content of micronutrients. An increase in concentration of Zn and Fe in grain is, therefore, a high-priority research area. Exploitation of large genetic variation for Zn and Fe existing in cereals germplasm is an important approach to minimize the extent of Zn and Fe deficiencies in developing world. In the present study, the variation for seed content of micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) in 54 accessions of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum) was tested. The accessions have been first grown under same field conditions in 2 locations in Turkey, and the seeds obtained from the field trials were analyzed for micronutrients. In addition, a mapping population with 168 recombinant inbred lines which were grown in 4 locations in Germany, Turkey and Italy has also been tested for the variation of micronutrients in seeds and analyzed for identification of QTLs associated with micronutrient content in seeds The results obtained showed existence of large genotypic variation in content of micronutrients. The contents of Zn and Fe among the 54 einkorn wheat accessions varied from 0.21 to 2.16 μg seed-1 for Zn with an average of 1.19 μg seed-1 and from 0.54 to 3.09 μg seed-1 for Fe with an average of 1.15 μg seed-1. There was a close positive relationship between seed contents of Fe and Zn. The genetic basis of this variation was elucidated by QTL analysis, using a mapping population comprising 168 recombinant inbred lines that was developed from a cross between 2 cultivated Einkorn genotypes (e.g., ID-362 bread-making quality poor and ID-331 bread-making quality good). From the parents ID-362 had always more Zn than the other parent in all four locations. The four locations presented different mean values, varying from 1.09 to 2.16 μg seed-1 for Zn content, from 0.83 to 1.97 μg seed-1 for Fe content, from 1.43 to 1.97 μg/seed-1 for Mn content and from 0.14 and to 0.24 μg seed-1 for Cu content. Pooling the results of the four trials, a major QTL, common to all four microelements and explaining from 10 to 30% of the variation (depending on the mineral assayed), was observed only on the chromosome 5, and not on the other chromosomes. The Einkorn germplasm tested had a significant variation for micronutrients, especially Zn and this variation could be exploited inbreeding programs. Chromosome 5 likely carries the genes affecting micronutrient accumulation in Einkorn seeds [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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129. Genetic variation among lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) landraces from Southeast Turkey.

Author

Toklu, F., Karaköy, T., Haklı, E., Bicer, T., Brandolini, A., Kilian, B., and ÖZkan, H.

Subjects
LENTILS, GENETIC polymorphisms, GENETIC research, PLANT genetics, PLANT germplasm, PLANT breeding
Abstract

The molecular characterization of cultivated plant genepools is of foremost importance for germplasm utilization in plant breeding. However, no comprehensive genetic fingerprinting of Turkish lentil landraces existed so far. To overcome this gap, 38 lentil landraces from southeast Turkey, together with six commercial varieties, were molecularly characterized using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers. The ISSR analysis, performed with 14 primers, yielded 105 polymorphic bands and the AFLP analysis, carried out with six primer combinations, amplified 119 polymorphic fragments. Even though the AFLP produced more bands per primer combinations, the ISSR detected more polymorphisms. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means dendrograms based on Jaccard similarities obtained from three data sets: (i) ISSR, (ii) AFLP and (iii) combined ISSR and AFLP data, were similar and separated the landraces into two main groups. Turkish lentil landraces exhibited considerable genetic diversity. One landrace from Karacadag/Diyarbakir region was significantly different from the rest of the germplasm analysed. Jaccard distances highlighted sharp differences among landraces over short geographic distances. The knowledge of regional differentiation has practical utility in the management of germplasm and in breeding programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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130. Estimating Genetic Diversity in Durum and Bread Wheat Cultivars from Turkey using AFLP and SAMPL Markers.

Author

Altıntaş, S., Toklu, F., Kafkas, S., Kilian, B., Brandolini, A., and ÖZkan, H.

Subjects
WHEAT varieties, GENETIC polymorphisms, MICROSATELLITE repeats, PLANT hybridization, BOTANY study & teaching
Abstract

Since 1925, more than 100 wheat varieties were developed and released in Turkey, and many more were introduced from abroad, but no systematic analysis of their genetic diversity has been performed yet. In this research, a total of 34 domestic and foreign cultivars (12 durum and 22 bread wheats), released in Turkey between 1936 and 2000, were fingerprinted by means of five amplified fragment length polymorphism and three selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL) primer combinations, to evaluate their genetic variation and to determine the existence of cultivar-specific bands. Among the 344 amplicons scored, 214 were polymorphic. The primer combination EACG/MAGG yielded the highest number and the primer combination SAMPL–6/M AGA produced the lowest number of polymorphic bands. Most cultivars were molecularly very similar, although a few distinct ones (the durum wheat ‘Kunduru–1149’ and the bread wheat ‘İkizce–96’) were also identified. Seven cultivar-specific markers for different bread wheat cultivars (‘Golia’, ‘Seri–82’, ‘Adana–99’, ‘Pandas’ and ‘Sertak–52’) and six cultivar-specific markers for durum wheat cv ‘Kunduru’ were observed. Our results show that genetic diversity among old and present–day wheat cultivar commonly grown in Turkey is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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131. Behavioral study of zooplankton response to high‐frequency acoustics

Author

Kilian B. Sullivan‐Silva and Michael J. Forbes

Subjects
Acoustics and Ultrasonics, biology, ved/biology, Acoustics, Data assessment, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Plankton, biology.organism_classification, Zooplankton, Oceanography, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Behavioral study, Environmental science, Bay, Copepod, Acartia tonsa
Abstract

An experimental investigation of behavioral patterns and responses of zooplankton was performed in Narragansett Bay, RI by the Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division, Newport, with scientists from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). Normal swim behaviors of zooplankton (unstimulated) were compared to behaviors of zooplankton subjected to high‐frequency acoustic pulses (stimulated). Of particular interest was the effect of acoustics on the jump or ‘‘burst’’ behavior of the zooplankton. The zooplankton were videotaped with the WHOI Video Plankton Recorder (VPR), resulting in approximately 30 h of video data from each of the VPR’s four cameras. The cameras were concentrically focused on the ensonified volume of water, with fields of view ranging from 6.3 to 0.5 cm. The dominant species observed was the copepod Acartia tonsa, ranging in size from approximately 0.2 to 1.5 cm. Data analyzed yield an average particle density of 117 000/m3, and overall burst rates per particle of 0.62 bursts/s with acoustics and 0.80 bursts/s with no acoustic stimulation. However, real‐time observations and a statistical data assessment reflect no quantitative difference in swim behaviors due to the acoustic stimulation.

Published
1992
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138. Joh. Georgii Dorschei D. Synopsis Theologiae Zacharianae Pars ... / 1 Ex Cap. IX. v. XI. deducta & Dissertationibus Academicis XII. Exposita in Universitate Argentoratensi

Author

Meyer, Joh. Philippus, Morhofius, Daniel Georg, Bootz, Johannes Conradus, Kellerus, Joh. Bernhardus, Kilian, B., Baumann, Michael, Bauschius, Bartholomaeus, Huobius, Johan. Georgius, Kochius, Thomas, Schneuber, Johann. Matthias, Binerus, Hilarius Ernestus, Hertelius, Casparus, Sellinger, Joh. Frid., Cölerus, Johannes Jacobus, Dorsch, Johann Georg, Meyer, Joh. Philippus, Morhofius, Daniel Georg, Bootz, Johannes Conradus, Kellerus, Joh. Bernhardus, Kilian, B., Baumann, Michael, Bauschius, Bartholomaeus, Huobius, Johan. Georgius, Kochius, Thomas, Schneuber, Johann. Matthias, Binerus, Hilarius Ernestus, Hertelius, Casparus, Sellinger, Joh. Frid., Cölerus, Johannes Jacobus, and Dorsch, Johann Georg

Abstract

Schlüsselseiten aus Exemplar Theol 4° 79/2 (2) (UFB Erfurt/Gotha), Vorlageform des Impressums: Francofurti, Apud Wilhelmum Richardum Stockium, Anno M.DC.LXVI.

139. Leich-Proceß Bey der Beysetzung Des weiland Durchleuchtigsten Fürstens und Herrns/ Herrn Johann Georgen des Andern/ Hertzogens zu Sachsen/ Jülich/ Cleve und Berg ... : aus dem Chur-Fürstlichen Schlosse Freudenstein zu Freyberg/ die Schloß-Gasse hinauff/ durch die Wein-Gasse/ übern Markt/ in die Dom-Kirche/ zwischen der zu beyden Seiten im Gewehr auffwartenden Bürgerschafft/ und dazwischen gemengten Berg-Knappen/ so nebenst ihren gewöhnlichen Berg-Parthen brennende Fackeln gehalten/ Den 10. Octobris, Abends/ Im Jahr 1680.

Author

Kilian, B., Kilian, Philipp, Johann Georg <II., Sachsen, Kurfürst>, Kilian, B., Kilian, Philipp, and Johann Georg <II., Sachsen, Kurfürst>

Abstract

Auch in: Geier, Martin: Sursum Deorsum! Oder Die alleredelste Sorgfalt Des weyland Durchlauchtigsten Fürsten und Herrn/ Herrn Johann Georgen Des Andern/ Hertzogens zu Sachsen/ Jülich/ Cleve und Berg ..., Nicht ident. mit VD17 14:011976E (dort steht auf dem Titelblatt: "... Hn. Johann Georgen ..."; abweichender Fingerprint), Schlüsselseiten aus dem Exemplar der ULB Halle: an Pon Vc 5042 a, 2° (2), Signaturformel: a - b4, c2, [3]

140. Volckhamer, Johannes (1576-)

Author

Kilian, B. (Graveur) and Kilian, B. (Graveur)

Abstract

Référence de l'image dans la banque d'images : anmpx28x3539. - Nombre d'images dans le lot : 1, Gravure - Burin, d'après G. Strauch

141. Volckhamer, Johannes (1576-)

Author

Kilian, B. (Graveur) and Kilian, B. (Graveur)

Abstract

Référence de l'image dans la banque d'images : anmpx28x3539. - Nombre d'images dans le lot : 1, Gravure - Burin, d'après G. Strauch

142. Joh. Georgii Dorschei D. Synopsis Theologiae Zacharianae Pars ... / 1 Ex Cap. IX. v. XI. deducta & Dissertationibus Academicis XII. Exposita in Universitate Argentoratensi

Author

Meyer, Joh. Philippus, Morhofius, Daniel Georg, Bootz, Johannes Conradus, Kellerus, Joh. Bernhardus, Kilian, B., Baumann, Michael, Bauschius, Bartholomaeus, Huobius, Johan. Georgius, Kochius, Thomas, Schneuber, Johann. Matthias, Binerus, Hilarius Ernestus, Hertelius, Casparus, Sellinger, Joh. Frid., Cölerus, Johannes Jacobus, Dorsch, Johann Georg, Meyer, Joh. Philippus, Morhofius, Daniel Georg, Bootz, Johannes Conradus, Kellerus, Joh. Bernhardus, Kilian, B., Baumann, Michael, Bauschius, Bartholomaeus, Huobius, Johan. Georgius, Kochius, Thomas, Schneuber, Johann. Matthias, Binerus, Hilarius Ernestus, Hertelius, Casparus, Sellinger, Joh. Frid., Cölerus, Johannes Jacobus, and Dorsch, Johann Georg

Abstract

Schlüsselseiten aus Exemplar Theol 4° 79/2 (2) (UFB Erfurt/Gotha), Vorlageform des Impressums: Francofurti, Apud Wilhelmum Richardum Stockium, Anno M.DC.LXVI.

143. Leich-Proceß Bey der Beysetzung Des weiland Durchleuchtigsten Fürstens und Herrns/ Herrn Johann Georgen des Andern/ Hertzogens zu Sachsen/ Jülich/ Cleve und Berg ... : aus dem Chur-Fürstlichen Schlosse Freudenstein zu Freyberg/ die Schloß-Gasse hinauff/ durch die Wein-Gasse/ übern Markt/ in die Dom-Kirche/ zwischen der zu beyden Seiten im Gewehr auffwartenden Bürgerschafft/ und dazwischen gemengten Berg-Knappen/ so nebenst ihren gewöhnlichen Berg-Parthen brennende Fackeln gehalten/ Den 10. Octobris, Abends/ Im Jahr 1680.

Author

Kilian, B., Kilian, Philipp, Johann Georg <II., Sachsen, Kurfürst>, Kilian, B., Kilian, Philipp, and Johann Georg <II., Sachsen, Kurfürst>

Abstract

Auch in: Geier, Martin: Sursum Deorsum! Oder Die alleredelste Sorgfalt Des weyland Durchlauchtigsten Fürsten und Herrn/ Herrn Johann Georgen Des Andern/ Hertzogens zu Sachsen/ Jülich/ Cleve und Berg ..., Nicht ident. mit VD17 14:011976E (dort steht auf dem Titelblatt: "... Hn. Johann Georgen ..."; abweichender Fingerprint), Schlüsselseiten aus dem Exemplar der ULB Halle: an Pon Vc 5042 a, 2° (2), Signaturformel: a - b4, c2, [3]

147. Inflammatory fibroblasts mediate resistance to neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer.

Author

Nicolas, Adele M., Pesic, Marina, Engel, Esther, Ziegler, Paul K., Diefenhardt, Markus, Kennel, Kilian B., Buettner, Florian, Conche, Claire, Petrocelli, Valentina, Elwakeel, Eiman, Weigert, Andreas, Zinoveva, Anna, Fleischmann, Maximilian, Häupl, Björn, Karakütük, Cem, Bohnenberger, Hanibal, Mosa, Mohammed H., Kaderali, Lars, Gaedcke, Jochen, and Ghadimi, Michael

Subjects
*RECTAL cancer, *FIBROBLASTS, *NEOADJUVANT chemotherapy, *CANCER treatment, *P53 protein, *NATURAL immunity, *TISSUE remodeling
Abstract

Standard cancer therapy targets tumor cells without considering possible damage on the tumor microenvironment that could impair therapy response. In rectal cancer patients we find that inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts (iCAFs) are associated with poor chemoradiotherapy response. Employing a murine rectal cancer model or patient-derived tumor organoids and primary stroma cells, we show that, upon irradiation, interleukin-1α (IL-1α) not only polarizes cancer-associated fibroblasts toward the inflammatory phenotype but also triggers oxidative DNA damage, thereby predisposing iCAFs to p53-mediated therapy-induced senescence, which in turn results in chemoradiotherapy resistance and disease progression. Consistently, IL-1 inhibition, prevention of iCAFs senescence, or senolytic therapy sensitizes mice to irradiation, while lower IL-1 receptor antagonist serum levels in rectal patients correlate with poor prognosis. Collectively, we unravel a critical role for iCAFs in rectal cancer therapy resistance and identify IL-1 signaling as an attractive target for stroma-repolarization and prevention of cancer-associated fibroblasts senescence. [Display omitted] • Inflammatory CAFs are associated with poor prognosis in rectal cancer • Oxidative DNA damage in iCAFs is a pre-requisite for irradiation-induced senescence • IL-1 inhibition prevents iCAF senescence upon irradiation, improving therapy response • IL-1 signaling is enhanced by low serum IL-1RA in patients with poor prognosis Nicolas et al. highlight the important role of inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts (iCAFs) for therapy response of rectal cancer patients. They demonstrate that IL-1-dependent signaling elevates oxidative DNA damage in iCAFs, which upon irradiation undergo senescence. This causes tissue remodeling and therapy resistance that can be overcome by inhibiting IL-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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148. Durum wheat genome highlights past domestication signatures and future improvement targets

Author

Ron MacLachlan, Elisabetta Frascaroli, Nils Stein, Matteo Gnocchi, Sven Twardziok, Heidrun Gundlach, Daniela Marone, Arthur T. O. Melo, Marco Moscatelli, Gabriella Sonnante, Steven S. Xu, Roberto Tuberosa, Silvio Salvi, Sean Walkowiak, Raz Avni, Axel Himmelbach, E. Mica, Reem Joukhadar, Raj K. Pasam, Jasline Deek, Marco Maccaferri, Andrew G. Sharpe, Domenica Nigro, Aldo Ceriotti, Sezgi Biyiklioglu, Ron Knox, Paolo Cozzi, Curtis J. Pozniak, Gregory J. Taylor, Kevin Y. H. Liang, Caterina Marè, Hakan Özkan, Nicola Pecchioni, Anna M. Mastrangelo, Verena M. Prade, Alessandra Stella, Sara Giulia Milner, Martin Mascher, Iago Hale, Luigi Cattivelli, Krystalee Wiebe, Shiaoman Chao, Elisabetta Mazzucotelli, Klaus F. X. Mayer, Michael O. Pumphrey, Agata Gadaleta, Jennifer Ens, Pasquale De Vita, Assaf Distelfeld, Thomas Lux, Cristina Crosatti, Massimiliano Lauria, Chu Shin Koh, Luciano Milanesi, Neil S. Harris, Barbara Lazzari, Simona Corneti, Matthew J. Hayden, Paolo Bagnaresi, Benjamin Kilian, Justin D. Faris, John M. Clarke, Andrea Manconi, Manuel Spannagl, Francesca Desiderio, Primetta Faccioli, Danara Ormanbekova, Hikmet Budak, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Maccaferri M., Harris N.S., Twardziok S.O., Pasam R.K., Gundlach H., Spannagl M., Ormanbekova D., Lux T., Prade V.M., Milner S.G., Himmelbach A., Mascher M., Bagnaresi P., Faccioli P., Cozzi P., Lauria M., Lazzari B., Stella A., Manconi A., Gnocchi M., Moscatelli M., Avni R., Deek J., Biyiklioglu S., Frascaroli E., Corneti S., Salvi S., Sonnante G., Desiderio F., Mare C., Crosatti C., Mica E., Ozkan H., Kilian B., De Vita P., Marone D., Joukhadar R., Mazzucotelli E., Nigro D., Gadaleta A., Chao S., Faris J.D., Melo A.T.O., Pumphrey M., Pecchioni N., Milanesi L., Wiebe K., Ens J., MacLachlan R.P., Clarke J.M., Sharpe A.G., Koh C.S., Liang K.Y.H., Taylor G.J., Knox R., Budak H., Mastrangelo A.M., Xu S.S., Stein N., Hale I., Distelfeld A., Hayden M.J., Tuberosa R., Walkowiak S., Mayer K.F.X., Ceriotti A., Pozniak C.J., and Cattivelli L.

Subjects
Adenosine Triphosphatase, Triticum turgidum ssp. durum, Quantitative Trait Loci, Locus (genetics), Biology, Genome, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Synteny, Chromosomes, Plant, Chromosomes, Domestication, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Adenosine Triphosphatases, Cadmium, Genetic Variation, Genome, Plant, Phylogeny, Plant Breeding, Plant Proteins, Selection, Genetic, Tetraploidy, Triticum, Genetic, Genetic variation, Genetics, Plant breeding, Polymorphism, Selection, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Genetic diversity, cadmium accumulation, Plant Protein, food and beverages, Plant, Single Nucleotide, ddc, Genetic divergence, genome sequencing, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

PubMedID: 30962619 The domestication of wild emmer wheat led to the selection of modern durum wheat, grown mainly for pasta production. We describe the 10.45 gigabase (Gb) assembly of the genome of durum wheat cultivar Svevo. The assembly enabled genome-wide genetic diversity analyses revealing the changes imposed by thousands of years of empirical selection and breeding. Regions exhibiting strong signatures of genetic divergence associated with domestication and breeding were widespread in the genome with several major diversity losses in the pericentromeric regions. A locus on chromosome 5B carries a gene encoding a metal transporter (TdHMA3-B1) with a non-functional variant causing high accumulation of cadmium in grain. The high-cadmium allele, widespread among durum cultivars but undetected in wild emmer accessions, increased in frequency from domesticated emmer to modern durum wheat. The rapid cloning of TdHMA3-B1 rescues a wild beneficial allele and demonstrates the practical use of the Svevo genome for wheat improvement. © 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc. Western Grains Research Foundation Ministry of Agriculture - Saskatchewan Israel Science Foundation: 1137/17 031A536 FP7 Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Biotechnology: DROPS ID244347 Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada InterOmics PB05 Genome Prairie United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation: 2015409 Genome Canada Saskatchewan Canola Development Commission 2819103915 PIR01_00017 3060-21000-038-00-D We acknowledge the funding support of: the Italian Ministry of Education and Research with projects CNR Flagship InterOmics PB05 (L.M., A.C., G.S.), PON ELIXIR CNR-BiOmics PIR01_00017 (L.M., M.G., M.Mo.) and PON ISCOCEM (P.D.); CREA project Interomics (L.C.); Fondazione in rete per la ricerca agroalimentare AGER project From Seed to Pasta (R.T.); FP7-KBBE Project DROPS ID244347 (R.T.); Genome Canada (A.G.S., C.P.); the Western Grain Research Foundation (A.G.S., C.P.); the Manitoba Wheat and Barley Commission (A.G.S., C.P.); the Saskatchewan Wheat Development Commission (A.G.S., C.P.); the Alberta Wheat Development Commission (A.G.S., C.P.); the Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture (A.G.S., C.P.); the administrative support of Genome Prairie (A.G.S., C.P.); Canadian Triticum Applied Genomics -CTAG2-(A.G.S., C.P.); Binational Science Foundation grant no. 2015409 (I.H., A.D.); Israel Science Foundation grant no. 1137/17 (A.D.); USDA-Agricultural Research Service Current Research Information System project 3060-21000-038-00-D (J.D.F., S.S.X.); German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture grant no. 2819103915 (N.S., K.F.X.M.); German Ministry of Education and Research grant no. 031A536 (K.F.X.M.); and Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada grant nos. SPG 336119-06 and RGPIN 92787 (G.J.T., C.P.). The authors are grateful to E. Elias (North Dakota State University) for providing nine DW cultivars, included in the Global Tetraploid Wheat Collection and E. Scarpella (University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada) for assistance with confocal microscopy.

Published
2019
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149. Genetic Linkage Map of Anatolian Durum Wheat Derived from a Cross of Kunduru-1149 × Cham1

Author

Benjamin Kilian, Hakan Özkan, Ahmad Alsaleh, M. M. Nachit, Muazzez Derya, Faheem Shehzad Baloch, Mohamad Azrak, Alsaleh, A., International Center of Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Çukurova, Adana, 01330, Turkey -- Baloch, F.S., Department of Field Crops, University of Çukurova, Adana, 01330, Turkey, Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Section of Plant Genetic Resources, Niğde University, Niğde, Turkey -- Derya, M., Department of Field Crops, University of Çukurova, Adana, 01330, Turkey -- Azrak, M., International Center of Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic -- Kilian, B., Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Genebank/Genome Diversity, Corrensstrasse 3, Gatersleben, 06466, Germany -- Özkan, H., Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Çukurova, Adana, 01330, Turkey, Department of Field Crops, University of Çukurova, Adana, 01330, Turkey -- Nachit, M., International Center of Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic, Çukurova Üniversitesi, and 0-Belirlenecek

Subjects
Genetics, Genetic diversity, education.field_of_study, AFLP, SSP, Turkey, Population, food and beverages, Plant Science, Biology, Genetic linkage map, SSR, Genetic linkage, Genetic structure, Botany, Microsatellite, Amplified fragment length polymorphism, Gene pool, education, Domestication, Molecular Biology, Durum wheat
Abstract

Until now, only a few genetic and physical maps had been constructed for durum wheat, mostly from the gene pools of only few geographic regions. The Fertile Crescent, particularly southeastern Turkey, is thought to be the primary center of wheat domestication and diversity. In spite of the importance of the genetic diversity from this area, a severe lack of information on the genetic structure of the durum wheat gene pool from this region is evident. For example, thus far, no efforts have been made to understand the genetic structure of the Anatolian durum wheat gene pool, despite its importance in durum wheat breeding. This study aimed to provide a new insight into the genetic structure of the durum wheat from Anatolia. The present study represents the first genetic linkage map of durum wheat from Anatolia, containing one famous Turkish local cultivar Kunduru-1149. The genetic linkage map was constructed using a population of 141 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the Turkish cultivar Kunduru-1149 and ICARDA cultivar Cham1. Linkage analysis resulted in a final linkage map spanning 4853.8 cM, which comprised 395 polymorphic marker loci (213 simple sequence repeats [SSRs], 146 amplified fragment length polymorphisms [AFLPs], and 36 seed storage proteins [SSPs]). The detected loci were distributed over 15 linkage groups on 14 whole chromosomes of durum wheat. Most of the markers (70.7 %) used in this map segregated according to Mendelian laws. This linkage map represents a key starting point toward understanding the genome structure of Anatolian durum wheat to genetically evaluate important agromorphological and qualitative characteristics. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Published
2015

150. Genetic erosion in domesticated barley and a hypothesis of a North African centre of diversity.

Author

Civáň P, Fricano A, Russell J, Pont C, Özkan H, Kilian B, and Brown TA

Abstract

Barley is one of the founder crops of the Neolithic transition in West Asia. While recent advances in genomics have provided a rather detailed picture of barley domestication, there are contradictory views on how the domestication process affected genetic diversity. We set out to revisit this question by integrating public DNA sequencing data from ancient barley and wide collections of extant wild and domesticated accessions. Using two previously overlooked approaches - analyses of chloroplast genomes and genome-wide proportions of private variants - we found that the barley cultivated six millennia ago was genetically unique and more diverse when compared to extant landraces and cultivars. Moreover, the chloroplast genomes revealed a link between the ancient barley, an obscure wild genotype from north-eastern Libya, and a distinct population of barley cultivated in Ethiopia/Eritrea. Based on these results, we hypothesize past existence of a wider North African population that included both wild and cultivated types and suffered from genetic erosion in the past six millennia, likely due to a rapid desertification that ended the Holocene African humid period. Besides providing clues about the origin of Ethiopian landraces, the hypothesis explains the post-domestication loss of diversity observed in barley. Analyses of additional samples will be necessary to resolve the history of African barley and its contribution to the extant cultivated gene pool., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest., (© 2024 The Author(s). Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2024
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