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Additional file 1. Additional tables and figure.

© Yusuf Khan (2021) Livsstilsrelaterte sykdommer er utbredt, og forekomsten øker i en alarmerende hastighet i den menneskelige befolkningen. Disse sykdommene er forbundet med aldring, en stillesittende livsstil og/eller dårlig kosthold, og er vanligvis ledsaget av tap av muskelstyrke, muskelmasse og endringer i muskelbiologi. Sistnevnte kan behandles og forhindres av vektbærende treningsøvelser (motstandstrening), som stimulerer vekst og opprettholder helsen til menneskelig skjelettmuskel, det største organet i kroppen. RNA-seq er en mye brukt metode for å studere cellulære egenskaper og endringer derav (inkludert muskelplastisitet) under forskjellige forhold på et gitt tidspunkt. Den produserer en stor mengde data, og mange verktøy har blitt brukt for å lette analysen. Flere studier har fokusert på å sammenligne forskjellige verktøy for RNA-seq analyse. Imidlertid er det for øyeblikket ingen pipeline spesifikk for å analysere skjelettmuskeldata eller transkriptomrespons på motstandstrening. Derfor er det avgjørende å identifisere verktøy spesielt for motstandstreningsindusert vekst i skjelettmuskulatur. I tillegg er hvert datasett annerledes og trenger grundig evaluering av verktøy for å bestemme hvilket som er best for et gitt prosjekt. Hovedmålet med oppgaven var å utvikle RNA-seq dataanalyse strategier for å analysere transkriptomresponser av skjelettmuskulatur på motstandstrening og å bruke disse til å studere to forskjellige datasett. YOUNG datasett (18 - 40 år) - RNA-seq data fra muskelbiopsier samlet fra deltakere trent i 12 uker med to forskjellige treningsvolumer. For dette datasettet var målet å undersøke virkningene av treningsvolum for transkriptomresponser. OLDER datasett (56 - 77 år) - RNA-seq fra muskelbiopsier samlet fra deltakere, både friske og med kronisk obstruktiv lungesykdomsdiagnose (KOL), som ble trent i 13 uker med to forskjellige treningsbelastninger og utstyrt med enten vitamin D3 eller placebo tilskudd. For dette datasettet var målet å undersøke virkningen av vitamin D3-tilskudd og KOL-diagnose for transkriptomresponser. Det YOUNG datasettet ble brukt til å utvikle den standardiserte RNA-seq pipeline. Bioinformatiske verktøy ble valgt ut fra lesekvalitet, observerte gentall, metodologisk variasjon mellom parede observasjoner og korrelasjoner mellom mRNA-overflod og proteinuttrykk av myosin tungkjede familieproteiner. Basert på å utforske effekten av å bruke forskjellige normaliseringsstrategier, antyder våre resultater at det kan være nødvendig å ta hensyn til biologisk skjevhet forårsaket av globale endringer i den totale RNA (per vevsmasse) for å øke den biologiske relevansen av transkriptomanalyser. Denne utviklede pipeline ble brukt på de YOUNG og OLDER datasettene for å gi en bedre forståelse av muskeltransskriptomresponser. I det YOUNG datasettet var de to 6 forskjellige motstandstreningsvolumene assosiert med differensial uttrykk av 21 gener i uke 2, hovedsakelig relatert til ekstracellulær remodellering. I motsetning ble det ikke observert noen lett forklarbare doseavhengigheter i uke 12. I det OLDER datasettet påvirket verken vitamin D3-tilskudd eller KOL-diagnose transkriptomresponsene på trening, når estimert på enkeltgenivå. Anrikningsanalyser viste imidlertid at begge forholdene var forbundet med små effekter på responsmønstre. For eksempel var vitamin D3 assosiert med økt uttrykk av gensett som er involvert i endotelproliferasjon og blodkarmorfogenese sammenlignet med placebo (uke 13), og KOL var assosiert med mer markante reduksjoner i gensett knyttet til oksidativ fosforylering og myogenese. Resultatene fra denne studien kan potensielt bidra til å forstå transkriptomiske endringer i trening og faktorer som påvirker treningsrespons, noe som kan bidra til å designe bedre treningsprotokoller for sunn aldring og liv. Summary in English Lifestyle-related diseases are widespread, and their incidences are increasing at an alarming rate in the human population. These diseases are associated with ageing, a sedentary lifestyle and/or poor diet and are usually accompanied by loss of muscle strength, muscle mass, and changes in muscle biology. The latter may be treated and prevented by weight-bearing training exercises (resistance training), which stimulates growth and maintain the health of the human skeletal muscle, the largest organ in the body. RNA-seq is a widely used method to study cellular characteristics and changes thereof (including muscle plasticity) under different conditions at a given time point. It produces a large amount of data, and many tools and different pipelines have been used to facilitate analysis. Several studies have focused on comparing different tools for RNA-seq data analysis. However, currently, there is no pipeline specific for analysing skeletal muscle data or transcriptome response to resistance training. Therefore, it is crucial to identify tools specifically for resistance training-induced growth in skeletal muscle. Moreover, each dataset is different and needs careful evaluation of tools to decide which is best for a given project. The main aim of the thesis was to develop RNA-seq data analysis strategies to analyse skeletal muscle transcriptome responses to resistance training and to employ these to study two different datasets. YOUNG dataset (18 – 40 years) – RNA-seq data from muscle biopsies collected from participants trained for 12 weeks with two different training volumes. For this dataset, the aim was to investigate the impacts of training volume for transcriptome responses. OLDER dataset (56 - 77 years) – RNA-seq from muscle biopsies collected from participants, both healthy and with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnosis, which were trained for 13 weeks with two different training loads and provided with either vitamin D3 or placebo supplementation. This dataset aimed to investigate the impact of vitamin D3 supplementation and COPD diagnosis for transcriptome responses. The YOUNG dataset was used to develop the standardised RNA-seq pipeline. Bioinformatic tools were selected based on read quality, observed gene counts, methodological variation between paired observations, and correlations between mRNA abundance and protein expression of myosin heavy chain family proteins. Based on exploring the effects of using different normalisation strategies, our results suggest that it may be necessary to account for biological biasness caused by global changes in the total RNA population (per tissue mass) to increase the biological relevance of transcriptome analyses. This developed pipeline was used on the YOUNG and OLDER datasets to understand better muscle transcriptome responses to the above-mentioned resistance training interventions. In the YOUNG dataset, the two different resistance training volumes were associated with differential expression of 21 genes at week 2, mostly related to extracellular remodelling. In contrast, no readily explainable dose-dependencies were observed at Week 12. In the OLDER dataset, neither vitamin D3 supplementation nor COPD diagnosis affected transcriptome responses to training, as estimated at the single-gene level. However, enrichment analyses revealed that both conditions were associated with slight effects on response patterns. For example, vitamin D3 was associated with increased expression of gene sets involved in endothelial proliferation and blood vessel morphogenesis compared to placebo (Week 13). COPD was associated with more pronounced decreases in gene sets relating to oxidative phosphorylation and myogenesis. The results from this study could potentially help understand transcriptomic changes of training and factors affecting training response, which could help design better training protocols for healthy ageing and life.

In this short paper, the authors try to underline the importance of innovation destination promotion strategies for the developing countries of the world. Their importance in peace, prosperity and economic growth is of major importance and can be the foundation upon which developing countries can built their economies and alter in general their economic and social structures in order to overcome their handicapped and become a part of the developed world. This paper aims in create awareness among people not only in the touristic industry but also, academics, politicians, tourists and people who already live in developing countries. Key words: Tourism, developing countries, promotion, strategies

Background Work environment has a great influence on health of an industrial worker. Various health effects have been reported in workers of small and large-scale industries. The pulmonary involvement among the workers in small bakeries was assessed in the present work. Methods Thirty bakery workers between 20–40 years of age, working for at least 1 year were assessed for their respiratory symptoms and pulmonary functions. Parameters were compared with 30 age and sex matched controls that were not exposed to the same environment. Results Respiratory symptoms were observed in the exposed group-cough and breathlessness being the commonest. A significant decrease in forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) (2.89 ± 0.52 vs. 3.38 ± 0.48) and forced vital capacity (FVC) (3.37 ± 0.44 vs. 3.75 ± 0.62) was observed in bakery workers. No significant difference was observed in the flow rates, FEV1/FVC ratio and other lung volumes and capacities. Conclusion Results are pointing towards restrictive involvement of lungs in these workers. Regular periodic screening and preventive measures should be undertaken.

This paper aims to analyse the use of brandingand market segmentation from a hotel marketing perspective. The use of brandinghas enabled market segmentation and delivered financial and organisationalgrowth for hotel operators. This application of marketing has increased valuefor the organisation and the customer by delivering a level of service that istailored to the consumer expectations and needs. Branding brings the qualityassurance and leads to customer loyalty and greater customer choice. The papersupports the argument that brand creation makes the management of hotels morecomplex and can lead to inefficiency which the hotel management must decide ifbranding is a useful tactic or not. We argue that not all organisations havethe resources to implement market segmentation and smaller operators find itincreasingly difficult to compete against larger competitors. The modern hotelindustry is increasingly competitive and market segmentation is expected tocontinue. Modern communications and ICT developments have eroded the value ofbrands and the competitive advantage they bring over smaller independent hotels.Consumer power is a growing trend that hotels must deal with and redefinestheir supply chain model. Brand owners are required to remember that theproduct and guest satisfaction should be the ultimate goal for an organisationas it increases brand value and encourages customer loyalty. Marketing andbranding cannot be discussed in isolation within an organisation and brandprinciples should be carried out throughout the entire customer experience forcommercial success.

This study has tried to focus on the gravity of burnout in medical professionals, its lack of awareness among the medical fraternity, and the importance of its knowledge and awareness worldwide. This study represents a fundamental conceptual understanding of burnout among the medical fraternity, create awareness of health hazard in conjecture to their profession and hope to create an interest in developing diagnostic tools, to monitor and manage burnout in medical schools and hospitals. Besides it also stress upon developing laws to compensate those who are suffering from burnout and study their prevalence in developing countries. It also highlights the effect of burnout on the economy of any country with some examples and stressed the importance of its awareness not only in the interest of the medical fraternity but also in the best interest of the country itself.