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Background: In India the incidence of colorectal cancers is moderate to low but the five year survival of colorectal cancers in India is one of the lowest in the world. The poor survival rate warrants the assessment of reasons. Population based data is available only from few regions in India. Hospital based data may give a crude idea regarding the cancer distribution in the respective areas.Methods: The present study was carried out at a tertiary rural hospital in central India. A total of 216 cases of primary malignant tumors of colon and rectum presenting over a period of 10 year interval from 1994 to 2004 were analyzed for demographic and clinical presentation.ResultsThe peak incidence of cancer of colon and rectum was in 7th and 6th decade respectively. The M: F ratio was found to be 1.6: 1 for colorectal cancers combined. The mean age of presentation was 50.6 years. 25% patients with colorectal cancers were below age of 40 years. 48.3% patients with cancer of colon and 79.5% with cancer of rectum had locoregional disease, while 38.2% and 15.7% had distant spread respectively.Conclusions: Rectal cancer was found to be much commoner than colonic cancer supporting the case of independent etiologies. The incidence of colorectal cancer in young patients was high. Disease confined to the primary organ when the patient is first treated was very low.

The Internet of Things as of late utilized in numerous things. The IOT is utilized for some reasons. Internet of Things (IoT) is increasing the value of items and applications in the ongoing years. The availability of the IoT gadgets over the system has generally diminished the force utilization, heartiness and network to get to information over the system. The adjustments in atmosphere prompted the expanded significance of natural checking. So, as to decide the nature of the earth, consistent following of the ecological parameter is required. As the IoT is the most rising innovation, it assumes a significant job in gathering the data from the detecting unit. For the most part detecting unit is made out of various sensors like temperature, mugginess, dampness and so forth., the paper utilizes an Arduino UNO, Wi-Fi module that helps in handling and moving the detected information to the cloud. Consequently, the parameter got is put away in the cloud stage. The adjustment in the earth is refreshed as a database through the distributed computing technique. Thing talk additionally give an element to make an open based channel to investigate and appraise it through the general population., {"references":["L. Atzori, A. Iera, G. Morabito (2010), \"The internet of things: A survey\", Comp. Net., Volume 54, Issue 15, pp. 2787–2805, DOI: 10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.010","Z. Chowdhury et al. (2007), \"Speciation of ambient fine organic carbon particles and source apportionment of PM2. 5 in Indian cities\", J. of Geophys. Res. Atmos., Volume 112, pp. 1–14, DOI: 10.1029/2007JD008386","R. K. Pathak, W. S. Wu, T. Wang (2008), \"Summertime PM 2.5 ionic species in four major cities of China: nitrate formation in an ammonia-deficient atmosphere\", Atmos. Chem. and Phy., Volume 9, Issue 5, pp. 1711–1722, DOI: 10.5194/acp-9-1711-2009","S. Pongpiachan et al. (2013), \"Chemical characterization of organic functional group compositions in PM2. 5 collected at nine administrative provinces in northern Thailand during the Haze Episode in 2013\", Asian Pacif. J. Can. Prev., Volume 14, Issue 6, pp. 3653–3661, DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.6.3653","S. Pongpiachan, D. Tipmanee, C. Khumsup, I. Kittikoon, P. Hirunyatrakul (2015), \"Assessing risks to adults and preschool children posed by PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during a biomass burning episode in Northern Thailand\", Sci. of the Total Environ., Volume 508, pp. 435–444, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.019"]}

As SRM doesn't have permanent magnet, it is light weight motor and has constant power output capability which finds application primarily in space applications and Electric Vehicle because of high torque to weight ratio and low rotor inertia. It has small size, high efficiency, low cost. Hence, day by day Switched Reluctance Motor is becoming best alternative to DC and BLDC motors. In this paper MATLAB Simulink model is used to analyze controller performance. Selection of angle for region of operation to trigger the converter is explained here. With feasible approximations, nonlinear nature of SRM can be explained with its linear model having dynamic behavior, for the sake of simplicity and study purpose.

Introduction Population-based HIV-free survival at 18–24 months of age among HIV-exposed infants in high prevalence settings in the era of treatment for all is largely unknown. We conducted a community-based survey to determine outcomes of HIV-exposed infants at 18–24 months in Lesotho. Methods Between November 2015 and December 2016, we conducted a survey among households with a child born 18–24 months prior to data collection. Catchment areas from 25 health facilities in Butha-Buthe, Maseru, Mohale’s Hoek and Thaba-Tseka districts were randomly selected using probability proportional to size sampling. Consecutive households were visited and eligible consenting caregivers and children were enrolled. Rapid HIV antibody testing was performed on mothers of unknown HIV status (never tested or tested HIV-negative >3 months prior) and their children, and to children born to known HIV-positive mothers. Information on demographics, health-seeking behavior, HIV, and mortality were captured for mothers and children, including those who died. The difference in survival between subgroups was determined using the log-rank test. Results Of the 1,852 mothers/caregivers enrolled, 570 mothers were HIV-positive. The mother-to-child HIV transmission rate was 5.7% [95% CI: 4.0–8.0]. The mortality rate was 2.6% [95% CI: 1.6–4.2] among HIV-exposed children compared to 1.4% (95% CI: 0.9–2.3) among HIV-unexposed children. HIV-free survival was 91.8% [95% CI: 89.2–93.8] among HIV-exposed infants. Disclosure of mother’s HIV status (aOR = 4.9, 95% CI: 1.3–18.2) and initiation of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in the child (aOR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.2–12.6) were independently associated with increased HIV-free survival while child growth problems (aOR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.09–0.5) were independently associated with reduced HIV-free survival. Conclusion Even in the context of lifelong antiretroviral therapy among pregnant and breastfeeding women, HIV has a significant effect on survival among HIV-exposed children compared to unexposed children. Lesotho has not reached elimination of HIV transmission from mother to child.

IntroductionPopulation-based HIV-free survival at 18-24 months of age among HIV-exposed infants in high prevalence settings in the era of treatment for all is largely unknown. We conducted a community-based survey to determine outcomes of HIV-exposed infants at 18-24 months in Lesotho.MethodsBetween November 2015 and December 2016, we conducted a survey among households with a child born 18-24 months prior to data collection. Catchment areas from 25 health facilities in Butha-Buthe, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek and Thaba-Tseka districts were randomly selected using probability proportional to size sampling. Consecutive households were visited and eligible consenting caregivers and children were enrolled. Rapid HIV antibody testing was performed on mothers of unknown HIV status (never tested or tested HIV-negative >3 months prior) and their children, and to children born to known HIV-positive mothers. Information on demographics, health-seeking behavior, HIV, and mortality were captured for mothers and children, including those who died. The difference in survival between subgroups was determined using the log-rank test.ResultsOf the 1,852 mothers/caregivers enrolled, 570 mothers were HIV-positive. The mother-to-child HIV transmission rate was 5.7% [95% CI: 4.0-8.0]. The mortality rate was 2.6% [95% CI: 1.6-4.2] among HIV-exposed children compared to 1.4% (95% CI: 0.9-2.3) among HIV-unexposed children. HIV-free survival was 91.8% [95% CI: 89.2-93.8] among HIV-exposed infants. Disclosure of mother's HIV status (aOR = 4.9, 95% CI: 1.3-18.2) and initiation of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in the child (aOR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.2-12.6) were independently associated with increased HIV-free survival while child growth problems (aOR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.09-0.5) were independently associated with reduced HIV-free survival.ConclusionEven in the context of lifelong antiretroviral therapy among pregnant and breastfeeding women, HIV has a significant effect on survival among HIV-exposed children compared to unexposed children. Lesotho has not reached elimination of HIV transmission from mother to child.

It is well established that resource quantity and elemental stoichiometry play major roles in shaping below and aboveground plant biodiversity, but their importance for shaping microbial diversity in soil remains unclear. Here, we used statistical modeling on a regional database covering 179 locations and six ecosystem types across Scotland to evaluate the roles of total carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availabilities and ratios, together with land use, climate and biotic and abiotic factors, in determining regional scale patterns of soil bacterial diversity. We found that bacterial diversity and composition were primarily driven by variation in soil resource stoichiometry (total C:N:P ratios), itself linked to different land uses, and secondarily driven by other important biodiversity drivers such as climate, soil spatial heterogeneity, soil pH, root influence (plant-soil microbe interactions) and microbial biomass (soil microbe-microbe interactions). In aggregate, these findings provide evidence that nutrient stoichiometry is a strong predictor of bacterial diversity and composition at a regional scale.

In pediatric age group, Intussusception is the most common cause of acute intestinal obstruction. They present with the classic clinical triad of colicky abdominal pain, vomiting and bloody stools. But clinically very few patients (20%) present with this classical symptoms. This article highlights an importance of suspecting intussusception by physician and rare presentations of intussusception lump in abdomen in a child with abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms. Here a case reported of 16-year-old male child who presented with migrating lump in abdomen on and off with varied clinical presentation every time in single admission. Patient underwent laparotomy and manual reduction of intussusception was done. It is advisable to have high suspicion of intussusception while dealing with such cases.

Now a day people are facing many health related problems. There is large amount of data that is not structured. The gathered information is raw and unstructured in the nature, so there is a need of converting it to meaningful services. In this paper such system is developed which will provide web service that will be available to any other person easily. Every person should get the healthcare services anywhere, every time even at their home also. For this purpose a platform is developed so that patient specially senior citizens can know their electro Cardiogram (ECG) or also can be said as heart rate, oxygen rate, temperature rate, through an android mobile application specially developed for the healthcare. This overall concept is developed under the Internet of Things as well as cloud computing environment. App which is developed named as ‘Patient Health Monitoring’. This paper gives an idea about Adriano kit which used in the project. This paper also gives an idea about the sensors which are used to measure above mentioned measures. A Bluetooth sensors is also used here for the connectivity. Server will be any network connection such as Wi-Fi.

Summary Biodiversity is declining world-wide with detrimental effects on ecosystems. However, we lack a quantitative understanding of the shape of the relationship between microbial biodiversity and ecosystem function (BEF). This limits our understanding of how microbial diversity depletion can impact key functions for human well-being, including pollutant detoxification. Three independent microcosm experiments were conducted to evaluate the direction (i.e. positive, negative or null) and the shape of the relationships between bacterial diversity and both broad (i.e. microbial respiration) and specialized (i.e. toxin degradation) functions in five Australian and two UK freshwater ecosystems using next-generation sequencing platforms. Reduced bacterial diversity, even after accounting for biomass, caused a decrease in broad (i.e. cumulative microbial respiration) and specialized (biodegradation of two important toxins) functions in all cases. Unlike the positive but decelerating BEF relationship observed most frequently in plants and animals, most evaluated functional measurements were related to bacterial diversity in a non-redundant fashion (e.g. exponentially and/or linearly). Synthesis. Our results suggest that there is a lack of functional redundancy in the relationship between bacterial diversity and ecosystem functioning; thus, the consequences of declining microbial diversity on ecosystem functioning and human welfare have likely been considerably underestimated.

This paper presents an approach to identify gender from the first name of users. The name identification is carried out by identifying similarities from male and female gender names. 300 male and female gender student names belonging to Hindu religion are chosen for the current research work.Decision Tree induction (J48) is used to categorized names into male and female class. The J48 produce 96% accuracy for 40 % training and 60% testing percentage split.

The production and distribution of counterfeit drugs is an urgent and increasingly critical worldwide issue, especially in pandemics. The imperfect supply chain system in the pharmaceutical industry is one of the reasons for drug counterfeiting. Drugs ownership changes from manufacturers to wholesaler, distributor, and then pharmacist before it reaches the customer thus making it difficult to keep track of it. In this paper, we have compared the existing proposed architectures of blockchain and IoT based supply chain management systems. The system implemented using hyper ledger fabric ensures sharing, storing, transparency, and traceability of data in each link of the supply chain. On the other hand, Ethereum architecture utilized the features of smart contracts to manage the interactions between sender and receiver. Finally, the study mainly focuses on increasing the safety of pharmaceutical products and reducing the manual operation of the supply chain with the most efficient architecture.

Clean and hygienic environment represents an important aspect in the society development. The flooded bins are making an unhygienic condition in the majority of urban area. A proficient brilliant waste accumulation framework must be created to defeat these circumstances. As the scope of IOT is developing day by day effective methods can be found out easily. Various designs were proposed and have advantages as well as disadvantages. This paper surveys a number of the more promising of technique within the field of waste control system.

Industrial automation has become very much popular these days because of upcoming demand in the competitive scenario. This project proposed a secured and energy efficient wireless industrial automation system via IOT and WSN technology. In this system small scale industrial sensing applications like temperature control, proximity sensing, humidity monitoring etc. can monitor wirelessly through wireless devices. The small, rugged, inexpensive and low powered WSN node consisting sensors and ARM-7 will bring the IoT to even the smallest objects installed in any kind of environment, at reasonable costs. Raspberry-Pi module is used as IOT gateway. IoT is used for transmission and reception of data. Using web server along with raspberry pi it is possible to monitor and control industrial devices remotely by using local internet browser and the data can be displayed on dashboard for further controlling actions. Use of these both IOT and WSN technology reduces complexibility of devices and also reduces overall cost of the system.

Les calcifications sclérales séniles (CSS), sont des lésions dégénératives bénignes caractérisées par des calcifications localisées de la sclére présentant l’aspect d’une décoloration grisâtre d’une zone de la sclére de forme communément elliptique à grand axe vertical recouvrant la partie antérieure de l’insertion des muscles droits horizontaux. L’objectif de ce travail est de décrire à travers un cas clinique et une revue de littérature, les caractéristiques cliniques, radiologiques et histopathologiques des plaques sclérales séniles., Journal de la Société Marocaine d’Ophtalmologie, No 27 (2018)

Introduction Evaluation of new surgical innovations is complex and variably regulated, and historically the quality of surgical studies has been criticized. The IDEAL (Idea, Development, Exploration, Assessment, Long-term monitoring) Framework was established to provide a pathway for evaluating surgical innovations at each stage of their development in order to produce high quality surgical research. Since the inception of IDEAL in 2009, there has been no assessment of its use. In this review, we look at the uptake and usage of IDEAL by examining the published literature. Methods We conducted a literature search to identify all of the publications that cited IDEAL and included only those papers that intentionally used IDEAL as part of the study methodology. We then characterized these publications by year of publication, specialty, and geographical location. We performed a critical appraisal of Stage 1, 2a, and 2b studies in order to assess the degree to which authors have correctly followed the Framework and Recommendations. Results We found 790 citations of IDEAL publications, and after abstract and full-text screening, 38 prospective studies for a surgical innovation that used IDEAL remained. We saw an overall increase in the uptake of IDEAL, with a predominance in urology and origin in the United Kingdom. The critical appraisal showed that although authors identified their project as using IDEAL, they often failed to include key IDEAL characteristics; this was especially true for the features unique to IDEAL Stages 2a and 2b. Conclusion It is evident from the large number of studies citing IDEAL that the importance and challenges of reporting surgical research is well recognized among researchers. There is growing enthusiasm for using IDEAL but the current level of understanding of the Recommendations is low. Clearer and more comprehensive explanation of the application of the IDEAL Framework and Recommendations is needed to guide surgical researchers undertaking IDEAL based studies of surgical innovations.

Using the newly available genome for Eucalyptus grandis, we sought to determine the genome-wide traits that enable this host to form mutualistic interactions with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) Pisolithus sp. and to determine how future predicted concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) will affect this relationship. We analyzed the physiological and transcriptomic responses of E. grandis during colonization by different Pisolithus sp. isolates under conditions of ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (650 ppm) CO2 to tease out the gene expression profiles associated with colonization status. We demonstrate that E. grandis varies in its susceptibility to colonization by different Pisolithus isolates in a manner that is not predictable by geographic origin or the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based phylogeny of the fungal partner. Elevated concentrations of CO2 alter the receptivity of E. grandis to Pisolithus, a change that is correlated to a dramatic shift in the transcriptomic profile of the root. These data provide a starting point for understanding how future environmental change may alter the signaling between plants and their ECM partners and is a step towards determining the mechanism behind previously observed shifts in Eucalypt-associated fungal communities exposed to elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 .

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a Decentralised Network and is a group of mobile nodes that are dynamically and arbitrarily located in such a way that the interconnections between the nodes keep on changing continuously such a decentralised network is not secure and can face many security issues one of them is attack by malicious nodes in the network, Such an attack is serious threat in MANET. The performance of AODV and Trusted AODV without any malicious nodes in the network was analysed earlier. The malicious nodes can attack can attack the control packet and misbehave in the Network. This paper introduces a trusted path irrespective of the longest or the shortest path which is capable of detecting the malicious nodes in the Network. Further the performance of Trusted AODV and General AODV with malicious activities is analysed which results that the Trusted AODV detects the malicious nodes in the Network and its performance is better as compared to AODV giving satisfactory Results.

Loss of microbial diversity is considered a major threat because of its importance for ecosystem functions, but there is a lack of conclusive evidence that diversity itself is reduced under anthropogenic stress, and about the consequences of diversity loss. Heavy metals are one of the largest, widespread pollutant types globally, and these represent a significant environmental stressor for terrestrial microbial communities. Using combined metagenomics and functional assays, we show that the compositional and functional response of microbial communities to long-term heavy metal stress results in a significant loss of diversity. Our results indicate that even at a moderate loss of diversity, some key specialized functions (carried out by specific groups) may be compromised. Together with previous work, our data suggest disproportionate impact of contamination on microbes that carry out specialized, but essential, ecosystem functions. Based on these findings, we propose a conceptual framework to explicitly consider diversity of functions and microbial functional groups to test the relationship between biodiversity and soil functions.

The plant hormones ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid have interconnecting roles during the response of plant tissues to mutualistic and pathogenic symbionts. We used morphological studies of transgenic- or hormone-treated Populus roots as well as whole-genome oligoarrays to examine how these hormones affect root colonization by the mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor S238N. We found that genes regulated by ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid were regulated in the late stages of the interaction between L. bicolor and poplar. Both ethylene and jasmonic acid treatments were found to impede fungal colonization of roots, and this effect was correlated to an increase in the expression of certain transcription factors (e.g. ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1) and a decrease in the expression of genes associated with microbial perception and cell wall modification. Further, we found that ethylene and jasmonic acid showed extensive transcriptional cross-talk, cross-talk that was opposed by salicylic acid signaling. We conclude that ethylene and jasmonic acid pathways are induced late in the colonization of root tissues in order to limit fungal growth within roots. This induction is probably an adaptive response by the plant such that its growth and vigor are not compromised by the fungus.

Rising global temperatures may increase the rates of soil organic matter decomposition by heterotrophic microorganisms, potentially accelerating climate change further by releasing additional carbon dioxide (CO2 ) to the atmosphere. However, the possibility that microbial community responses to prolonged warming may modify the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration creates large uncertainty in the strength of this positive feedback. Both compensatory responses (decreasing temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in the long-term) and enhancing responses (increasing temperature sensitivity) have been reported, but the mechanisms underlying these responses are poorly understood. In this study, microbial biomass, community structure and the activities of dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase enzymes were determined for 18 soils that had previously demonstrated either no response or varying magnitude of enhancing or compensatory responses of temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic microbial respiration to prolonged cooling. The soil cooling approach, in contrast to warming experiments, discriminates between microbial community responses and the consequences of substrate depletion, by minimising changes in substrate availability. The initial microbial community composition, determined by molecular analysis of soils showing contrasting respiration responses to cooling, provided evidence that the magnitude of enhancing responses was partly related to microbial community composition. There was also evidence that higher relative abundance of saprophytic Basidiomycota may explain the compensatory response observed in one soil, but neither microbial biomass nor enzymatic capacity were significantly affected by cooling. Our findings emphasise the key importance of soil microbial community responses for feedbacks to global change, but also highlight important areas where our understanding remains limited. © 2016 Auffret et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

It is well established that resource quantity and elemental stoichiometry play major roles in shaping below and aboveground plant biodiversity, but their importance for shaping microbial diversity in soil remains unclear. Here, we used statistical modeling on a regional database covering 179 locations and six ecosystem types across Scotland to evaluate the roles of total carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availabilities and ratios, together with land use, climate and biotic and abiotic factors, in determining regional scale patterns of soil bacterial diversity. We found that bacterial diversity and composition were primarily driven by variation in soil resource stoichiometry (total C:N:P ratios), itself linked to different land uses, and secondarily driven by other important biodiversity drivers such as climate, soil spatial heterogeneity, soil pH, root influence (plant-soil microbe interactions) and microbial biomass (soil microbe-microbe interactions). In aggregate, these findings provide evidence that nutrient stoichiometry is a strong predictor of bacterial diversity and composition at a regional scale.

Today's state-of-the-art methods for object tracking perform adaptive tracking by detection, meaning that a detector estimates the position of an object and adjusts its parameters to the objects appearance at the same time. We propose a novel learning framework for tracking multiple unknown objects in a video stream by detection. Proposed system tracks multiple objects in presence of occlusion, clutter and scaling. The object is defined by its location and extent in a single frame. The tracker follows the object from frame to frame. The detector localizes all appearances that have been seen so far and corrects the tracker if required. The learning estimates detectors errors and updates that in the future to avoid these errors. A novel learning method (P-N learning) which estimates the errors by a pair of experts: (i) P-expert observes missed detections, and (ii) N-expert observes false alarms. First, instead of heuristically defining a tracking algorithm, we discovered that a discriminative structure prediction model from labeled video data and capture the interdependence of multiple influence factors. In every next frame the aim is to calculate the location and extent of object or indicate that object is not present. There are different algorithms which perceive the object in real-time. This system proposes a model which uses template matching algorithm with modifications based on SURF algorithm and squared difference error method. The template matching is done based on comparison of image features. We develop a novel method of tracking based upon template tracking algorithm which crops the region of interest(ROI) from the selected live object from a video stream from trained object database. Matching feature is found by applying principle component analysis.

Automobile industry is growing towards an electronic engine. With the help of electronic engine, manufacturer can able to provide lot of facilities to customers. This is possible due to high capability of electronic control unit (ECU) and numerous kind of sensors. These sensors are expensive and failure of these sensors during testing of new functionality leads to increase in testing cost. Hence to reduce this, manufacturer now developing virtual model for physical sensors. In this paper, we are exploring the data selection and filtration method for tuning virtual sensor model for estimating exhaust coefficients. Tool is developed in MATLAB, Simulink. This tool has reduced time as well as manual work from existing model which is used for calculation of regression coefficients.