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We report synthesis of dibenzoaluminepin as the first aluminepin, an aluminum analogue of borepin and gallepin. This compound contains one molecule of ethereal solvent on the Al atom, which adopts a tetrahedral geometry. The central 7-membered aluminepin ring has a boatlike conformation and was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, (1)H/(13)C NMR, and DFT studies. In addition, NICS, NBO, and theoretical calculations provide insight into the nature of the bonding and aromaticity of aluminepins.

Plastic deformation characteristics and limit strains are simulated for textured face‐centered cubic polycrystalline sheets using a generalized Taylor‐type crystal plasticity model. The r‐values are predicted to be 1.04, 7.74 and 0.17 for the random, {111}〈uvw〉 and {001}〈uvw〉 textures, respectively. The {111}〈uvw〉 texture gives limit strains as large as the random texture, whereas the {001}〈uvw〉 texture yields limit strains evidently higher than the other two even though its r‐value is extremely low. Thus, the r‐value cannot act as an indicator to the stretchability of sheet metals. For the {001}〈uvw〉 texture, a superior strain‐hardening ability under plane‐strain stretching mode is found to be responsible for the increase in the limit strains under plane‐strain and equi‐biaxial stretching modes. We conclude that the enhancement of the strain‐hardening ability for plane strain mode is one of the key factors for high stretchability sheets.

Work-hardening behavior of single-phase steel and dual-phase steel which is made of hard martensite surrounded by soft ferrite is analyzed by using an elastoplastic crystal plasticity model in conjunction with the incremental self-consistent model. Two-stage loading paths consisting of uniaxial tension, unloading and subsequent uniaxial tension/compression for various directions are applied. Bauschinger effect and transitional re-yielding behavior, which depends on the direction of the second loading path, are predicted and analyzed with respect to the distribution of the residual resolved shear stresses within the material. These features, which are caused by the inhomogeneity of the residual stress field, are especially pronounced in the case of the dual-phase steel because of the strong mechanical contrast between ferrite and martensite phases.

Forming limit strains of 270 MPa grade cold rolled steel sheet have been precisely measured under linear and combined strain paths using a newly developed, double‐action punch‐stretching testing apparatus. In the combined strain paths, the test material is subjected to equibiaxial tension followed by plane‐strain tension. It is found that the forming limit strains are path‐dependent and that those measured for linear strain paths are higher than those for the combined strain paths. Furthermore, in order to check the path‐independency of the forming limit stresses [Arrieux, R., Bedrin, C. and Bovin, M.: Proc. 12th IDDRG Congress, (1982), 61–71], forming limit stresses of the test material have been calculated for the linear and combined strain paths using the numerical method proposed by Stoughton [Stoughton, T. B.: Int. J. Mech. Sci., 42 (2000), 1–27]. The forming limit stresses calculated from the combined strain paths have almost coincided with those determined for linear strain paths. The FLSC concept is therefore valuable for predicting the failure of metal sheets in plane stress states, particularly in multistage forming.

This paper describes important role of muscular viscoelasticity at Feed-forward position control of robot arm based on animal musculoskeletal model. Feed-back controller of animals has big delay. Therefore, feed-forward (FF) controller contributes mainly in local motor control of animals. We focus control ability of animal muscle. Muscle has variable viscoelasticity according to muscular activation level. Proposed controller utilize this characteristic. The controller based on antagonistic muscular pair can be represented by equivalent block diagram containing PD controller. This representation enables its design and evaluation easily. Proposed controller is evaluated by our experimental robot arm which has a mechanism based on bi-articular muscle.

We propose a new genetic programming (GP) approachto extracting multiple tree structured patterns from tree structured data using soft clustering. We use a set of multiple tree structured patterns, called tag tree patterns, as a combined pattern. A structured variable in a tag tree pattern can be substituted by an arbitrary tree. A set of multiple tag tree patterns matches a tree, if at least one of the set of patterns matches the tree. Using soft clustering is appropriate because one tree structured data is allowed to match multiple tag tree patterns. By soft clustering of positive data and by running GP subprocesses on each cluster with negative data, we make a combined pattern which consists of best individuals in GP subprocesses. Experiments on some glycan data show that our method has a support of about 0.8, while the previous method for evolving single patterns has a support of about 0.5.

This paper describes an extended manipula-bility measure for robot arm based on bi-articular muscle principle. There are several manipulability measures for serial link manipulator. However they can not be applied for manipulators which has animal-like actuator alignment. Bi-articular muscle is an unique actuator of animals. It connects two joints and drives both simultaneously. Conventional measures does not consider such actuators. We extended Impedance Matching Ellipsoid (IME), which is an unified measure. Proposed measure considers animal-like actuator alignment including bi-articular muscles. For verification, we measured actual output force of robot arms. Whereas proposed measures can represent actual characteristics of the robot arm equipped with bi-articular driving mechanism.

International audience; The mechanical response of an elastoplastic polycrystalline aggregate is estimated by means of Taylor and Hill's incremental self-consistent models in conjunction with two rate-independent crystal plasticity laws: standard and regularized Schmid laws. With the Taylor model, both constitutive laws lead to the same result whereas for the self-consistent model, the standard Schmid law predicts softer effective response than the regularized Schmid law and higher strain heterogeneity within the polycrystal. It is found that these features are related to the decrease of the shear tangent moduli during deformation when the standard Schmid law is considered. The presented results with the regularized Schmid law are in agreement with previous findings for power law viscoplastic polycrystals. It is demonstrated that the description of the crystal plasticity law significantly affects the estimate delivered by the Hill's incremental self-consistent model for elastoplastic polycrystals.

This paper describes a novel design of robot arm and its experimental verification. The proposed robot arm has a bi-articular driving mechanism. The bi-articular driving mechanism drives both shoulder and elbow joints simultaneously like a bi-articular muscles of animals. The mechanism is built by timing belt and pulleys. The proposed robot arm mimics human upper arm with 3 DC motors working as three muscular pairs. First design and development of robot arm are described. Then several experiments verifies that the bi-articular driving mechanism can work on both two joints. Furthermore its redundant actuation system can work well, if any one actuator is removed.

The electronic excited states of two forms of meso-hexakis(pentafluorophenyl)-substituted gold(III) hexaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1) have been investigated by density functional calculations and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy, in order to assign their low-energy excited singlet states. We found that the perimeter model can be successfully applied to the interpretation of the electronic states. In the case of the neutral forms (Au(2)-N, Au-N), the absorption bands observed in the NIR and visible region can be assigned to pi-pi* transitions referred to as the L and B bands, respectively, analogous to the Q and Soret bands of regular porphyrins. In marked contrast with the neutral forms, the absorption bands of the reduced forms (Au(2)-R and Au-R) are attributed to pi-pi* transitions involving six frontier molecular pi orbitals. By applying the 4N-electron perimeter model, the six orbitals are labeled as h(-), h(+), s(-), s(+), l(-), and l(+), while the observed absorption bands can be assigned to the S, N(1), N(2), P(1), and P(2) transitions, in order of increasing energy.

The electronic structures of a homologous series of indole and benzofuran derivatives, in which the nitrogen or oxygen atom is replaced by group 15 and group 16 heavier heteroatoms, have been investigated by means of various spectroscopic techniques coupled with density functional calculations. It was found that the excitation energies of the group 16 benzoheteroles systematically shift to the red in the order of benzofuran (6), benzothiophene (7), benzoselenophene (8), and benzotellurophene (9). In contrast, the electronic absorption spectra of the group 15 benzoheteroles, 1-phenyl derivatives of indole (1b), phosphindole (2b), arsindole (3b), stibindole (4b), and bismuindole (5b), did not exhibit this type of spectral shift. X-ray analysis and density functional theory (DFT) studies revealed that 2b-5b adopt a bent conformation both in the crystalline and in the solution phases. In contrast, planar structures were calculated for the group 16 heterocycles. Using the observed spectroscopic properties and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations, the electronic absorption spectra of the present heterocycles were assigned. A molecular orbital analysis was performed to rationalize the effect of replacement of the heteroatom on the electronic structures. The observed magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) sign patterns of these heterocycles are interpreted according to Michl's perimeter model.

Recently there are many trials to introduce animal characteristics into robots. Animals have amazing control ability. We consider that muscular viscoelasticity and muscular arrangements have important roles in such ability. In this paper muscular arrangements of upper arm are simplified to a model consist of four mono-articular muscles and two bi-articular muscles. We suggest novel control method to drive this simple arm model with feedforward control. This method obtain robustness like feedback control to use muscular viscoelasticity. Furthermore we made an robotarm based on the principle of bi-articular muscles to verify proposed method. Its mechanism and control method is described.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy worldwide, and chronic inflammation is a risk factor for CRC. In this study, we carried out a cohort study among the Japanese atomic bomb (A-bomb) survivor population to investigate any association between immune- and inflammation-related gene polymorphisms and CRC. We examined the effects of six single-nucleotide polymorphisms of CD14 and IL18 on relative risks (RRs) of CRC. Results showed that RRs of CRC, overall and by anatomic subsite, significantly increased with increasing radiation dose. The CD14-911A/A genotype showed statistically significant higher risks for all CRC and distal CRC compared with the other two genotypes. In addition, the IL18-137 G/G genotype showed statistically significant higher risks for proximal colon cancer compared with the other two genotypes. In phenotype-genotype analyses, the CD14-911A/A genotype presented significantly higher levels of membrane and soluble CD14 compared with the other two genotypes, and the IL18-137 G/G genotype tended to be lower levels of plasma interleukin (IL)-18 compared with the other two genotypes. These results suggest the potential involvement of a CD14-mediated inflammatory response in the development of distal CRC and an IL18-mediated inflammatory response in the development of proximal colon cancer among A-bomb survivors.

Objective: RERF epidemiological studies among atomic-bomb (A-bomb) survivors have demonstrated significantly-increased incidence of selected cancers with increased radiation dose. It is noteworthy that a great deal of inter-individual variation in susceptibility to radiation-associated cancers could not be explained solely by radiation dose and age at exposure, suggesting the possibility that this variation might be partly ascribed to inter-individual differences in DNA repair capacity. Of 11 known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the DNA repair gene ATM, we selected a particular SNP (rs189037; located in the 5′ untranslated region and therefore thought to be associated with ATM gene expression) and examined the association with radiation-associated breast cancer in the context of an RERF A-bomb survivor cohort study. Materials and Methods: A follow-up survey during 1981-2005 of 2,944 female members of the RERF Immunogenome Study Cohort identified a total of 100 breast cancer cases. ATM genotypes (ATM-G/G, -G/A, and -A/A) were determined by the TaqMan assay method for all cohort members. Relative risks (RRs) of breast cancer were estimated for radiation dose, the ATM genotypes, and the combined categories of dose levels and genotypes. Results and Discussion: Disregarding the genotype effects, RR of breast cancer significantly increased with increased radiation dose (RR = 1.51/Gy, 95% CI: 1.25-1.83). For overall radiation dose levels, A-bomb survivors with ATM-G/G homozygote revealed a significantly-increased RR of breast cancer (RR = 1.85, 95%CI: 1.24-2.75), using as reference the risk of those with ATM-A/A homozygotes combined with ATM-G/A heterozygotes. When radiation dose was categorized into three levels (< 5 mGy referred to as “non-exposed,” 5-530 mGy, and >530 mGy), the survivors with ATM-A/A who were exposed to the highest dose level (>530 mGy) showed the highest risk of breast cancer (RR = 4.76, 95%CI: 2.30-9.88), using as reference the risk of “non-exposed” survivors with ATM-T/T or ATM-A/T. These results suggest the possibility that the ATM genotyping may be involved in individually differing susceptibility to radiation-associated breast cancer. Citation Format: Tomonori Hayashi, Yiqun Hu, Kengo Yoshida, Waka Ohishi, Ayumi Hida, Ikue Hayashi, Seishi Kyoizumi, Yoichiro Kusunoki, Kei Nakachi. ATM genotyping modulates the risk of radiation-associated breast cancer among atomic-bomb survivors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4565. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4565

A series of supramolecular complexes formed between oxotitanium(IV) phthalocyanine and apple procyanidins have exhibited characteristic bisignate CD signals in the Q region (ca. 700 nm). The helicity of the oligomeric procyanidins is proposed to be left-handed on the basis of the CD analyses. [structure: see text]

Recently there are many trials to introduce animal characteristics into robots. Conventional robot arm has only actuators similar to mono-articular muscles. Though animal's arm has not only mono-articular muscles but also bi-articular muscles. Existence of bi-articular muscles can give robots remarkable ability to realize various motions without feedback control, which may provide skillfulness and safety like animals. In this paper, we consider some properties of robot arm based on the principle of bi-articular muscles. We suggest a driving mechanism using equilibrium position originated muscular elasticity. This mechanism realize trajectory tracking as feedforward control in simulations. Finally we described our attempt to make a robot arm based on the principle of bi-articular muscles.

Aging occurs in most multicellular animals, yet some primitive animals do not show any sign of aging. This raises the following question: How have metazoans acquired the trait of aging in the course of evolution? Comparative studies of various species have provided a clue to this question by showing that sexually reproducing organisms predominantly undergo aging. The evolutionary theory "pleiotropy" also postulates aging as a price for facilitating the reproduction in the early life stage of an organism. For investigating the association between sexual reproduction and aging, a sexual phase-inducible organism in a laboratory would be suitable. One of such organisms is hydra, a genus of Cnidaria. Asexual hydra has been considered to be immortal, but there is the possibility that hydra undergoes aging after sexual reproduction. To search for signs of aging in hydra, we studied sexually differentiated Hydra oligactis at the individual and cellular levels. As a result, we found a significant decline in the capacities for food capture, contractile movements, and reproduction. More importantly, we discovered an exponential increase in the mortality rate of the population. These observations suggest that the degenerative process in H. oligactis represents the aging process. Furthermore, we found that the number of germ cells increased, whereas the number of somatic cells concomitantly decreased. The observed change of the cell composition is thus consistent with the "pleiotropy" theory of aging.

The effects of changing strain paths on forming limit stresses of sheet metals are investigated using the Marciniak‐Kuczynski model. Forming limits are analyzed for proportional loading and two types of combined loadings: combined loading which includes unloading between the first and second loadings and that which includes an abrupt strain path change without unloading between the first and second loadings. The forming limit stress curves in stress space calculated for the combined loading with unloading are in good agreement with those calculated for the proportional loading, while the forming limit curves in strain space are strongly dependent on the strain paths. The forming limit stresses calculated for combined loading with an abrupt strain path change, however, do not coincide with those calculated for proportional loading. The strain path dependence of the forming limit stresses is discussed in detail.

Background: Epidemiological studies conducted among atomic bomb (A-bomb) survivors by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) have indicated a significant radiation-dose-dependent increase in risks of certain cancers among survivors. The mechanisms for different organ susceptibilities to radiation have remained unclear. Epidemiological and biological data show that colorectal cancer (CRC) risk factors may vary by anatomic subsite. We categorized CRC into two subtypes: Proximal colon cancer (cecum, ascending colon, and transverse colon) and distal CRC (descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectosigmoid junction, and rectum). CD14 is known to enhance the inflammatory response in the colorectum by acting as a co-receptor to detect bacterial lipopolysaccharide and activating the production of inflammatory cytokine. In this study, we examined the association between polymorphisms of the cytokine CD14 gene and risks of CRC subtypes. Methods: We analyzed the follow-up data from the RERF Immunogenome Study Cohort of 4,673 A-bomb survivors at the baseline covering 1981-2005: a total of 222 CRC cases, comprising 81 proximal colon cancer cases and 131 distal CRC cases. We focused on the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5′-untranstated region of CD14 (CD14-C/A) and genotyped all cohort subjects. Relative risks (RRs) for CRC and subtypes were estimated. Results: RRs of all-subtypes-combined CRC or either of the subtypes significantly increased with increasing radiation dose. When dividing the subjects into 2 groups by genotypes (CD14-A/A homozygote and CD14-C/C homozygote combined with CD14-C/A heterozygote), A-bomb survivors with CD14-A/A homozygote revealed significantly higher RRs of all-subtype-combined CRC (1.52, 95%CI: 1.15-2.01) and distal CRC (1.76, 95% CI: 1.21-2.57) than those with CD14-C/C homozygote combined with CD14-C/A heterozygote. However, there was no significant difference between 2 genotype groups in proximal colon cancer (RR=1.24, 95% CI: 0.79-1.95). When categorizing radiation dose into 3 levels (< 5 mGy defined as “non-exposed”, 5-700 mGy, and >700 mGy), A-bomb survivors with CD14-A/A who were exposed to the highest radiation dose (>700 mGy) were at significantly higher risk of all-subtype-combined CRC (RR=2.53, 95%CI: 1.58-4.04) and distal CRC (RR=3.26, 95%CI: 1.71-6.23) than “non-exposed” survivors with CD14-C/C combined with CD14-C/A. Conclusion: These results suggest the potential involvement of a CD14-mediated inflammatory response in the development of radiation-associated CRC, specifically distal CRC, but not proximal colon cancer, among A-bomb survivors. This possibly contributes to the different susceptibilities of the proximal colon and distal colorectum to radiation exposure. Citation Format: Yiqun Hu, Kengo Yoshida, Junko Kajimura, Seishi Kyoizumi, Yoichiro Kusunoki, John Cologne, Waka Ohishi, Ikue Hayashi, Kei Nakachi, Tomonori Hayashi. CD14 gene polymorphisms associated with development of colorectal cancer subtypes among atomic bomb survivors in Japan. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2199. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2199

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in cell-mediated immune responses, although overproduction and excessive accumulation of ROS may also enhance risks of inflammation-related diseases. To address these concerns, we have developed an assay system to determine ROS (H2O2 and O2.-) levels in blood cells to investigate the effects age and of radiation exposure on ROS levels in the blood cells obtained from 2,789 Japanese atomic-bomb survivors, as well as associations between intracellular ROS levels and immune-/inflammation-related gene polymorphisms. The results showed that H2O2 levels in monocyte and granulocyte fractions increased with age (P

Even after more than 60 years have passed, exposure to atomic-bomb (A-bomb) radiation continues to have long-term health effects in survivors, whose risks of inflammation-related diseases increase with increasing radiation dose. It is known that persistent inflammation underlies several cancers through increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endogenous tumor promoters (e.g., TNF-α). In our previous study, plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and biomarkers, IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, IFN-γ, Igs, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), increased significantly with radiation dose. We have recently developed an automated plasma ROS assay system based on use of a clinical chemistry analyzer. In this study we investigated association between radiation dose, plasma ROS levels, and sub-clinical inflammatory status in A-bomb survivors in Hiroshima. Excluding patients with history of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic bronchitis, or myocardial infarction, we randomly selected 442 study subjects from the Adult Health Study population, consisting of A-bomb survivors and unexposed people. We observed statistically significant radiation-associated increase in plasma ROS levels. ROS levels were positively associated with the inflammatory biomarkers IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, and ESR ( P It is evident that total ROS production increased with enhanced inflammatory status, suggesting a plausible mechanistic pathway between radiation-induced persistent inflammation and cancer.

Since radiation exposure affects the immune system as well as risk of various cancers, we have commenced an “immunogenome” study to look at genetic susceptibility to radiation-associated cancers. HLA class I molecules are known to regulate various immune and inflammatory responses. In this study, we examined effects of radiation exposure on individual susceptibility to gastric cancer based on HLA Class I ( HLA-A, -B, -C ) polymorphisms. This study comprised 150 gastric cancer patients and 300 controls. HLA genotype distribution among the controls not exposed to atomic-bomb radiation was almost identical to that in the general Japanese population. Comparison between non-exposed gastric cancer patients and non-exposed controls showed no statistically significant relationship between gastric cancer risk and HLA-B or HLA-C genotypes. However, frequency of HLA-A*2601 , one of the HLA-A genotypes, was significantly lower among cases (3.7%) than controls (18.3%), with P HLA-A*2601 among the gastric cancer patients (average radiation dose: 0.8 Gy) (18.8%) was almost the same as frequency among the controls (15.8%). Risk elevation by radiation was most prominent in HLA-A*2601 , compared with other genotypes. These results suggest that HLA-A*2601 may be involved in decreased gastric cancer risk among non-exposed people and that, among those with the HLA-A*2601 allele, radiation exposure may increase gastric cancer risk. On the basis of this finding, we conducted further analysis of association between the HLA-A*2601 allele and plasma levels of various inflammatory markers along with analyses of pathological typing and H. pylori infection.

Past epidemiology studies reported that atomic-bomb (A-bomb) radiation exposure enhanced risk of colon cancer, but not rectum cancer, among the survivors. The reason for this different sensitivity to radiation remains to be elucidated. Colorectal cancer is a multi-factorial disease, the onset of which is attributed to both environmental and genetic factors, with animal experiments showing that intestinal bacterial toxins accelerate carcinogenesis. It was recently reported that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in the promoter region of CD14, encoding a receptor for the lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, regulate CD14 gene expression and thereby affect susceptibility to inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, coronary artery disease, and hepatic diseases. This study investigated relationship between a novel CD14 gene polymorphism and the development of radiation-associated colon and rectum cancers among an A-bomb survivor cohort, in terms of a case-cohort study. On the basis of this T/G polymorphism, we determined CD14 genotypes with 210 colorectal cancer cases and with a subcohort of 2,160 individuals who were randomly selected from the cohort. Our results showed that the individuals exposed to A-bomb radiation (≥5 mGy) were at an increased risk of colon cancer, but not rectum cancer, with relative risk (RR) of 1.19/Gy (95%CI: 1.04-1.36). When we divided the study subjects into three groups for radiation dose and into two groups for CD14 genotypes, significantly high risk of colon cancer was found with RR of 2.40 (95%CI: 1.37-4.23) for the combined category of CD14-T/T homozygote and the highest dose (≥0.7Gy), compared with the baseline category (CD14-T/G or G/G and no dose). These results suggest that CD14-related inflammatory response might be involved in the development of radiation-associated colon cancer, not rectum cancer, among A-bomb survivors, and that the CD14 genotyping might be involved in individual risk of colon cancer together with radiation dose. To find a functional significance of this polymorphism, we are currently working on ELISA-based assay to measure serum levels of soluble CD14 among healthy individuals in relation to the CD14 genotyping. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4715.

RERF epidemiology studies found that risks of certain cancers among atomic-bomb (A-bomb) survivors, including gastric cancer, increased with past exposure dose to atomic radiation, and that these risks remain high even today. RERF immunology studies implied that radiation exposure greatly affected host immune systems of A-bomb survivors, further providing for the possibility that altered immune response in this population, specifically inflammatory response and immunological host defense, might be involved in the development of various cancers. In fact, we have reported that the enhancement of persistent inflammation with increased age was further accelerated among people exposed to A-bomb radiation. In this study, we examined relationship between gastric cancer risk and radiation dose based on 43 SNPs of inflammation-related genes ( IL1B, IL6, IL8, IL10, BAT1, NFKBIL1, LTA, TNF, and LST1 ), in a case-control study of 238 cases and 1757 controls within a subcohort of the RERF Adult Health Study. We found statistically significant association between IL10 , LTA , and TNF SNPs and risk of gastric cancer, but not between other SNPs and risk of gastric cancer. Three SNPs on the LTA-TNF loci were associated with elevated risk of gastric cancer. Additionally, our genome analysis identified a single haplotype block within the IL10 gene locus, which was indicated by four htSNPs (generating two major alleles, IL10-ATTA and IL10-GGCG ). We found that risk of gastric cancer significantly varied by IL-10 haplotype in both non-exposed and exposed individuals, and that risk-enhancing effects of radiation were evident in all the haplotypes. Our findings offer further evidence that variation in the IL10 and TNF loci affects gastric cancer risk.