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The Hall-magnetohydrodynamics system has a long history of various applications in physics and engineering, in particular magnetic reconnection, star formation and the study of the sun. Mathematically, the additional Hall term elevates the level of non-linearity to the quasi-linear type while similar systems of equations such as the Navier–Stokes equations, as well as the viscous and magnetically diffusive magnetohydrodynamics system are of the semi-linear type. Consequently, the mathematical analysis on the Hall-magnetohydrodynamics system had been relatively absent for more than half a century, and only started seeing rapid developments in the last few years. In this manuscript, we survey recent progress on the mathematical analysis of the Hall-magnetohydrodynamics system, both in the deterministic and stochastic cases, elaborating on the structure of the Hall term. We list some remaining open problems, and discuss their difficulty. As a byproduct of our discussion, it is deduced that the two and a half dimensional Hall-magnetohydrodynamics system with viscous diffusion in the form of a Laplacian and the magnetic diffusion in the form of a fractional Laplacian with power $$\frac{3}{2}$$ admits a unique smooth solution for all time.

We consider the three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics system forced by noise that is white in both time and space. Its complexity due to four non-linear terms makes its analysis very intricate. Nevertheless, taking advantage of its structure and adapting the theory of paracontrolled distributions from \cite{GIP15}, we prove its local well-posedness. A first challenge is to find an appropriate paracontrolled ansatz which must consist of both the velocity and the magnetic fields. Second challenge is that for some non-linear terms, renormalizations cannot be achieved individually; we overcome this obstacle by strategically coupling certain terms together rather than separately. Our proof is also inspired by the work of \cite{ZZ15}., Comment: This is the accepted version by the Electronic Journal of Probability. Its link is here: https://projecteuclid.org/journals/electronic-journal-of-probability/volume-28/issue-none/Three-dimensional-magnetohydrodynamics-system-forced-by-space-time-white-noise/10.1214/23-EJP929.full

We introduce the stochastic Hall-magneto-hydrodynamics (Hall-MHD) system in three and two and a half dimensions with infinite-dimensional multiplicative noise, white in time, and prove the global existence of a martingale solution via a stochastic Galerkin approximation and applications of Prokhorov’s, Skorokhod’s and martingale representation theorems, as well as the pressure term through de Rham’s theorem adapted to processes. The Hall term represents mathematically a very singular nonlinear term, unprecedented in the previous work. The results extend many others on the deterministic Hall-MHD and stochastic MHD systems and Navier–Stokes equations. In contrast to the stochastic MHD system, the path-wise uniqueness in the two and a half dimensional case is an open problem.

We study certain generalized Leray-alpha magnetohydrodynamics systems. We show that the solution pairs of velocity and magnetic fields to this system in two-dimension preserve their initial regularity in two cases: dissipation logarithmically weaker than a full Laplacian and zero diffusion, zero dissipation and diffusion logarithmically weaker than a full Laplacian. These results extend previous results in Zhou and Fan (2011). Moreover, we show that for a certain three-dimensional Leray-alpha magnetohydrodynamics system, sufficient condition of regularity may be reduced to a horizontal gradient or a partial derivative in just one direction of the magnetic field, reducing components from the results in Fan and Ozawa (2009).

Plant galls, induced by arthropods and various other organisms have an intimate relationship with host plants, and gall-inducers have limited mobility. In addition to their own photosynthesis, galls are resource sinks rich with nutrients, with neighboring plant organs commonly serving as external photosynthate sources. Galls, if not well defended, may therefore be attractive food sources for herbivores. Galls produced by some aphids, jumping plant lice, thrips, and gall midges in Japan, Palearctic region and in the Middle East visually resemble lepidopteran caterpillars. I propose that such visual resemblance may reduce herbivory of galls and surrounding plant tissues, resulting in an increase in galler survival due to reduced gall damage and in enhanced galler growth due to improved nutrient inflow to the galls, when herbivores avoid colonizing or consuming plant parts that look as if they have been occupied by other herbivores. Potential predators and parasitoids of caterpillars may be attracted to the caterpillar-like galls and then attack real caterpillars and other invertebrate herbivores, which would also be beneficial for both gallers and their hosts.

A 78-year-old woman (height: 1.6 m; weight: 71 kg) with sudden onset of left abdominal pain was diagnosed with an impending AAA rupture and was transferred to this hospital for surgical management. The patient had no remarkable medical history. Before surgery, her vital signs were blood pressure, 89/67 mmHg; heart rate, 104 beats per minute; respiratory rate, 34 breaths per minute; and oxygen saturation, 98% in room air. Blood tests indicated a hemoglobin level of 7.4 g/dL, normal renal function, and absence of any coagulation disor- ders. Electrocardiography indicated a normal sinus rhythm with no evidence of ischemia. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed normal left ventricular function (ejection frac- tion 450%) and no obvious valvular disease. A contrast- enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scan confirmed the presence of a 60-mm ruptured infrarenal AAA. A contrast- enhanced CT scan of the entire aorta found no evidence of dissection, intramural hematoma, or penetrative ulcers along the entire length of the ascending aorta. After the placement of peripheral intravenous and arterial catheters, the patient was transferred to the operating room for surgical repair of the AAA. Anesthesia was induced, unevent- fully, with 250 μg of fentanyl, 2 mg of midazolam, and 100 mg of rocuronium. She was intubated with a 7.0-mm endotracheal tube and received inhaled sevoflurane as maintenance anes- thesia. Thereafter, a central venous catheter was inserted through the right internal jugular vein. After her abdomen was opened, the hemorrhage from the aneurysm became uncontrollable. She suffered cardiopulmo- nary arrest (CPA) due to hemorrhagic shock. Therefore, a left anterolateral incision was made, and the cardiothoracic surgeon initiated cardiac massage. Moreover, the descending aorta was clamped through the incision. Thus, cardiopulmonary resusci- tation was attempted, and spontaneous circulation returned after approximately 24 min; hence, the surgery was resumed. Her activated coagulation time (ACT) was 340 seconds without heparin administration; therefore, heparin was not administered during the surgery. The infrarenal abdominal aorta and left and right common iliac arteries were identified and clamped. Thereafter, the patient underwent infrarenal abdominal aorta replacement with an I-graft (20 11 mm; Hemashield Gold, MAQUET, San Jose, CA). After the proximal aortic site was unclamped, the patient's blood pressure suddenly fell. Although appropriate medical and fluid therapies were administered, her vital signs remained unstable. Consequently, a TEE probe was inserted, which indicated the presence of an AAD extending along the aorta proximally from the aortic arch to the descending aorta. At that time, the dissection was limited to the aortic arch on the proximal side. After the distal site was unclamped, the patient suffered another CPA due to hypovolemic shock and required blood volume infusion and cardiac massage. She recovered quickly and underwent another TEE examination thereafter. TEE indicated that the dissection extended to the ascending aorta—which was suggestive of a retrograde type-A AD (Fig 1) —and showed the presence of moderate-to-severe AR, the absence of any apparent pericardial effusion, and the absence of any abnormal cardiac wall motion or coronary involvement. Within the visual field of the TEE, no entry site of the dissection was observed. After discussing the management of this patient with the cardiothoracic surgeons, conservative treatment was adopted for treating the dissection. After I-graft replacement for the AAA was completed, the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) with an open abdomen and was intubated. She received an infusion of 0.1 μg/kg/min of norepinephrine and 0.7 μg/kg/min of epi- nephrine. The total amount of bleeding due to surgery was 1,074 mL, whereas 7,070 mL of blood were collected in the cell saver canister (Sorin Group, Milan, Italy). The patient required 34 U of packed red cells, 32 U of fresh frozen plasma, and 30 U of platelet concentrates to resolve the loss caused by hemorrhage during the surgery. Finally, her ACT was found to be 191 seconds without heparin administration.

We study the two-dimensional stochastic Boussinesq system with zero dissipation and multiplicative noise. We show the existence of a martingale solution by a priori estimates using stochastic calculus, and applications of Prokhorov's, Skorokhod's, and martingale representation theorems. Due to the lack of dissipation, the proof requires higher regularity estimates, taking advantage of the structure of the nonlinear term. Moreover, we obtain the existence of the pressure term via an application of de Rham's theorem for processes.

We study the three-dimensional Lagrangian-averaged magnetohydrodynamics-alpha system with zero diffusion. Despite the dissipation strength at the logarithmically supercritical level, using dyadic decomposition techniques we show that given initial data sufficiently smooth, the solution pair remains smooth for all time. This settles the global regularity case suggested by the authors in [27] .

The alien moth Epiblema sugii (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) induces stem galls on an invasive alien weed, Ambrosia trifida. During summer, along riverbanks in central Japan, the native insects Protaetia brevitarsis, P. orientalis submarumorea (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae), and Camponotus vitiosus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) feed on the sap exuded from the galls. The cetoniine beetles are highly aggregated among the galls and make wounds on the galls to facilitate sap exudation. Feeding on gall sap may be beneficial to the beetles due to the efficient intake of water and sugar, and the beetles’ inflicting wounds and feeding on the sap seem to have little effect on the gallers. This is a unique finding, where alien plant–galler interaction provides a feeding site for native insects.

In this paper, we study the initial boundary value problem of a reaction-convection-diffusion epidemic model for cholera dynamics, which was developed in [38], named susceptible-infected-recovered-susceptible-bacteria (SIRS-B) epidemic PDE model. First, a local well-posedness result relying on the theory of cooperative dynamics systems is obtained. Via a priori estimates making use of the special structure of the system and continuation of local theory argument, we show that in fact this problem is globally well-posed. Secondly, we analyze the local asymptotic stability of the solutions based on the basic reproduction number associated with this model.

The ladybird beetle, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), has been extending its distribution in and around urban areas at higher latitudes in Japan over the past 100 years. Between 2003 and 2011, we investigated the seasonal occurrence, aphid prey and population dynamics of this species in an urban park in Osaka City, central Japan. We found that C. sexmaculata completes three generations a year in Osaka. Overwintered adults emerge in March or April and produce two (or rarely one) generations by summer. Second-generation adults aestivate and subsequently produce another generation in autumn. This species feeds on five species of aphids that infest planted shrubs and alien weeds throughout the vegetative season. We analyzed the association between accumulated temperature and when overwintered adults first emerged. In addition, we determined the association between their time of emergence, peak abundance and last occurrence, and meteorological conditions. There was no association between the sum of effective temperatures and termination of adult overwintering. There was, however, an association between first occurrence and peak abundance, and climatic conditions, such as warm temperatures or low humidity. This species maintained a stable population in an urban park by becoming quiescent when climatic conditions were unfavourable or prey was scarce. We discussed these findings in relation to urban environmental factors, such as climate, food conditions and vegetation.

Since binder-less polycrystalline diamond (BLPCD) has no macro cleavage planes and highest hardness, it is desirable material for micro milling tools. However, fabricating micro tools made of BLPCD by conventional method such as grinding is very time consuming due to its extremely high hardness. This paper describes the successful results obtained in our recent study on productive machining of BLPCD using femtosecond-pulsed laser (FSPL). The ablation effect of BLPCD by FSPL has been studied by conducting a series of experiments. Also, the predictability of ablation effect of FSPL when machining BLPCD has been evaluated by introducing numerical analysis model.

The Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equations (KSE) arise in many diverse scientific areas, and are of much mathematical interest due in part to their chaotic behavior, and their similarity to the Navier-Stokes equations. However, very little is known about their global well-posedness in the 2D case. Moreover, regularizations of the system (e.g., adding large diffusion, etc.) do not seem to help, due to the lack of any control over the $L^2$ norm. In this work, we propose a new "reduced" 2D model that modifies only the linear part of (the vector form of) the 2D KSE in only one component. This new model shares much in common with the 2D KSE: it is 4th-order in space, it has an identical nonlinearity which does not vanish in energy estimates, it has low-mode instability, and it lacks a maximum principle. However, we prove that our reduced model is globally well-posed. We also examine its dynamics computationally. Moreover, while its solutions do not appear to be close approximations of solutions to the KSE, the solutions do seem to hold many qualitative similarities with those of the KSE. We examine these properties via computational simulations comparing solutions of the new model to solutions of the 2D KSE., Comment: 23 pages, 3 figures

Laser metal deposition is of two types: powder bed and metal deposition. Either method is expected to be a breakthrough in innovative design and manufacturing technology development because both methods can form shapes that cannot be formed by conventional removal processing. One metal deposition method is directed energy deposition (DED), in which a laser irradiates the target position on the metal layer to melt it, and metal powder is supplied to the target position to perform molding. DED is expected to produce large parts and repair molds. However, as the lamination mechanism is not sufficiently clarified, relationships between process parameters, material properties, molding accuracy, and molding efficiency are not clear, making stable molding difficult [1]One obstacle to stable molding is that the distance between the head nozzle that supplies the metal powder and the molten pool cannot currently be kept constant. In this study, we measure the distance between the head nozzle and the molten pool using a triangulation method, propose a method to control the position of the head nozzle to keep the distance constant, and experimentally verify the method’s usefulness.

The Hall-magnetohydrodynamics system has been considered by many to play an important role in astrophysical plasmas, star formation and magnetic re-connection. The Hall term mathematically elevates the magnetohydrodynamics system from a semi-linear to a quasi-linear type, and standard results which are well-known for the Navier–Stokes equations and the magnetohydrodynamics system, such as the local well-posedness in the non-diffusive case as well as the uniqueness of the weak solution in case the solution depends only on two spatial variables, are completely open for the Hall-magnetohydrodynamics system. Because the Hall-magnetohydrodynamics system is not known to be globally well-posed even if the solution depends only on two spatial variables, a typical method to prove ergodicity for the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations, such as Hairer and Mattingly (2006), seems to have no chance. In this manuscript, we take advantage of the structure of the Hall term, follow the work of Flandoli (1997), and prove its irreducibility property. In order to elaborate on the effect of the Hall term, we also prove analogous results for related systems such as the magnetohydrodynamics system, Benard problem, magnetic Benard problem, micropolar fluid system, as well as the magneto-micropolar fluid system. At the time of writing this manuscript, due to a technical difficulty, the strong Feller property of the Hall-magnetohydrodynamics system is an open problem.

A 97-year-old woman with severe back pain was transferred to our hospital. She was able to perform activities of daily living independently and had no neu- rological deficit or dementia before her admission. Con- trast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a rup- ture in the descending aorta and thrombosed type A aortic dissection. We carefully explained the need for and the risks associated with surgery to the patient and her family. After an informed consent had been obtained, she was taken to the operating room for an emergency surgery. Anesthetic management was uneventful. Trans- esophageal echocardiography was useful to evaluate her cardiac function and aortic dissection. We per- formed replacement of the total aortic arch and descending aorta successfully. On the 55th postopera- tive day, she was transferred to another hospital to undergo further physical therapy. The total hospital- ization cost was nearly 9.8 million yen. The medical cost was high in our case. In cases of nonagenarians who require an emergency cardiac surgery, we should consider the patients' age, preoperative activities of daily living, and postoperative quality of life when making decisions on surgery. The patient in our case needed to be carefully treated for airway and swallow- ing management in the early perioperative period.

We derive a Biot-Savart law type identity for the horizontal components of the solution to the fluid system of equations with incompressibility in general dimension. Along with another new decomposition of non-linear terms, we give its application to derive two regularity criteria for the four-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamics system, in particular a criteria in terms of two velocity field components, two magnetic field components and two partial derivatives of the other two magnetic field components in a scaling-invariant norm. It is an open problem to obtain a criterion in terms of just two velocity field components and two partial derivatives of two magnetic field components in a scaling-invariant norm; an analogous criterion in the three-dimensional case has already been established.

According to the recent guidelines, both vagal maneuvers and intravenous adenosine are recommended as the first-line treatment for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). We report a case of atrial fibrillation (AF) induced by the Valsalva maneuver performed to terminate PSVT in a male patient after cardiac surgery. Although the efficacy of Valsalva maneuver and modified Valsalva maneuver for PSVT treatment is well known, this case suggests that these maneuvers can have a risk of inducing AF, especially after cardiac surgery. Adenosine can be an alternative strategy when the heart rate is easily controllable by epicardial pacing wires.

Motivated by the anisotropic Navier–Stokes equations that have much applications in studying fluids in thin domains, in particular meteorology and oceanography, we study the magnetohydrodynamics system with generalized dissipation and diffusion, considering different exponents of the fractional Laplacians with logarithmic worsening applied to different directions and components of the solution vector fields. The results indicate that it is possible to regularize the flows by anisotropic dissipation, some components in various directions allowed to be below the critical exponents in the expense of others being above.

We study the two-dimensional generalized Lans alpha magnetohydrodynamics system. We show that the solution pairs of velocity and magnetic fields to this system preserve their initial regularity in two cases: dissipation logarithmically weaker than a full Laplacian and zero diffusion, zero dissipation and diffusion logarithmically weaker than a full Laplacian.

The ladybird beetle Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) is widely distributed throughout the intermediate latitudinal and equatorial regions. It exhibits elytral colour polymorphism with a geographical cline showing increased prevalence of melanic morphs with increasing latitude. Over the past 100 years, this species has extended its distribution towards higher latitudes in Japan because of climatic warming. In this study, long-term changes in the frequency of different morphs and adult body size of this species during this range extension were analyzed based on a survey of specimens in collections. First, we examined specimens collected from areas that were colonized (34-36°N) during the period of range extension (1949-1989) and when it ceased (1990-2005). Chronologically, both the proportions of melanic morphs increased and body size decreased significantly. Next, specimens were examined from newly colonized regions and the former range of distribution (32-34°N); these specimens were collected during period when range extension had ceased. In newly colonized regions, the frequency of melanic morphs was higher and the body size was smaller than in the former range of distribution. These two findings indicate that the smaller, melanic morphs may have undergone a positive-selection driven range extension to higher latitudes.

We study the two-dimensional magneto-micropolar fluid system. Making use of the structure of the system, we show that with zero angular viscosity the solution triple remains smooth for all time.

A study was performed to investigate the effects of the application of an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet during polycrystalline diamond (PCD) micro- end-milling. A comparison was made between SiC surfaces after milling, with and without the application of the plasma jet. The plasma jet was found to allow the formation of a high-quality surface with an average roughness ( R a ) of 0.73 nm. The proposed plasma jet is highly effective in improving both the chip formation process, by imparting hydrophilicity to the tool and workpiece surfaces, and removing surface contamination at the tool edge during machining.

Long-term changes in the collection season of Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) were analysed based on 265 specimens collected from the Kansai district, central Japan, during 1949–2004. Results show that collection records in the summer months, July and August, decreased during this period, and that there were no summer records from 2000 to 2004. Concurrently, the annual mean and summer temperatures tended to increase and summer humidity decreased during this period in the Kansai district. Thus, the activity of M. sexmaculatus would be limited in summer because of the recent climate warming.

We study the systems of partial differential equations with diffusion that model the dynamics of infectious diseases without life-time immunity, in particular the cases of cholera from Wang & Wang (2015, J. Biol. Dyn., 9, 233-261) and avian influenza from Vaidya et al. (2012, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 17, 2829-2848). In both works, similarly to all others in the literature on various models of infectious diseases and more, it had to be assumed for a technical reason that the diffusivity coefficients of the susceptible, infected and recovered individuals, humans or birds, had to be identical in order to prove the existence of their unique solutions for all time. Considering that such uniform diffusivity strengths among the susceptible, infected and recovered hosts may not always be plausible in real world, we investigate the global well-posedness issue when such conditions are relaxed. In particular for the cholera model from Wang & Wang (2015, J. Biol. Dyn., 9, 233-261), we prove the global well-posedness with no condition on the diffusivity coefficients at all. For the avian influenza model from Vaidya et al. (2012, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. B, 17, 2829-2848), we prove the global well-posedness with no condition on the diffusivity coefficients if the spatial dimension is one, and under a partial condition that the diffusivity coefficients of the susceptible and the infected hosts are same otherwise.

Micropolar fluids have microstructure and belong to a class of fluids with nonsymmetric stress tensor. We study the incompressible two-dimensional micropolar fluid system with periodic boundary condition forced by random noise that is white-in-time. In particular, we obtain a sufficient condition on the size of the angular viscosity coefficients in comparison to the vortex and kinematic viscosity coefficients so that the solution to this system is smooth in the Malliavin sense. In addition, we prove a result concerning an orthogonal projection onto a finite number of Fourier modes, taking advantage of the dissipative nature of the system.

We study a regularity criteria of the three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics system. In particular, we obtain a regularity criteria that involves one velocity component and one current density component. Its immediate consequence is a regularity criteria in terms of one velocity component and two entries from the Jacobian matrix of the magnetic vector field, in contrast to many previous results that involve three entries all from the Jacobian matrix of the velocity vector field. Moreover, the conditions on the current density component is in the norm with scaling dimension zero; i.e. Serrin-class.

Predation has led to the evolution of defensive armor in prey species. The dense and long hairs of caterpillars (i.e., lepidopteran larvae) are generally believed to play an important role as a physical defence against predators. However, few studies have been undertaken to investigate how hairs protect caterpillars from a predator’s weapons. To determine the importance of caterpillar hairs as a defensive armor, we observed adults of Calosoma maximowiczi (Carabidae) attacking 5 caterpillar species with different hairiness under laboratory conditions. Carabids used their mandibles to catch caterpillars and thereafter fed on them. Almost all the larvae of 3 smooth species and a short-haired species were easily caught by carabids during their first attack. However, 53.2% of larvae in a long-haired species Lemyra imparilis (Erebidae: Arctiinae) were able to escape from carabid attacks. Even when Lemyra larvae were finally eaten, carabids required a larger number of attacks to catch Lemyra larvae. Dorsal hairs of Lemyra larvae were much longer than the mandible length of carabid adults for any body size, suggesting that the dorsal hairs can function as a physical barrier against carabid attacks. To test the hypothesis, we cut the dorsal hairs of Lemyra larvae shorter than the carabids’ mandibles. Cutting the dorsal hairs of Lemyra larvae resulted in fewer carabid attacks with higher success rates. Therefore, we conclude that long hairs can protect Lemyra larvae from carabid mandibles. This is the first study to clarify the adaptive significance of caterpillar hair length as a morphological defence.

We study the two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics system with generalized dissipation and diffusion in terms of fractional Laplacians. It is known that the classical magnetohydrodynamics system with full Laplacians in both dissipation and diffusion terms admits a unique global strong solution pair. Making use of the special structure of the system in the two-dimensional case, we show in particular that the solution pair remains smooth when we have zero dissipation but only magnetic diffusion with its power of the fractional Laplacian β > 3 2 .

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells have benefits over heat engines and batteries as an energy system for transportation, stationary power, and portable electronics. Before fuel cells can replace current energy systems, their manufacturing cost to performance ratio must be improved. The bipolar plate is a fuel cell component that contributes significantly to fuel cell manufacturing costs and is a key driver of performance. Metallic bipolar plates, with characteristic flow dimensions below the standard 1 mm, were fabricated using direct machining. Hydrogen/air fuel cells constructed of these plates were tested to ensure performance gains, using interdigitated flow operation and automobile-representative channel lengths. Finite Element Modelling (FEM) was used to investigate the manufacture of bipolar plates using low cost sheet metal stamping. Multiple bipolar plate alloys were compared based on their stampability, and die design parameters needed to stamp submillimeter channels were determined. Springback analysis was performed, and the effect of springback on fuel cell stack stresses was investigated.

With the ever increasing demands for higher and higher accuracy on modern CNC equipment, the manufacturing processes for machining and assembling the structural components are an increasingly important factor in establishing a geometrically correct machine tool. Specifically, flatness, perpendicularity, parallelism, and straightness of interfacing surfaces determine whether the machine tool's basic accuracy. Exhibiting less geometric error allows other errors such as thermal growth, ballscrew pitch error, and control error to be isolated and more easily corrected. The geometric errors are predominately a factor of the machine tool machining and assembly process. Multiple orientations during fixturing in both assembly and machining result in significant distortions to the final assembled product. These are a result of cutting forces, fixturing deformations, gravity deformations, and bolt force deformation. By analyzing each process in detail using virtual simulation techniques, a high-fidelity model of the corresponding error at each manufacturing step can be achieved that is not physically measurable due to constraints of measurement equipment. Using simulated data as offset data in the machining process as well as in the jig and fixture design ensures a geometrically accurate final product.

We study the magnetohydrodynamics system, generalized via a fractional Laplacian. When the domain is in $N-$dimension, $N$ being three, four or five, we show that the regularity criteria of its solution pair may be reduced to $(N-1)$ many velocity field components with the improved integrability condition in comparison to the result in [29]. Furthermore, we extend this result to the three-dimensional magneto-micropolar fluid system.

Background: A prior phase I/IIa clinical trial provided evidence for safety, feasibility and potential efficacy of i.m. injection of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized CD34+ cells in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Methods and Results: A phase II trial of CD34+ cell therapy was conducted in patients with CLI to explore endpoint selection and timing. No-option CLI patients (n=11) underwent i.m. transplantation of G-CSF-mobilized CD34+ cells isolated by magnetic sorting. Ischemic rest pain scales improved from week 2 vs. baseline (P

Anti-herbivory animal mimicry by plants has been paid scant attention, and as a result additional types are expected to be recognized. Lycium chinense plants growing in Japan have dark axils, and many leaf-eating beetles leave faeces on host plants or use their faeces as defence. The dark axils of Lycium chinense mimic poisonous faeces or faeces-covered larvae of the leaf beetle Lema decempunctata, which may result in reduced herbivory by mammalian and insect herbivores. Field work in the very different flora of Israel revealed that the same morphology/colouration exists in various wild plant species, both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. We therefore propose a new type of beetle and beetle faeces defensive plant mimicry, and suggest that this type of putative defensive mimicry against mammalian and insect herbivores is probably a widespread but overlooked phenomenon. Moreover, such mimicry may also attract visually oriented enemies that can attack various invertebrate herbivores that occupy these plants.

The distributional expansion of the ladybird beetle Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) in Japan was analyzed based on literature surveys and observations of 1,312 individual specimens collected from 1918 to 2005. An expansion toward higher latitudes, from Kyushu (33°N) to central Honshu (36°N), was observed between 1910 and the early 1990s. Multiple regression analysis showed that the presence of this beetle was associated with an annual mean temperature but not with the mean minimum temperature in the coldest month, and 95 % occurrence probability of this beetle was obtained in a locality at 15.1 °C annual mean temperature. The northward expansion of this species synchronizes with increasing areas where an annual mean temperature is more than 15 °C. Therefore, climatic warming over the past 100 years is considered as a major factor influencing the northward expansion of this species.

The geographical variation in elytral color polymorphism in Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) was analyzed based on data from specimen surveys. In all, 1549 individuals collected from different latitudes throughout Indonesia to Japan were categorized into 20 morph types of elytra. Results show that the morph types have a geographical cline: dark types increased with latitude, although the light types showed higher relative frequency in lower latitudes, which suggests that the geographic variation in elytral color polymorphism in C. sexmaculata is a product of selection by climate. The darker morph types might be advantageously able to make fuller use of insolation at higher latitudes, whereas the lighter morph types were likely to reduce heat stress at lower latitudes. In most areas across Southeast and South Asia, all specimens were of the lightest type, which may imply either: (i) the saturation of genes expressing light morph types, which have less solar absorption, due to tropical climate; or (ii) an enhanced warning function of bright red against predators. On Miyako Island of Japan, a unique frequency of morph types was found compared to the adjacent areas.

Using EDM technology in conjunction with traditional MEMS fabrication techniques offers great advantages in the creation of freeform features silicon wafers. The ability to mass produce features, however, is often limited by high electrode wear rates due to poor EDMing stability based on silicon's material properties. By investigating the use of novel diamond-based electrode materials, high productivity and low wear rates can be achieved simultaneously. First, the feasibility of applying diamond-based electrodes is presented through the rough EDMing of 200 hemispherical features. Second a two-step EDM roughing and finishing process is applied in order to achieve high quality and axisymmetric hemispherical features. Using only an EDM roughing process, 200 hemispherical features were successfully fabricated in 80 minutes with virtually zero electrode end wear. The two-step EDM roughing and finishing process resulted in the fabrication of 15 highly axisymmetric hemispherical features with only 15 microns of total electrode end wear. A case study is presented in the fabrication of hemispherical shell structures, where the EDMed hemispherical features are used as a mold for MEMS device fabrication.

For productive manufacturing of an accurate small-scale wine-glass gyroscope, a hybrid fabrication process consisting of either electric discharge machining, chemical etching, or micro-mechanical milling have been proposed. A comparison of silicon cavity fabrication processes has been conducted in terms of productivity, quality and geometrical accuracy, aiming at the use of the cavity as a mold for creating a thin wall diamond hemisphere, which is the main component of a wine-glass gyroscope. The results have shown that the EDM process, combined with chemical etching, can yield the highest productivity but with limited shape accuracy. The use of mechanical micro-milling, while less productive than EDM and etching, produces a superior quality and geometric accuracy.