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The dispersion characteristics of surface wave propagated on a deeply corrugated metal surface are analyzed. Surface wave becomes slow wave, because surface wave is evanescent wave to the direction away from the corrugated metal surface. The surface wave is possible to be backward wave, due to the periodic nature of the corrugation of metal surface. Because the Rayleigh hypothesis has failed for the analysis of an electromagnetic field upon a deeply corrugated surface, the dispersion relations are solved by a direct numerical computation of wave equations.

The effect of thermal‐diffusion charge on the x‐ray energy response of silicon surface‐barrier (SSB) detectors have generally been ignored; consequently, the SSB response has been believed to be analyzed using the thickness of the depletion layer alone. Our new theory on the SSB x‐ray response [J. Appl. Phys. 72, 3363 (1992)] was prepared for addressing recent confusion on plasma x‐ray analyses using SSB detectors [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59, 1380 (1988); 61, 693 (1990); 63, 4850 (1992)]. This approach was made under the assumption of a dominant contribution of the diffusion‐charge signal in the vicinity of the x‐ray incident location because of the strong reduction of the x‐ray produced charge within the thermal‐diffusion length. In this report, the comparison between this approximation (having an approximated solution) and the exact numerical calculation (using an integral form) is carried out. Necessity and importance of such three‐dimensional treatments for the data analyses as well as the design of multic...

Slow cyclotron and Cherenkov instabilities are analyzed self-consistently for unbounded and cylindrical slow wave systems considering electron beam propagating along the direction of a guiding magnetic field. There are two electromagnetic modes present in the beam that are self-consistent solutions of Maxwell's equations. The wave equation in the beam becomes the Altar-Appelton-Hartree equation in the limit of zero beam velocity. For the unbounded system, the beam couples with the electromagnetic modes corresponding to the X and O modes, resulting in the slow cyclotron and Cherenkov instabilities, respectively. For the cylindrical system, axisymmetric electromagnetic modes in the beam are obtained by superposing the plane normal modes of the unbounded system. Since self-consistent boundary conditions require all field components, axisymmetric electromagnetic modes of cylindrical system are hybrid modes, which are classified as axisymmetric EH and HE modes. The slow cyclotron and Cherenkov instabilities occur for both axisymmetric modes. The temporal growth rate is calculated for each of the instabilities and compared.

In order to clarify diagnostic significance of blood coagulation tests in various hepatobiliary diseases, the activities of coagulation factors measured by Hepaplastintest, Thrombotest and prothrombin time, and the inhibition index (P IVKA) as well as the lipid contents in blood, which may influence on coagulation system, were analysed.Results: An average value of Hepaplastintest in patients with acute hepatitis was 90±31%. In the course of acute hepatitis, the value of Hepaplastintest dropped under 60% at the stage of climax, and recovered rapidly to the normal range in two or three weeks preceding the normalization of other liver function tests. While the activities of coagulation factors were fluctuated markedly in the course of acute hepatitis, they used to fix in a lower range with lesser fluctuation when it is developed to chronic hepatitis.In chronic liver diseases, an average value of Hepaplastintest was 79±18% in chronic hepatitis and 56±16% in cirrhosis of the liver.Hypercoagulable state was observed in the hepatobiliary diseases with hyperlipemia such as obstructive jaundice, intrahepatic cholestasis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Hypercoagulation state was also seen in hyperlipemic patients without liver damage and in nephrotic syndrome without azotemia. These findings suggest that serum lipids may accelerate the activity of coagulation systems.The presence of endogenous inhibition on coagulation systems, expressed by Inhibition Index (value of Hepaplastintest-value of Thrombotest/value of Hepaplastintest), was observed at the climax of acute hepatitis, in the course of chronic active hepatitis and in obstructive jaundice. In the course of acute hepatitis, Inhibition Index rose at the stage of climax and dropped to the normal range in accordance with the normalization of the values of coagulation tests. While hypocoagulation state, seen in the severe obstructive jaundice, was normalized by the administration of vitamin K with normalization of coagulation activity and Inhibition Index.Conclusion: In the various liver function test, Hepaplastintest is the most sensitive and suitable to evaluate an ability of protein synthesis of the hepatocytes in various hepatobiliary diseases, and if the clinical course of the diseases is followed by Hepaplastintest and Thrombotest as well as Inhibition Index, the significant informations may be derived for the understanding of the pathophysiological phases and the evaluation of their prognosis.

非A非B型(NANB)慢性肝炎患者にB型肝炎ウイルス(HBV)の重複感染を認めた症例では,高率にHBVのキャリアー化が認められることが明らかにされている.この原因としては,ウイルスの干渉作用の他にNANB肝炎ウイルスには免疫低下状態を惹起させる可能性のあることも考えられる.そこで我々はNANB慢性肝炎患者に沈降不活化B型肝炎(HB)ワクチンを投与し,HBs抗体の反応性を検討した.NANB慢性肝炎患者のHBワクチン投与の反応性は,28週後6/14 (42.9%)でHBs抗体が陽転化し,対照例の18/22 (81.8%)と比べて有意に低く,しかもHBs抗体価(Cut off index)は,NBNB慢性肝炎患者24.0±33.6であり,対照例79.3±50.2と比較して有意に低値を示した.また反応例の方が有意にリンパ球数が多く,OKT4/OKT8比は低かった.このようなNANB慢性肝炎患者のHBワクチンに対する反応性の低下が,HBVの重複感染を認めた場合高率にHBVキャリアーヘ移行しやすい要因の一つに考えられた.

With a view to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) elevation in various clinical hepatobiliary diseases, the characteristics of the activity changes in serum and hepatic γ-GTP were studied on rats with experimental models of liver injuries. γ-GTP in the liver was localized mainly in the microsomal fraction of the parenchymal cells and was gradually induced in the course of chronic liver injury with a consequent rise in the serum activity, whereas in acute liver damage, both serum and hepatic γ-GTP levels remained within the normal limits. On ligation of the common bile duct, the activity of serum γ-GTP was elevated with consistently normal concentration of the hepatic enzyme, thus suggesting that the enzyme is normally excreted into intestine via biliary system. Neither serum γ-GTP nor the hepatic enzyme activity was elevated in rats with regenerating liver or fatty liver. Morris' hepatoma-bearing rats showed a marked increase in serum γ-GTP as well as in the particle-bound enzyme in the implanted tumor cells whilst the enzyme in the host liver remained within the normal limits, thereby indicating the rise in serum γ-GTP activity to be derived from tumor cells. In the alcoholic liver γ-GTP showed dose-related increase in some extent, while with dosage over 6gm/kg the specific activity of the hepatic enzyme diminished without any significant alteration in the serum activity.

Microwave power, PECH ≤ 140 kW, has been injected at 28 GHz into the axisymmetric plug/barrier cell in the axisymmetrized tandem mirror GAMMA 10. As observed by soft X-ray measurements, the microwaves generate a hot (50-60 keV) electron population, radially peaked on the magnetic axis, which results in the formation of a thermal barrier. The production mechanism of these hot electrons is found to be second harmonic electron cyclotron heating (ECH), corrected for the effects of the relativistic mass variation and the Doppler shift. This mechanism also explains the first experimental observation of a saturation of the single-component hot electron temperature Teh as being caused by the finite width of the incident microwave lobe. The dependence of the plasma parameters on the filling gas pressure, the plasma density and the ECH power is studied. It is found that the heating process can be interpreted as a competition between electron acceleration by the incident wave, electron deceleration by collisions, and the mirror trapping efficiency of the source electrons for hot electrons. The axial profile of the soft X-rays is investigated in relation to the mechanism of the second harmonic ECH. The heating process is discussed in terms of the electron pitch angle and the magnetic field intensity.

Brief exponential shocks were delivered upon the fresh neurula developing from the ovum of a white leghorn incubated under optimum temperature of 38°C, and the responses were led off on the oscilloscope connecting with a RC coupled amplifier and a direct one, and the following results were obtained:1. An unfertil vitelline membrane was used as a contrast. The local responses of maximum height of 500μV with 200-250msec. of duration were generally observed, and occasionally after-potentials followed them. Plotting the maximum sizes of responses and the intensities of stimuli, the elevations increased exponentially in accordance with the growing stimuli. As for the polarities, the positive and the negative slow local responses were observed, when the polarities of shocks were reversed.2. Well developed primitive central nervous and circulatory systems were detected on the chick's neurula which was incubated under the suitable temperature for 40 hour, and with the changes in form of animal life, electric patterns of response were also transformed into very complicated shapes and many irregular impulses overlapped upon the after-potential.3. The primitive type of electrocardiogram was recorded from the preparations of 50 hour incubation, and it was nearly approximated to the typical pattern as labeled P-QRS-T, but QRS showed a dome in place of a spike.4. The response keeping all-or-none law was disclosed from the sample of 70 hour incubation, and the correlation between the latency and the stimulus draws hyperbola known as Weiss' formula, and the locus of this special pattern is deduced from the primitive cardiac muscle judging from the position of electrode.5. Briefly, the new born tissues like the primitive nervous and circulatory systems appear one after another upon a chick's neurula in the progress of development, and the varieties of oscillograms accompanied with the transformation of animal life were all clearly observed at the end of the local elevation.

We analyze instabilities of oversized backward wave oscillator (BWO) designed for K-band operations in a weakly relativistic region (less than 100 kV). For the oversized BWO, the electromagnetic field is a surface wave localized near the waveguide wall. Instabilities due to the beam interactions with the surface wave are examined by considering three-dimensional beam perturbations. There exist the slow cyclotron and Cherenkov instabilities as in the case of non-oversized BWO. Nonaxisymmetric as well as axisymmetric instabilities are excited, even in the completely axisymmetric system. The growth rates of both modes are in the same order. The growth rates decrease exponentially if the beam is apart from the SWS wall.

Cherenkov instability driven by an unmagnetized electron beam in a periodically corrugated waveguide is studied by developing a new version of self-consistent linear theory. The conventional space charge and cyclotron modes of magnetized beam degenerate in this case. The normal electromagnetic modes are pure transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) modes in axisymmetric cases and are hybrid modes having both TM and TE components in nonaxisymmetric cases. Using the developed linear theory, the axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric Cherenkov instabilities due to the unmagnetized beam in the periodic system are examined numerically. The unmagnetized beam can excite the axisymmetric TM and nonaxisymmetric hybrid modes. A comparison of the numerically obtained results is made with those of the recent C-band Pasotron experiment.