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The olive oil extraction industry is one of the most polluting wastewaters from the food industry, which is considered an important economic activity in the world. The environmental effects of olive wastewater are related to chemical and organic loading, which is resistant to biodegradation processes. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of combined electrocoagulation, catalytic ozonation, to reduce organic load and improve the biodegradability of olive oil sewage. The present study was experimental on a laboratory scale and was done at a batch reactor on actual olive wastewater. The electrocoagulation process was performed using Fe electrodes at a current density of 0.73, 0.5, 0.05..dm... The optimal conditions for the electrocoagulation process were obtained at a flow rate of 0.5 ..dm. for 45 min reaction time, so that the removal efficiency of TOC, COD, and turbidity was 75, 80 and 94%, respectively. Then the treated wastewater under these optimal conditions entered the catalytic ozonation process (COP) reactor. In the COP process, the TOC and COD concentrations reached 105 and 210 mg/L after 90 min (44% and 56% removal). Eventually, the effluent was introduced into the biology*ical reactor and the removal efficiency of COD and TOC were investigated. So, the amount of TOC and COD decreased from 105 and 210 mg/L to 22.3 mg/L and 37 mg/L, respectively. As a result, the overall efficiency of the EC/COP/SBR system in removing COD and TOC was 98.4% and 97.2%, respectively. The combination of these processes is very effective in comparison with other processes for the treatment of olive sewage.

Nanocomposite based on LSCF (La0.85Sr0.15Co0.85Fe0.15O3-?) was prepared by a simple chemical precipitation method for application in low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT-SOFC) as a cathode by using basic materials (Rare earth and Transition metal related compounds), sodium hydroxide [as precipitator material] and CTAB [as surfactant]. DTA/TGA of the precursor compound indicated the completion of reaction at about 300 �C. The formation of well-crystalline single-phase perovskite structure with rhombohedral geometry was revealed by the XRD and La-O bond is assigned in the sample revealed by FTIR. SEM analysis unveiled that the sample comprises spherical shaped and homogeneous with an average grain size of about 90�nm. EDAX reveals the elemental composition of the sample. Impedance measurements have been made in voltage ?1.3 volts and the frequency range�42�Hz to 5�KHz. Better conductivity value is attained that may make this system appropriate for application as cathode for Low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT-SOFCs). - 2019, - 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Scopus

The current investigation address the Alternating current (AC) electrical properties, electrochemical characteristics on biopolymer as Withania somnifera leaf extract incorporated sodium alginate polymer film prepared by solution casting method. Some crystallinity along with amorphous nature of sodium alginate emerged due to the incorporation of Withania somnifera leaf extract. The more amount of strain occurred in crystallization provides broaden peak in X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern. With aid of guluronic and mannuronic acids in sodium alginate making hydroxyl bond formation with leaf extract due to the cross linking process can be analyzed from Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). At room temperature, the prepared 5 ml of leaf extract incorporated sodium alginate film has demonstrated highest ionic conductivity in the typical value of 2.80×10-6 S/Cm. The electrochemical window of the prepared polymer film in the range of -0.4 to 0.4 V suggesting that used as an electrolyte for supercapacitor applications.

In biomedical applications, Cu

Color images taken by a smartphone camera were used to estimate the rate of advanced photo-oxidation reaction of Direct Red 23 (DR23) azo dye as a model organic pollutant. The red, green, blue color coordinates were tested to quantify the dye. Images of the reaction mixture were taken at specified intervals to obtain kinetic lines and reaction rate constants. Both the reaction rate constant and the final degree of degradation were plotted as functions of the photocatalyst dose and the concentration of H

In this work “solve two problems with one single action” strategy was implemented for degradation of industrial dye Amaranth and enhanced blue-green emission for opto-electronics applications in Cu2+ doped ZnO materials. The different concentrations (weight (wt) %) of Cu2+ doped ZnO materials have been synthesized by the thermal spreading method. The as-prepared ZnO and Cu2+ doped ZnO materials have effectively confirmed by various spectroscopic methods. The crystalline phase, surface morphology, compositions of elements and energy bandgap were studied systematically enquired by PXRD, SEM, EDS and UV-vis spectroscopic analysis, respectively. With the dopant concentration, 18 wt% of Cu2+ doped ZnO revealed outstanding photocatalytic performance to the degradation of Amaranth under visible light irradiation with an efficacy of about 97%. Likewise, 18 wt% of Cu2+ doped ZnO shows an strong blue-green emission at around 495 nm owing to the internal oxygen vacancies. The present work gives some clue; it may be used as a proficient photocatalyst for degradation of dyes and luminescent material for optoelectronics applications.

In the recent decades, development of new and innovative technology resulted in a very high amount of effluents. Industrial wastewaters originating from various industries contribute as a major source of water pollution. The pollutants in the wastewater include organic and inorganic pollutants, heavy metals, and non-disintegrating materials. This pollutant poses a severe threat to the environment. Therefore, novel and innovative methods and technologies need to adapt for their removal. Recent years saw nanomaterials as a potential candidate for pollutants removal. Nowadays, a range of cost-effective nanomaterials are available with unique properties. In this context, nano-absorbents are excellent materials. Heavy metal contamination is widespread in underground and surface waters. Recently, various studies focused on the removal of heavy metals. The presented review article here focused on removal of contaminants originated from industrial wastewater utilizing nanomaterials.

The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of Pt nanotubes (NTs) with different thicknesses synthesized by a wetting method using an Al2O3 membrane was studied. Pt NTs exhibited circular pores with an average diameter of ∼200 nm. From XRD, the prepared Pt NTs displayed a cubic crystal structure. Pt metal was identified based on the binding energy peak at 71 eV via XPS analysis. Pt NTs with thicknesses of 5 and 12 nm behaved like a semimetal, whereas Pt NTs with thicknesses of 25 and 29 nm showed normal metallic electrical conduction characteristics. This metal-to-semimetal transition was induced as the thickness and grain sizes of the Pt NTs were decreased. The critical metal-to-semimetal transition temperature of Pt NTs with average tube wall thicknesses of ∼5 nm was measured at ∼37 °C. However, the critical temperature could not be measured for NTs with a thickness of 12 nm. It is assumed that the critical temperature would be far below 0 °C. This transition behavior resulted from both a discontinuity in the density of states due to the quantum confinement effect and the increased energy barrier for conduction of electrons accompanied by the increased density of grain boundaries. These results presented here signify a vital step in the direction of realizing high-performance nanoelectronic devices.

Cellulose nanoparticles (NPs) (cellulose nanocrystals) have become the center of importance in present day's materials research. These NPs affect the properties of cellulose than microparticles in a unique way. Composite thin films made from them in comparison with the nano-sized composites exhibit advanced promising sensing characteristics. At the interface, there are interactions due to rate of dispersion, filler polymers, and filler polymer interactions. Some of the specific characteristics associated with them are renewability and biodegradable, biocompatibility, surface hydroxyl groups, tensile strength, stiffness, and large surface to volume ratio. Nanocellulose (NC)-based areas are considered to be an emerging technology in fabrication mainly due to its cost, user friendliness, and disposability. These are also used in various electrical/optical devices for various sensing applications in particular medical diagnostics and healthcare, controlling food quality, environmental observations, and forensic investigation. Due to its advent features, the sensor technology would emerge with NC-based sensing platforms. This chapter highlights how NC is being customized and used in sensing technology and their outcome intents at showcasing logical statistics related to various fields.

Pandemic is not a word to use lightly or carelessly. It is a word that, if misused, can reason difficult fear, or unwarranted acceptance that the fight is over, foremost to needless suffering and fatality. Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has become a deadly disease shaking the whole world. All the countries are facing a crisis in disposing of fast diagnostics of the syndrome, able to be organized to a wide number of persons. To control the spread of this virus harmful results of coronavirus have given rise to the growth of analysis tools. In this urgent situation, many researchers and scientists are working on finding a solution to control the deadly virus. In this chapter, we focused on researching biosensors that could detect the virus in the air. People breathe about 11,000 L of polluted air that is invisible. The major purpose of this sensor is, it could be used as another method and more significant to calculate the concentration of virus in the air, but it won’t be the replacement for laboratory tests. Advanced technology, time-consuming and low-cost equipment for this disease spreading virus is in need to control the pandemic at the earliest. This biosensor is prevalent and can detect even minute amounts of viruses present in the air and surroundings.

Conversion of CO2 into fuel is an interesting and promising field. However, the conversion yield is hard to measure during the conversion process. Here, we have developed two techniques to measure the amount of CO2 while the reaction is taking place. First method is colorimetry, where a chemical is added to the solution, and it changes color depending on the resulting product. The second method is the atomization of the resulting solution. Thereafter, the results were measured by a gas sensor. The prepared sensors are cost effective and portable to use.

This work is an endeavour to contemplate a valueadded conductive plastic composite material derived as recycled plastic depending on Polyethylene (PP)/carbon black. We choose to add Carbon black (CB) as a filler material in order to enhance the electrical conductivity as well as other properties associated with the composite. Solution mixing method was adopted to develop this composite where the consequences of CB loadings on various parameters like processability, morphology and thermal stability of the composites were examined. Electrical conductivity increased with the increasing amount of the CB loading. The clearly perceived better filler-matrix interaction and filler dispersion were observed in images obtained from Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). These are the underlying reason behind the improved electrical, thermal, sensing and dielectric properties of the prepared plastic composite material.

High levels of glucose or acetone in breath confirms diabetes disease. One of the analytical devices that detect changes in breath is the electrochemical sensor having high selectivity, easy to use and being able to meet diabetic patient’s needs. In this study, sensors were made by fabricating metal oxide coated glassy carbon electrodes and using nafion as a proton conductor. Characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction, FTIR and morphological analysis have been performed for metal oxides to characterize their atomic arrangement and composition. In addition, electrochemical studies were done using Gamry instrument and curves plotted as current in amperes versus voltage to test the coated electrodes conductivity. High selectivity sensors provide promising applications in any field.

Acetone in breath can be used as a biomarker for noninvasive detection of diabetes. The acetone level in breath is substantially high for diabetic patients. In this study, mixed metal oxide nanocomposite of CuO-Co3O4 -ZnO was used for the electrochemical detection of acetone in artificial breath solution. The structural and morphological characterization of synthesized nanocomposite was done by XRD, RAMAN and SEM (EDAX) analysis. The electrochemical study was performed and the metal oxide modified electrode showed the sensitivity of 6.52 μA cm-2 ppm-1 towards the detection of acetone in the artificial solution.

Rare-earth doped metal oxide nanocomposites were become very unique and tend to show abundant performance in all types of fields such as electrochemical, photocatalytic, and biological. Gadolinium and Samarium co-doped ceria i.e., Ce1−xGd1−yO2−δ-Ce1−x Sm−yO2−δ [x = 0.2, y = 0.8] nanocomposite was synthesized by co-precipitation method for various applications. The formation of fluorite cubic crystal structure was observed and functional group analysis was revealed by XRD and FTIR correspondingly. SEM with EDAX was revealed the morphological and chemical composition analysis of the prepared nanocomposite. Impedance studies were completed at particular conditions and proved as a suitable electrolyte for low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LT-SOFC) applications.

A novel, sustainable chitosan polymeric nanocomposite (CS-PVA@CuO) was synthesized and subjected to the removal of acid blue 25 (AB25) from the aqueous environment. The influence of different variables such as pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, temperature, and adsorption kinetics has been examined in the batch adsorption process. The CS-PVA@CuO composite was systematically characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and EDX analysis. The pseudo-first order (PFO), pseudo-second order (PSO), and intra-particle diffusion kinetics equations were used to examine the kinetic data of the adsorption process. The adsorption kinetics confirms that the PSO model was a more exact fit. Thermodynamics study typically revealed that the uptake of AB25 by the adsorbent is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Remarkably, the results reveal the highest adsorption capacity of the CS-PVA@CuO was 171.4 mg/g at 313 K. To be specific, CS-PVA@CuO polymer nanocomposite can be effectively used as a suitable adsorbent material for the potential elimination of anionic AB25 dye from the aqueous solutions.

MXene is deemed to be one of the best attentive materials in an extensive range of applications due to its stupendous optical, electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. Several MXene-based nanomaterials with extraordinary characteristics have been proposed, prepared, and practiced as a catalyst due to its two-dimensional (2D) structure, large specific surface area, facile decoration, and high adsorption capacity. This review summarizes the synthesis and characterization studies, and the appropriate applications in the catalysis field, exclusively in the energy storage systems. Ultimately, we also discussed the encounters and prospects for the future growth of MXene-based nanomaterials as an efficient candidate in developing efficient energy storage systems. This review delivers crucial knowledge within the scientific community intending to design efficient energy storage systems.

A remarkably efficient Indonesian Kaolin (IK) supported nano zerovalent iron composite (IK-nZVI) has been synthesized, and subjected to the elimination Pb(II) from the wastewater. The results were authenticate the nZVI nanoparticles have a chain shape and establish as separable nanospheres with an average size (29.95 nm) on the surface of IK. The FTIR spectra demonstrate the presence of Al-O as well as Si-O bonds. XRD results demonstrate the presence of zerovalent iron. SEM confirmed less agglomeration of Fe(0) nanoparticles which improves the mechanical strength. The weak signals of Fe and O confirm the establishment of zerovalent iron in nanocomposite. TEM demonstrates that the nanocomposite has a chain like structure. Pb(II)percentage removal was improved by rise in the IK-nZVI amount which results in rising the adsorption site. The nanocomposite had on optimum Pb(II) sorption at pH range of 4.5–6.5. The amount adsorbent increasing with the Pb(II) removal percentage was decreased. Kinetics study demonstrated that Pb(II) sorption was accomplished through more than one processes. IK was proved active support to progress the dispersion, and steadiness of IK-nZVI nanocomposite. The sorption processes pollutant was estimated through the kinetics models, and different sorption isotherm equations like Langmuir (LM), Langmuir-Freundlich (L-F), and Freundlich (FL) isotherms. The IK-nZVI typically accompanies outstanding Pb(II) removal efficiency of 98% and 96.05% with a span of 5 and 10 min for low and high concentrations, respectively. Significantly, the results reveal the maximum adsorption capability of the IK-nZVI is 192.0 mg/g. The thermodynamic study shown endothermic and spontaneous adsorption onto the IK-nZVI surface. Specifically, the IK-nZVI nanocomposite possesses key advantages in terms of simple method, nature friendly, cost-effectiveness, and decent adsorption efficiency for the potential elimination of toxic metal ion (Pb(II)) in the aqueous phase.

The effect of CuO-NiO nanocomposite was studied by addition of various concentrations of acetone. High acetone level in human breath is an indication of the diabetes. Studies were performed to determine the structure (XRD, Raman) and morphology (SEM with EDAX). The CV response of modified GCE with and without acetone was studied. It was observed that in the presence of acetone there is a reduction in current. These sensors show excellent flexibility and can used to fabricate the sensors to stick on the body.

The increasing amount of CO2 emissions from the industries is proving to have disastrous consequences on the environment. It would be highly beneficial if this CO2 is to be recycled and converted into useful fuel. The aim of this project involves synthesizing a suitable catalyst which can be used for the electrochemical (EC) conversion of CO2 to fuel. The developed catalyst should be mesoporous silica nanoparticles and loaded on to a metal oxide surface. The synthesis involved a relatively simple procedure of forming a homogenous mixture for the nanoparticles, drying the mixture for 2 days then loading on to the metal nitrate. Finally, multiple scans and tests were run on the synthesized sample to characterize its qualities. The results show that the synthesized mesoporous silica nanoparticles have suitable catalytic properties for electrochemical reduction of CO2 to fuel.

Acetone level of diabetic patients from their breath can be detected. The effect of CeO2 -NiO-ZnO nanocomposite was studied by adding different concentration of acetone. Structural (XRD, Raman) and morphological (SEM with EDAX) studied were done. The CV response of modified GCE with and without acetone was studied. It was observed that the current gets reduced in the presence of acetone. The sensor shows excellent sensitivity, selectivity and durability. The flexibility is an additional advantage of the sensor.

Worldwide, the phenomenal antimicrobial resistance with its consequences of fatal diseases has been alerted; it is because the morbidity and mortality at a shocking rate. Therefore, there is an urgent quest of innovative antimicrobials agents; it is that communicable disease is a worldwide trouble as of the growth and wideness of drug-resistant pathogens. As for the aim of the research, it is widely investigative to the prevalence of Gram-negative pathogens of E. coli and K. pneumoniae in different age groups, gender along with the identification of ESBL-producing pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. The present research was conceded out in Microbiology Department of Doctor’s Diagnostic Centre-Tiruchirappalli for a period of 6 months. The pus, tracheal secretion, urine, blood, sputum, stool, semen, oral secretion, vaginal swab, tissue material, wound swab, throat swab, oral candida swab, suction tip and CVC line from femoral samples were collected for the Extended Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) isolation. During the study period, 856 β-lactamases producing bacteria were isolated. Among that, 25 patients were infected with Amp-c type, 81 patients were infected with CTX-M type, 724 patients were infected with unclassified ESBL, 2 patients were infected with MBL, 24 patients were infected with MRSA. Selected strains were molecularly characterized. A required accession numbers were received after the gene sequence submission to the GenBank. The isolated ESBL strains were observed in the male more than the female patients. The research results give insights for a maximized number of ESBL strains isolated from the clinical samples like urine and pus. Clinically, ESBL pathogens are associated with high morbidity and mortality. These pathogens are resistant to many key drugs due to the indiscriminate use of carbapenames, which may lead to significant therapeutic problems in the future.

p - phenylenediamine-Graphene Oxide (PPDG) nanocomposite was prepared by a simple combined hydrothermal method. The as-prepared composite was entirely characterized by Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transfer infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis, and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). SEM and TEM analysis shows the presence of flaky nanoparticles with sizes alternating from 100 to 200 nm. PPDG nanocomposite has exceptional adsorption potential and high adsorption rates towards removing Pb2+ metal ions. Our study indicates that the adsorption data were best fit for Langmuir adsorption isotherm with a high adsorption capacity of 800 mgg−1, whereas the kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model. PPDG is also used for Crystal Violet (CV) & Methylene Blue (MB) degradation. We can observe the 96 percent degradation in the first 40 min at 2.5 mg PPDG concentration and above pH 6.0. Varying concentrations and pH studied both adsorption and photocatalysis. The synthesized nanocomposite can be efficiently used to remove toxic heavy metal ions and dyes.

CdO-CuO-ZnO nanocomposite (CCZ NC) was prepared by a simplistic microwave-assisted route and inspected by utilizing diverse spectroscopic ways. The structural and morphological properties of CCZ NC were investigated via XRD, FTIR, and SEM with EDAX analysis. The XRD pattern reveals the crystal structure of cubic CdO, monoclinic CuO, and hexagonal ZnO with average crystallite size around 39 (CdO), 28 (CuO), 30 (ZnO) nm. The FTIR spectrum exposed distinctive vibration frequencies at 566, 630, and 451 cm−1 allocated to Cu-O, Cd-O, and Zn-O stretching vibrations, correspondingly. The flower-like structure was validated with SEM with EDAX investigation. The optical properties of CCZ NC were deliberated via UV–Visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. The optical bandgap of the synthesized CCZ NC is 2.8 eV. High-performance alizarin red S dye photocatalytic degradation (93% at 120 mins) was observed on the flower-like structure CCZ NC, under natural sunlight irradiation. Besides, the antibacterial activities of CCZ NC were investigated against foodborne microorganisms. CCZ NC showed a good zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (28 mm) and Salmonella typhi (22 mm). These results indicate that synergistic CCZ NC is a promising material for the functioning of bio-imaging, water purifying process, and pharmaceutical applications.