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Background and Aims: Anaesthesiologists have been in the forefront of managing patients of the novel coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) globally. The rearrangement of duties of anaesthesiology professionals and trainees along with the enforced containment measures like cessation of gatherings (for classroom teaching), cancellation of large number of elective cases and restricted number of procedures that are being performed have adversely affected the training of anaesthesiology postgraduate students across the country. Methods: An electronic survey to assess the effect of the measures taken by hospitals due to COVID-19 on postgraduate teaching was undertaken using a validated questionnaire. We used snowball sampling, and the survey invitation with the web link was shared through freeware WhatsApp. The participation in the survey was voluntary and anonymity was maintained. Data obtained from the responses was collated and analysed. Results: A total of 595 anaesthesiology postgraduate students (males = 298, females = 297) responded to the survey. Majority of the participants reported a steep depreciation (>50%) in the quality and quantity of academic activities (57.47%), major changes or cessation of clinical rotations (73.61%) and inability to conduct thesis-related cases (55.29%). In total, 56.97% of the students reported the rise in usage of online platforms like “Zoom” for conduct of routine academic activities. Conclusion: Teaching and training schedules of anaesthesiology postgraduate students have undergone major modifications following the COVID 19 pandemic. Resourcefulness and ingenuity in teaching methods is the need of the hour to sustain the desired standards of training courses and to maintain the quality of the budding anaesthesiologists.

Polyacrylic acid hydrogel doped with copper ferrite nanoparticles has been prepared and studied for the removal and degradation of organic dye (methylene blue) from wastewater. Phase purity of nanoparticles was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and EDX analysis. Raman spectra showed three bands at Eg, F2g and A1g, attributing the formation of spinel phase with a band gap of 2.12 eV. Hydrogel composite showed an increase in weight by 1771% when soaked in water. Degradation and absorption studies of methylene blue dye solution with copper ferrite nanoparticles as well as hydrogel nanocomposite suggest absorption of dye by hydrogel and degradation with copper ferrite nanoparticles. Such hydrogel nanocomposites could be a promising material for mitigation of water pollution caused by organic dyes discharged by small and medium scale industries.

The traditional IP-based internet architecture is host-oriented and was built over the old ideology of telephony systems. Named Data Networking (NDN), which is based on Content Centric Networking (CCN), is an enhancement, or rather an alternative, to the IP based networking architecture. NDN architecture allows caching of network data packets at the routers to facilitate satisfaction of interests shown by multiple hosts. Therefore, a caching scheme plays a vital role in the network’s performance. Least Recently Used (LRU) and Priority-Based First-In First-Out (FIFO) are cache eviction policies in NDN Forwarding Daemon (NFD). However, both approaches do not give weightage to the frequency of requested data packets during the eviction and are not scan resistant, which could be an important feature in a CCN system. Other policies like Least Recently Frequently Used (LRFU) subsumes LRU and LFU policies but requires tuning parameters and may not always perform best in dynamic network traffic conditions. In this paper, we have implemented the Adaptive Replacement Cache (ARC) Algorithm, which is a scan resistant, self-tuning, and LRU and LFU subsuming cache replacement policy in the ndnSIM simulator and compared the hit rate performance of ARC with the LRU replacement policy. As Content Store size affects the overall performance of NDN, we have proved by simulation that ARC requires smaller Content Store size than LRU. We conducted a simulation study by varying the Grid Topology, Content Store, and Interest Rate size. Simulation results reveal that ARC replacement policy outperforms LRU replacement policy by achieving a 4% higher hit rate. We have also observed that ARC requires a smaller content store size than LRU to reach the 74% hit rate.

Background: Present study, aimed to assess effect of organic and inorganic crop mulching on physical, physiological and biochemical quality of fresh cowpea beans.Methods: Cowpea (cv. Kashi Kanchan bush-type) was grown during two consecutive seasons from April 2018 to July 2019 under four different mulching treatments. Mulching treatments included no mulch; wheat straw mulch (organic mulch); black mulch and silver mulch. Black and silver mulches were made of 25 microns LDPE sheet. Cowpea was grown as per standard agronomic practices and physical, biochemical and postharvest quality parameters of beans were evaluated.Result: Results indicated that bean length (28.7cm) was highest under silver mulch whereas bean thickness (9.10mm), width (9.29mm) and 100 bean weight (1094.5g) were highest under organic mulch. Likewise, protein content (28.63%), total phenolic content (17.0µg GAE/100g) and total antioxidant activity (46.84µmol trolox equiv./100g) were found highest in beans produced under organic mulch. Overall results demonstrated that crop mulching could be used for enhancing the antioxidants, phenolic content of cowpea beans.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in middle ear and mastoid are uncommon. Presentation of RMS in these sites include purulent or blood stained discharge, polypoidal mass and granulation tissue. Clinical diagnosis may be delayed due to similar presentation as Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM). Authors herein report a case of six-year-old male patient, who presented with a blood stained discharge from right ear for 15 days. On otoscopic examination, a polypoidal mass in external auditory canal was identified. A history of ruptured right tympanic membrane with occasional discharge for two years had been given. Clinical diagnosis of CSOM with aural polyp had been made. Radiographically, it was a soft tissue lesion with poorly defined margins. There were no bony erosions with minimal collection in right middle ear cavity. On routine histopathological examination diagnosis of round cell tumour had been made. On Immunohistochemistry (IHC), tumour was immunoreactive for desmin and vimentin, while negative for Cytokeratin (CK), Leukocyte Common Antigen (LCA), chromogranin and synaptophysin. Tumour was diagnosed as RMS (Embryonal type). This case report shows importance of early diagnosis of RMS in middle ear, which is often delayed and misdiagnosed as CSOM. Delayed diagnosis may lead to, facial nerve involvement, local meningeal involvement and distant metastasis. Histopathological examination and IHC e.g., desmin positivity are the mainstay of diagnosis.

Objective There is a direct fistulous connection between the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus in cases of direct carotid–cavernous fistula (CCF). Endovascular embolization is the mainstay of management in this condition. This study is about the evolution of endovascular treatment methods and the development of a cost-effective technique for embolization of direct CCF at a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of all the cases of direct type CCF embolized by endovascular techniques in our department from 2008 to 2018.Clinical follow-up of these patients was done at 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months. Results A total of 45 patients with 40 having a prior history of head trauma were included in this study. All cases were treated with a transarterial route except one which was treated with the transvenous approach. Detachable balloons were used in 12 (26.67%) patients, only detachable coils in 14 cases (31.11%), both detachable balloons and coils in 9 cases (20%), and both detachable and push coils, that is, sandwich technique in 8 cases (17.78%). Parent arterial occlusion was performed in 10 patients (22.22%). There was complete resolution of chemosis and bruit in all the patients. Conclusion Endovascular treatment is the mainstay of management in direct CCF. Using more fibered thrombogenic coils in a sandwich manner decreases the cost of the treatment significantly.

Background: Breast lesions extend from benign to malignant ones. The National Cancer Institute recommended categories for the diagnosis of breast cytology. There are some lesions in the breast which are called intermediate or gray lesions. It includes C3 (atypical, probably benign) and C4 (suspicious, favor malignant) which needs to be evaluated. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah (Uttar Pradesh). Fine-needle aspiration cytopathology (FNAC) was the diagnostic tool. The present study was undertaken to determine the gray lesions of the breast and its correlation with histopathology and other associated parameters. Immunohistochemistry was applied where ever necessary. One hundred and fifty one cases of gray lesions of the breast were included. Results: C3 was seen in 85 (56.29%) and C4 in 66 (43.70%) patients. The maximum number of patients was of 31–40, (33.77%) years age group, the youngest patient was 12-year-old female, whereas the oldest was 86 years male. Histopathology evaluation confirmed malignancy in 35 (23.17%) cases, and infiltrating ductal carcinoma was the frequent malignancy (24 [68.5%]). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of C4 category for the diagnosis of malignancy were, respectively, 81.48%, 50%, 68.7%, and 64.2%. Conclusion: FNAC is an excellent diagnostic tool. It has some limitations, especially with the gray lesions, which may lead to miss interpretation in diagnosis, so a scope of mistake to the cytopathologist is always there. These lesions need to be evaluated because of the risk of malignancy. However, gray lesions can be reduced by cytology followed by histopathology examination along with ancillary radiological investigations such as mammography and ultrasonography.

Dragon fruit based ready to serve drink (RTS) was formulated using dragon fruit (60-80% v/v), grape juice (0-10% v/v) and sugar syrup (2-6% v/v). The juice concentrations were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) following box-behnken design (BBD) for obtaining blended RTS drink with higher functional and nutritional characteristics like total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, total phenol content, colour and sensory evaluation. Results showed that there was significant (P

Smartphone use has revolutionized life in all spheres, including the medical field. Smartphones provide immense opportunities but may also lead to negative consequences due to the element of distraction. In the medical profession and more so among anesthesiologists, multitasking has become very common, but the presence of mind is equally important. This study attempts to analyze the smartphone practices and trends among anesthesiologists during work hours in our country.The study aimed to identify recent trends and practices of smartphone use among anesthesiologists during working hours and its distribution as per designation and institutions. It also intends to determine the purposes of smartphones and their impact on patient care.Online survey consisting of open-ended multiple-choice questions was conducted and circulated as Google Forms via E-mail and WhatsApp.This survey was conducted to compare the respondents' views as per designation and workplace distribution. In addition, participants were asked about the current practices in smartphone use at their workplace, purposes of use, time spent on smartphones, and any negative medical consequences faced due to the same.One-way ANOVA test was used to compare the means between the groups. Chi-square test/Fisher's exact test was used to compare the proportions.Two hundred and sixteen (54%) were resident doctors, whereas 184 (46%) were consultants. Most of the respondents were young, with a mean age around 36 years. 31.5% of the residents used smartphones very often during anesthetized patient care compared to 10.3% of the consultants. Purposes of using smartphones were multiple, with phone calls (100%) being the most common followed by WhatsApp messaging (79.2%). 86.1% of the residents, as compared to 61% of the consultants, had anesthesia/intensive care unit-related apps on their smartphones. There was almost an equivocal response to how the smartphone has impacted patient care. 50.9% of the residents and 43% of the consultants felt improved patient care, whereas 38% of the residents and 43.5% of the consultants believed it had worsened.There was no clear-cut consensus whether smartphone use improved or worsened patient care. On the one hand, there can be distractions leading to adverse medical consequences, while on the other hand, the use of medical apps has been made possible because of the handy and easily accessible smartphones. Thus, the use of smartphones may be carried out with a sense of responsibility by the anesthesiologists during work hours.

This case series aimed to review the significance of revisiting papilledema after successful cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) management with sinus angioplasty. Four patients presented with blurring and transient obscuration of vision with papilledema, headache, tinnitus, and vomiting. On magnetic resonance venography and digital subtraction angiography, chronic transverse sinus thrombosis was diagnosed for which patients underwent endovascular intervention (stenting). After the resolution of CVST, patients developed the recurrence of symptoms which on digital subtraction angiography revealed dural arteriovenous malformation (DAVM). DAVM and papilledema resolved with endovascular embolization. This case series highlights a need of constant monitoring of CVST cases after the endovascular intervention.

Morphotaxonomical study on the plant fossils (leaf and fruit impressions) collected from Lower Siwalik sediments of Tanakpur area, Uttarakhand revealed the occurrence of 57 species of 25 angiospermous families. Of these, 39 species have been recorded new to the fossil flora of Himalayan foot hills and remaining 18 species are reported already from different Siwalik fossil localities of India, Nepal and Bhutan. The family Fabaceae (Legume family) represented by 15 species is the most dominant family in present assemblage followed by Annonaceae (8 species), Sapindaceae (5 species), Lauraceae and Euphorbiaceae (4 species) and Dipterocarpaceae and Rutaceae (3 species). The family Fabaceae which appeared in Upper Palaeocene became a major component of the evergreen forest during Middle Miocene times all along the Himalayan foot hills. In the present assemblage the evergreen floral taxa (54%) are dominant in contrast to mixed deciduous taxa at present. The predominance of evergreen elements in the Siwalik fossil assemblage indicates the prevalence of warm and humid climate with plenty of rain fall during the deposition of Siwalik sediments. The analysis of present day distribution of all the recovered species from the Siwalik foreland basins of Tanakpur area shows that they are mostly known to occur in North–east India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Malaysia wherever favourable climatic conditions exist. Only about 14% taxa of the total assemblage are found to grow presently in the Himalayan foot hills and the remaining 86% taxa are locally extinct, suggesting changes in the climatic condition. Nearest Living Relative (NLR) suggests that the Tanakpur area enjoyed a tropical climate having Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) 24–28ºC and Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) 2100–2800 mm during the deposition of the sediments.

This paper discusses about the channel length (L) variation in the single-gate (S-G) and dual-gate (D-G) amorphous-indium-gallium-zinc-oxide-thin-film-transistor (a-IGZO TFT). The threshold voltage (V th ) parameter is a concerned electrical characteristic of the TFT which is taken in the account for the depth analysis of channel length. Threshold voltage changes negatively as channel length decreases from 25μm to 5μm with step size of 5μm, Furthermore, it is observed that for the $L , it will not show desired behavior because of the drain induced barrier lowering effect (DIBL) causing degradation in the behavior of device. Besides this, the comparison of both SG and DG a-IGZO TFT device performance is discussed in terms of threshold voltage, subthreshold voltage, trans-conductance, mobility and channel length. The significantly high performance is observed for D-G structure based device with a mobility of 3.655cm2/Vs, whereas, 0.08 cm2/Vs of S-G a-IGZO TFT for L=25μm. Henceforth, DG a-IGZO TFT shows superior behavior than SG a-IGZO TFT making it more robust for digital circuit applications.