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Background: Five-year graft survival in the pediatric lung transplant (LTxp) population is less than 50%, with obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) the leading cause of death at 1, 3, and 5 years post-transplant. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), defined using spirometry values, is the clinical surrogate for the histological diagnosis of obliterative bronchiolitis. Surgical correction of documented gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been proposed as a means to potentially delay the onset of BOS and prolong allograft survival in adults before or after lung transplantation but only one such study exists in children. We have examined the safety and possible benefits of laparoscopic antireflux surgery in pediatric patients following lung (LTxp) and heart-lung transplantation (HLTxp). Methods: An Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved retrospective chart review was performed to evaluate the outcomes and complications of laparoscopic antireflux surgery in pediatric lung and heart-lung transplant patients. Spirometry data were collected for BOS staging using BOS criteria for children. Results: Twenty-five lung and heart-lung transplants were performed between January 2003 and July 2009. Eleven transplant recipients, including six double-lung and five heart-lung (HLTxp), with a median age of 11.7 years (range 5.1-18.4 years), underwent a total of 12 laparoscopic Nissen fundoplications at a median of 427 days after transplant (range 51-2310 days). GERD was determined based upon clinical impression, pH probe study, gastric emptying study, and/or esophagram in all patients. Three patients already had a gastrostomy tube in place and two had one placed at the time of fundoplication. There were no conversions to open surgery, 30-day readmissions, or 30-day mortalities. Complications included one exploratory laparoscopy for free air 6 days after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for a gastric perforation that had spontaneously sealed. Another patient required a revision laparoscopic Nissen 822 days following the initial fundoplication for a paraesophageal hernia and recurrent GERD. The average length of hospital stay was 4.4 ± 1.7 days. Nine of the 12 fundoplications were performed in patients with baseline spirometry values prior to fundoplication and who could also complete spirometry reliably. One of these nine operations was associated with improvement in BOS stage 6 months after fundoplication; seven were associated with no change in BOS stage; and one was associated with a decline in BOS stage. Conclusion: It is feasible to perform laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in pediatric lung and heart-lung transplant recipients without mortality or significant morbidity for the treatment of GERD. The real effect on pulmonary function cannot be assessed due to our small sample size and lack of reproducible spirometry in our younger patients. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between antireflux surgery and the potential for improving pulmonary allograft function and survival in children which has been previously observed in adult patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To reduce the risks associated with splenectomy, there has been a trend toward splenic preservation when performing distal pancreatectomy. Although laparoscopy has gained almost universal acceptance, it is still not utilized often for pancreatic surgery in children. In fact, review of the literature shows only a few case series of splenic-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy, and even less reported experience in the pediatric population. To our knowledge, there has been only one other report of laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy in the setting of trauma in a child.Methods: A 13-year-old boy suffered a handlebar injury to the abdomen secondary to a dirt bike accident. He did not report loss of consciousness but complained of abdominal pain. CT scan revealed a grade II splenic laceration with a transected distal pancreas. He was hemodynamically stable with a large contusion in the left upper quadrant. Laboratory evaluation showed that his hematocrit was stable but was significant for elevated amylase and lipase. During his hospitalization, he developed significant abdominal distension and his amylase and lipase continued to rise. He was taken to the operating room for definitive management of his pancreatic injury 72 hours after his initial injury.Results: In the operating room, a central line was placed so that he could receive total parenteral nutrition postoperatively. The video demonstrates the performance of a laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy. There was a fair amount of old blood seen in the left upper quadrant and behind the pancreas. There was no evidence of active bleeding. The operation was performed without complication and with preservation of the splenic vessels.Conclusions: The postoperative course was very smooth with the child resuming diet by postoperative day (POD) 4. He was sent home on POD 7. This video demonstrates that in the proper trauma patient, a minimally invasive approach to a spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy can still be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Caustic ingestion is a common cause for acquired esophageal strictures in children. Thoracoscopic esophagectomy can be very useful in this setting, particularly for short segments of disease [1-4]. Thus far, the use of endoscopy to guide resection margins has not been described.Methods: A 6-year-old boy developed a tight, short esophageal stricture from a lye ingestion injury at the age of 4 years. He had a gastrostomy tube placed at the time for supplemental feedings and subsequently failed attempts at antegrade and retrograde esophageal dilatation. This video demonstrates an endoscopically guided (endoscopes simultaneously passed retrograde via the gastrostomy and antegrade through the oropharynx) thoracoscopic esophagectomy and primary anastomosis management of the stricture.Methods: In the left lateral decubitus position, four 5-mm ports were placed in the right chest in the fifth intercostal space, anterior-axillary line; sixth intercostal space, midaxillary line; fourth intercostal space, midaxillary line; and seventh intercostal space, posterior axillary line. A 5-mm 30 degrees Storz telescope and 4.9-mm and 9.6-mm Olympus endoscopes were used. The area of esophageal stricture was identified using the endoscopes and thoracoscopically dissected circumferentially. The vagus nerves were identified and circumferentially freed from the strictured esophageal segment. Primary resection and anastomosis was performed using intracorporeal sutures and then tested for leak using the endoscope via the gastrostomy site.Results: Esophagram on postoperative day (POD) 7 revealed no leak and a widely patent anastomosis. He was discharged home on a soft diet on POD 8 and continues to feed orally over 1 year following his operation.Conclusion: As demonstrated by our video, endoscopy is a useful adjunct in the performance of a thoracoscopic esophagectomy for short esophageal stricture. It is particularly helpful because it provides direct visualization of the compromised lumen and allows for a more precise resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]