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Source at https://doi.org/10.7577/nbf.3428. Artikkelen retter fokus mot begrepet erfaringslæring, for å undersøke studenters læringsutbytte i spenningsfeltet mellom teoretisk undervisning og praksis. Utdrag fra fokusgruppesamtaler, valgt ut gjennom tematisk analyse, danner utgangspunkt for å diskutere hvordan ulike innganger til begrepet erfaringslæring kan skape mulighetsrom i møter med studenter som har rik praksiserfaring fra barnehagefeltet. I artikkelens teoretiske landskap beveger forfatterne seg fra Dewey, via Biesta og til Latour, for å utdype begrepet erfaringslæring. Lærerutdannere og studenters ideer om erfaringslæring og barnehagen som læringsarena problematiseres i lys av hva og hvordan kunnskapsressurser aktiveres i ulike praksiser. Avslutningsvis løftes noen dilemmaer som kan være fruktbare å problematisere for lærerutdanningene selv, i deres arbeid med læringsutbytte. In this article the focus is on the concept of experiential learning, in order to investigate what possible learning processes might become in the tension between theoretical and practical knowledge. Extracts from focus group discussions, chosen through thematic analysis, stear the discussion of how different gazes on the concept experiential learning can create both opportunities and dilemmas for teacher educators when engaged in learning processes together with experienced students in the kindergarten field. The article deals with the concept of experiential learning, and moves from Dewey, via Biesta and to Latour. Teacher educators and students' ideas about experience learning and kindergarten as an important learning arena are problematized in light of what and how knowledge resources are activated in different practices. In conclusion, some dilemmas are raised which can be fruitful in order to problematize the concept learning outcome for teacher educations themselves.

BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is a heterogenous, lifelong disease, with an unpredictable and potentially progressive course, that may impose negative psychosocial impact on patients. While informed patients with chronic illness have improved adherence and outcomes, previous research showed that the majority of IBD patients receive insufficient information regarding their disease. The large heterogeneity of IBD and the wide range of information topics makes a one-size fits all knowledge resource overwhelming and cumbersome. We hypothesized that different patient profiles may have different and specific information needs, the identification of which will allow building personalized computer-based information resources in the future. AIM To evaluate the scope of disease-related knowledge among IBD patients and determine whether different patient profiles drive unique information needs. METHODS We conducted a nationwide survey addressing hospital-based IBD clinics. A Total of 571 patients completed a 28-item questionnaire, rating the amount of information received at time of diagnosis and the importance of information, as perceived by participants, for a newly diagnosed patient, and for the participants themselves, at current time. We performed an exploratory factor analysis of the crude responses aiming to create a number of representative knowledge domains (factors), and analyzed the responses of a set of 15 real-life patient profiles generated by the study team. RESULTS Participants gave low ratings for the amount of information received at disease onset (averaging 0.9/5) and high ratings for importance, both for the newly diagnosed patients (mean 4.2/5) and for the participants themselves at current time (mean 3.5/5). Factor analysis grouped responses into six information-domains. The responses of selected profiles, compared with the rest of the participants, yielded significant associations (defined as a difference in rating of > 0.5 points with a P < 0.05). Patients with active disease showed a higher interest in work-disability, stress-coping, and therapy-complications. Patients newly diagnosed at age > 50, and patients with long-standing disease (> 10 years) showed less interest in work-disability. Patients in remission with mesalamine or no therapy showed less interest in all domains except for nutrition and long-term complications. CONCLUSION We demonstrate unmet patient information needs. Analysis of various patient profiles revealed associations with specific information topics, paving the way for building patient-tailored information resources.

Knowledge management and knowledge resources have gained much importance in recent years and are said to improve organizational performance. However, the effects of knowledge management practices on organizational performance are not well known especially in the case of public organizations. This research had exam-ined the effects of knowledge management practices on organizational performance at Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency. The study adopted explanatory research. Questionnaires were adopted on the basis of literature review. The ques-tionnaires were also used to collect data from members of staff; respondents were selected through a random sampling method with sample size of 140 respondents. The completed questionnaires were edited for completeness and consistency, checked for errors and analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPPS 20) fre-quencies, percentages and multiple correlations for quantitative analysis. The study recommends Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency should ensure a formal-ized way of acquiring knowledge from its employee and implement knowledge shar-ing practices that enable the employees to learn from each other. Ethiopian Agricul-tural Transformation Agency should also revise Organizational structure in accord-ance with the knowledge management element to enhance the effect of organizational performance and use advanced technologies to enhance its knowledge management practice

This article examined the role of environmental interaction in interdisciplinary thinking and the use of different knowledge resource types. The case study was conducted with two classes (N = 40) of 8th-grade students, ages 13 to 14. The outdoor trail aimed to help students synthesize history, geography, and science knowledge. Two groups’ discourse from each class was audio-­recorded and transcribed for content analysis. We coded the discourse to examine: (i) the use of different knowledge resource types (i.e., contextual resource, new conceptual resource, prior knowledge resource); (ii) the relationship among these knowledge resource types; and (iii) evidences of interdisciplinary thinking. Findings showed that contextual resources enhanced students’ capacity to develop new conceptual resources and to activate prior knowledge resources. Further, about 80% of students’ discourse demonstrated interdisciplinary connections of two subjects.

The key role in process management is played by the systematic analysis, measurement and improvement of processes. The imperative of continuous introduction of changes in processes is the answer to the changing conditions of competition and the great dynamics in the expectations and preferences of customers. Information related to business process should be collected and formalized in order to improve the execution of processes. In connection with the above, it may be stated that the improvement of processes should be supported by the concept of knowledge management in the institutional sense where we refer to the structure of communication and information which enables the interaction between members of the organization. The purpose of the study is to present relations between process management and the concept of knowledge management, with particular attention being paid to the improvement of processes seen through the prism of knowledge resources. The execution of the objective formulated above made use of such research methods as research on the literature on the subject related to process management and knowledge management as well as the findings from the author’s own surveys conducted in 2015 among medium and lower management personnel in organizations improving processes.

We investigate how resource orchestration influences performance within the ‘knowledge resource management’ approach by exploiting a novel database on the Italian Serie A top-professional football league spanning from the 1960–61 up to the 1991–92 season. We find that the acquisition of experience via newcomers has a U-shaped non-monotonic relationship with performance. Furthermore, we find that releasing co-specialized employees has a positive moderating role within the relationship between team experience and performance by suggesting that dismissing old routines positively influences the relationship between current routines and team's performance.

In this article, we describe a system that reads news articles in four different languages and detects what happened, who is involved, where and when. This event-centric information is represented as episodic situational knowledge on individuals in an interoperable RDF format that allows for reasoning on the implications of the events. Our system covers the complete path from unstructured text to structured knowledge, for which we defined a formal model that links interpreted textual mentions of things to their representation as instances. The model forms the skeleton for interoperable interpretation across different sources and languages. The real content, however, is defined using multilingual and cross-lingual knowledge resources, both semantic and episodic. We explain how these knowledge resources are used for the processing of text and ultimately define the actual content of the episodic situational knowledge that is reported in the news. The knowledge and model in our system can be seen as an example how the Semantic Web helps NLP. However, our systems also generate massive episodic knowledge of the same type as the Semantic Web is built on. We thus envision a cycle of knowledge acquisition and NLP improvement on a massive scale. This article reports on the details of the system but also on the performance of various high-level components. We demonstrate that our system performs at state-of-the-art level for various subtasks in the four languages of the project, but that we also consider the full integration of these tasks in an overall system with the purpose of reading text. We applied our system to millions of news articles, generating billions of triples expressing formal semantic properties. This shows the capacity of the system to perform at an unprecedented scale.

As developing economies have weak institutional environments, and these are highly distant from SMEs’ home conditions in developed economies, those firms entering into developing economies should acquire new knowledge resources for a successful entry. In this paper, we analyze the type of knowledge required by SMEs to enter a foreign market, the alternative sources for acquiring that knowledge, and the specific challenges associated with the case of SMEs from developed economies in their first entry in developing economies. In our empirical work, we examined the specific case of Spanish SMEs entering Senegal as a first incursion in developing economies. This work shows evidence of usefulness to contribute to literature. Specifically, we found that the key knowledge is that which is specific to the target market, rather than the general knowledge about internationalization. In addition, we provide a matrix that summarizes the most appropriate sources to acquire each type of knowledge in the light of the main challenges identified: myopic managerial thinking, inflexible managers, absence of a culture of cooperation, and relevant knowledge embedded in local networks of the host market.

Traditionally, the term crowd was used almost exclusively in the context of people who self-organized around a common purpose, emotion or experience. Today, however, firms often refer to crowds in discussions of how collections of individuals can be engaged for organizational purposes. Crowdsourcing, the use of information technologies to outsource business responsibilities to crowds, can now significantly influence a firms ability to leverage previously unattainable resources to build competitive advantage. Nonetheless, many managers are hesitant to consider crowdsourcing because they do not understand how its various types can add value to the firm. In response, we explain what crowdsourcing is, the advantages it offers and how firms can pursue crowdsourcing. We begin by formulating a crowdsourcing typology and show how its four categories (crowd-voting, micro-task, idea and solution crowdsourcing) can help firms develop crowd capital, an organizational-level resource harnessed from the crowd. We then present a three-step process model for generating crowd capital. Step one includes important considerations that shape how a crowd is to be constructed. Step two outlines the capabilities firms need to develop to acquire and assimilate resources (knowledge, labor, funds) from the crowd. Step three addresses key decision-areas that executives need to address to effectively engage crowds., Business Horizons, Volume 58, Issue 1, Pages 77-85

Background As economic growth in developed economies has almost peaked, developing economies are becoming to be the source of firm's future growth. Additionally, as SMEs are relevant economic actors in the majority of developed economies where they provide growth and wealth, and also play a relevant role in developing economies where they contribute to alleviate poverty, their international expansion to developing economies deserves research attention. However, extant literature in international business has little addressed SMEs’internationalization; particularly as such firms expand into developing economies.Purpose of Study. To provide a first cohesive model to recommend a process of SME's knowledge acquisition to successfully enter into its first developing economy. Sources of Evidence. We review and integrate the literature on developing economies, international business, and organizational knowledge. Main Argument. Developing economies have weak institutional environments with high levels of business uncertainty, institutional voids, political instability, weak legal systems, and exchanges based on social networks, among other adverse locational factors. These institutional conditions are highly distant from those of SMEs from developed economies; thus, these firms entering into developing economies must develop new strategies in order to succeed in their international expansion processes –e.g., designing operations by creating intermediaries or bypassing inefficient markets, extending the framework for quality to other dimensions such as availability or timeliness. In order to implement these new strategies, SMEs must develop new ownership advantages –e.g., political capabilities, abilities to operate in informal markets, high flexibility–. Within this process of strategic change, SMEs would have to acquire those knowledge resources needed for a successful implementation of the new competitive strategies in developing economies. To the best of our knowledge, no article has been published that attempt to systematically assess type of knowledge required for internationalization to the first developing economy, the challenges its acquisition represents, and the sources for acquiring that knowledge.Conclusions. Four different types of internationalization knowledge and seven different sources of them must be considered by SMEs when internationalizing to their first developing economy. As developing economies as highly distant from developed ones, additional challenges add to those commonly associated with the acquisition of each type of knowledge. This work takes them into account and offers a normative model of SMEs’ knowledge acquisition to successfully enter into their first developing economy. This model suggests the suitable sources for each type of knowledge along time.

Libraries are well-positioned in order to work in cross-disciplinary teams in teaching and learning as well as in research landscape. The new trends and significant challenges in education and the important developments in technology are drivers for developing and changing libraries. For instance, among others, the economic and political pressures, the evolving nature of the scholarly record and the research data management areexamples of areas that are affected by this change. The seven steps described in the following pages were selected by the authors after a thorough bibliography review, the application of previous professional knowledge and experience within the field of libraries and further discussion of the topic. These steps are intended to be a roadmap to accelerate the transformation of digital libraries aiming to support teaching, learning and research. Las bibliotecas están bien posicionadas para trabajar en equipos interdisciplinarios en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje, así como en el campo de la investigación. Las nuevas tendencias y retos importantes en la educación y los importantes desarrollos tecnológicos son motores para el desarrollo y el cambio de las bibliotecas. Por ejemplo, entre otras, las presiones económicas y políticas, la naturaleza evolutiva del registro académico y la gestión de datos de investigación son ejemplos de áreas que se ven afectadas por este cambio. Se seleccionaron los siete pasos descritos en las siguientes páginas. Los autores después de una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica, aplicación de los conocimientos y experiencias profesionales anteriores dentro del campo de las bibliotecas y una mayor discusión del tema. Estos pasos están destinados a ser una hoja de ruta para acelerar la transformación de bibliotecas digitales con el objetivo de apoyar la enseñanza, aprendizaje e investigación. Les biblioteques estan ben posicionades per a treballar en equips interdisciplinaris en l'ensenyament i l'aprenentatge, així com en el camp de la recerca. Les noves tendències i reptes importants en l'educació i els importants desenvolupaments tecnològics són motors per al desenvolupament i el canvi de les biblioteques. Per exemple, entre unes altres, les pressions econòmiques i polítiques, la naturalesa evolutiva del registre acadèmic i la gestió de dades de recerca són exemples d'àrees que es veuen afectades per aquest canvi. Es van seleccionar els set passos descrits en les següents pàgines. Els autors després d'una exhaustiva revisió bibliogràfica, aplicació dels coneixements i experiències professionals anteriors dins del camp de les biblioteques i una major discussió del tema. Aquests passos estan destinats a ser un full de ruta per a accelerar la transformació de biblioteques digitals amb l'objectiu de recolzar l'ensenyament, aprenentatge i recerca.

This paper studies the tourist districts of the Spanish coastline, analyzing how its characteristics influence the competitiveness of the hotels located inside them. Specifically, the work is divided into three differentiated parts. Firstly, it is analyzed how the degree of business agglomeration in the tourist districts affects the profitability of the hotels, obtaining the conclusion that the relationship between these two variables follows a U-shaped form. Secondly, the study tries to determine whether the concentration of tourism enterprises in a district depends on the existence in the place of knowledge resources coming from institutions. Conclusions obtained in this second part are different depending on the source of knowledge. Finally, the third part analyzes the relationship between the degree of business agglomeration in each district with the propensity of hotel chains to internationalize, as well as with the possibility that foreign chains are located in Spain. Este trabajo estudia los distritos turísticos de la costa española, analizando cómo las características que los definen influyen en la competitividad de sus hoteles. El trabajo se divide en tres partes. En la primera se analiza cómo el grado de aglomeración empresarial de los distritos turísticos identificados afecta a la rentabilidad de los hoteles, llegando a la conclusión de que la relación entre estas dos variables tiene la forma de U. En la segunda, se trata de determinar si la concentración de empresas turísticas en un distrito depende de la existencia en el lugar de recursos de conocimiento procedente de fuentes institucionales, obteniendo conclusiones diferentes en función de la fuente de conocimiento. En la tercera, se relaciona el grado de aglomeración de empresas turísticas de cada distrito con la propensión de las cadenas hoteleras a internacionalizarse, así como con la posibilidad de que cadenas extranjeras se localicen en España.

This paper's objective is to strengthen the capacity of various institutions in the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation for sustainable water resources management, and to develop training tools for innovative techniques for further dissemination to state agencies and other stakeholders.

This background report was written at a time when the Government of Bihar (GoB) was launching a number of reforms in higher education. A private universities bill passed the Bihar state assembly in April 2013 paving the way for opening of private universities in the state. A strong effort to encourage universities and colleges to obtain National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) accreditation has been initiated. The objective of this background report is to provide policy-makers and stakeholders in higher education in Bihar with an overview of the opportunities and challenges that the state is facing in terms of reaching the ambitious goals in mission manav vikas. The report analyzes the data and information which is readily available on the access, equity, excellence, and finance. It can also be used as a baseline for the state higher education plan in Bihar drafted as part of the Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) process. The report is reflecting what has been possible to do in a short period of time with the available data and information.

Modern Information and Communication Technologies ICT require very accurate and up-to-date knowledge resources, such as databases and knowledge bases, providing information about real-world entities e.g. locations, persons, events which can guarantee that results of automatic processing can be trusted enough for decision-making processes. The solutions employed so far to guarantee their quality mainly rely on the automatic application of integrity constraints for databases and consistency checks for knowledge bases. In order to achieve a higher accuracy, there is also a recent trend in complementing automatic with manual checks, via crowdsourcing techniques. This paper presents a methodology and an evaluation framework, based on the definition and application of a semantic schema, which analyses the sometimes hidden semantics of the terms in the entity descriptions from a knowledge resource, and allows assessing its quality and the identification of those potentially faulty parts which would benefit from manual checks. The approach is particularly suited for schema-less resources, i.e. resources in which entities do not follow a unique and explicit schema. Our evaluation showed promising results.

Die zunehmende Digitalisierung von Ressourcen eröffnet der Welt der Wissensmedien scheinbar unbegrenzte Möglichkeiten. Den gleichermaßen wachsenden Anforderungen an die Funktionalität, Verfügbarkeit, Umfang und Vernetztheit elektronischer Ressourcen gerecht zu werden ist die große Herausforderung, der sich die Lexikographie stellen muss. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Frage, wie das digitale Medium für die Neukonzeption eines japanisch-deutschen phraseologischen Wörterbuchs eingesetzt werden kann. Ziel ist die prototypische Entwicklung und theoretische Beschreibung eines Systems, das die Natur des Phänomens möglichst adäquat in der digitalen lexikalischen Ressource abbildet und dabei die zentralen Anforderungen der einschlägigen Forschung erfüllt. Im Forschungsdiskurs der Bereiche Phraseologie und Computerlinguistik werden zahlreiche Desiderate an die Phraseographie gestellt. Phraseologische Wörterbücher sollen einen größeren Umfang bieten und gleichzeitig den Nutzer gezielter zur gesuchten Information führen. Ihre Entwicklung erfolgt korpusbasiert. Elektronische Nachschlagewerke sind mit diversen externen Wissensressourcen vernetzt und passen sich flexibel und intelligent an die Bedürfnisse individueller Nutzer an. Hinzu kommen Anforderungen zur Sicherung der Datenintegrität und Interoperabilität. Den Ausgangspunkt bietet eine Analyse der Charakteristika japanischer Idiome mit Hinblick auf ihre Kodierung im elektronischen Wörterbuch. Daraus geht hervor, dass diverse Arten von Variation sowie die adäquate Repräsentation multipler Schichten semantischer Information wesentliche Herausforderungen bei der Entwicklung sind. Die verschiedenen Formen der Variabilität und deren Kombinatorik sind in Teilen der Komplexität des japanischen Schriftsystems geschuldet und in in ihrer Mehrdimensionalität spezifisch für die japanische Sprache. Die Problematik der präzisen Beschreibung semantischer und pragmatischer Merkmale ist hingegen ebenso auf andere Sprachpaare übertragbar wie die Beschreibung von Variationsformen und -mustern sowie externen Valenzen. Nur durch eine adäquate und exakte Modellierung der Mehrwortausdrücke kann kulturellen und sprachlichen Unterschieden zwischen distanten Sprachen Rechnung getragen werden. Die Umsetzung der Anforderungen in die Praxis nimmt Impulse aus der lexikographischen Praxis auf. Hierfür werden ausgewählte gedruckte und digitale Nachschlagewerke mit Blick auf ihren Umgang mit Idiomen analysiert. Verschiedentlich können Lösungswege insbesondere aus den gedruckten Werken für das elektronischer Wörterbuch adaptiert werden. Auch die untersuchten Rahmenwerke zur Kodierung lexikalischer Informationen (TEI und LMF) tragen wichtige Aspekte zur Neukonzeption des Nachschlagewerkes bei. In der praktischen Umsetzung zeigt sich jedoch, dass sich die Besonderheiten der japanischen Idiome mit Hilfe existierender Paradigmen und der vorhandenen Rahmenwerke alleine nicht abbilden lassen. Um die japanisch-deutsche Phraseology in einer Form im digitalen Lexikon zu repräsentieren, die den Anforderungen aus Phraseographie und Computerlinguistik gerecht wird, müssen traditionelle Strukturen durchbrochen und existierende Rahmenwerke erweitert werden. Auf diese Weise kann der Zugriff auf diverse Variationsformen und deren Kombinatorik ermöglicht sowie die adäquate Beschreibung der semantischen und grammatischen Eigenschaften von Phrasemen gewährleistet werden. Die Arbeit zeigt jedoch auch die Grenzen auf, an welche eine Entwicklung derzeit stößt, zum Beispiel bei Fragen nach dezidierten Methoden im Bereich Korpusanalyse sowie der Interoperabilität verfügbarer lexikalischer Ressourcen. Digital lexical resources are becoming increasingly available for different areas of language and linguistic studies, but the potential of the medium is far from exhausted. Most electronic dictionaries still adhere to the traditions of printed dictionaries, even though the so-called digital ages seems to open almost limitless possibilities for lexicographic innovation. In my work I discuss ways to enhance the functionality of phraseological dictionaries, with special focus on the encoding of multiple layers of information in a web-based Japanese-German idiom dictionary. The challenge of modeling Japanese multi-word expressions in an electronic dictionary includes the encoding of various types of variations and restrictions, providing an adequate representation of multiple layers of semantic information to bridge the cultural gap between these distant languages and cultures. The different forms of variation along with their combinations are partly owed to the complexity of the Japanese writing system and is therefore in its multidimensionality specific to the Japanese language. Further challenges arise with incorporating adequate semantic and pragmatic descriptions as well as encoding forms and patterns of variations and valency. The latter methods can also be applied to different languages. Researchers in the fields of Phraseology and Computational Linguistics place various requirements on the development of phraseological dictionaries. Dictionaries should cover a larger amount of idioms and include a set of features which enable quicker and more direct searches. Methods of corpus analysis are considered integral part of their development. Electronic dictionaries are part of a network of knowledge resources and adapt to their users needs in a flexible and intelligent way. Furthermore they set the requirements which ensure data integrity and interoperability. Current lexicographic practices provide an impetus for the practical implementation of electronic dictionaries. The analysis of a selection of printed and electronic dictionaries focusing on their treatment of idioms provide possible approaches. Standard frameworks for the encoding of lexical information (TEI and LMF) also contribute important aspects to the redesign of the lexicon. However the practical implementation quickly revealed, that the characteristics of Japanese idioms can not be systematically encoded in the digital lexicon with help of existing methods alone. In order to encode the Japanese-German phraseology in an electronic dictionary in a manner that satisfies the requirements of phraseological and computational linguistic research it is necessary to break through traditional structures and enhance existing frameworks. Only in this manner will it become possible to enable access to the various possible forms of variations and their combinations and to adequately represent the exact, semantic and grammatical information of idioms. External resources can be integrated if technical preconditions are met. In this point and with regard to the methods and tools of corpus linguistics for retrieval and disambiguation of idioms the work shows the limiting factors in the current development of electronic phraseological resources.

Society is becoming a complex socio-technical ecosystem requiring novel ICT solutions to provide the basic infrastructure for innovative services able to address key societal challenges and to assist people in their everyday activities. To tackle such complexity, there is a pressing need for very accurate, up-to-date and diversity-aware knowledge resources which can guarantee that results of automatic processing can be trusted enough for decision making processes. As the maintenance of such resources turns out to be very expensive, we argue that the only affordable way to address this is by complementing automatic with manual checks. This paper presents a methodology, based on the notion of semantic schema, which aims to minimize human intervention as it allows the automatic identification of potentially faulty parts of a knowledge resource which need manual checks. Our evaluation showed promising results.

Research in the Life Sciences depends on the integration of large, dis- tributed and heterogeneous web resources (e.g. data sources and web services). The discovery of which of these resources are the most appropriate to solve a given task is a complex research question, since there are many candidate resources and there is little, mostly unstructured, metadata to be able to decide among them. In this paper we contribute with a semi-automatic approach, based on semantic techniques, to assist researchers in the discovery of the most appropriate web resources to ful ll a set of requirements. The main feature of our approach is that it exploits broad knowledge resources in order to annotate the unstructured texts that are available in the emerging web-based repositories of web resource metadata. The results show that the web resource discovery process bene ts from a semantic- based approach in several important aspects. One of the advantages is that the user can express her requirements in natural language avoiding the use of speci c vocabularies or query languages. Moreover, the discovery exploits not only the categories or tags of web resources, but also their description and documentation.

Problem: It is fundamental that corporate decision makers are well informed, have the knowledge - base necessary to recognize the hostile intent, and are prepared to defend against unfriendly offers. However, Croatian corporate decision makers lack the knowledge about how to recognize the corporate hostile takeover intent and proactively prepare themselves for the successful defense against it. Their understanding of the hostile takeover is limited and their defensive actions are neither strategic nor operational. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop develop develop develop develop develop an understanding of hostile takeovers and to test the entrepreneur's hostile takeover awareness in Croatia. In addition, this paper provides discussion about historical and theoretical aspects of the hostile takeover and its impact on predators and target companies. Finally, this paper identifies how Croatian companies are prepared for potential hostile takeovers and which defense methods can be integrated into business strategies and practice. Design/method/approach: This paper uses a mixed method research design. Qualitative design will be employed to gather an evidence of the applied literature on the hostile takeover and its impact on the targeted corporations. In addition, the case study method will be used to reflect a real takeover attempt and actions taken by the predator and the targeted company. Finally, quantitative research design will be used to show the corporate decision makers’ hostile takeover awareness in Croatia and their knowledge about defense methods against hostile takeovers. The target population is middle size enterprises (MSE) and large size corporations listed on the stock market in Croatia. The individuals of interest in the population are middle and top managers and/or entrepreneurs, corporate decision makers. These managers will be selected randomly from the population. The certain characteristics of the individuals of population are: (a) the individuals are managers and/or entrepreneurs and (b) they share similar income levels and education. Findings: The results indicate that corporate hostile takeovers impact targeted companies in terms of value creation for the target company shareholders. In addition, Croatian corporate decision makers have very low anti hostile takeover awareness and believe that unwanted hostile threat cannot come to their address. Finally, most of the Croatian companies have poor or no anti hostile takeover methods integrated in their corporate strategy at all. Practical implications: This paper describes that every company can be defended against hostile takeover using one or more of many methods of hostile takeover defense. The preconditions for this defense are to recognize signals of a hostile takeover and proactive preparation for the defense, including a higher level of communication between company's departments. Originality/value: Hostile takeover is a real threat and must be treated with respect and caution. Since Croatia is in the process of joining the European Union, special attention should be taken to prevent corporate unfriendly takeovers. Building the knowledge-base necessary to recognize and defend against hostile takeover, Croatian corporate decision makers can avoid hostile takeover consequences.

Many attempts have been made to extract structured data from Web resources, exposing them as RDF triples and interlinking them with other RDF datasets: in this way it is possible to create clouds of highly integrated Semantic Web data collections. In this paper we describe an approach to enhance the extraction of semantic contents from unstructured textual documents, in particular considering Wikipedia articles and focusing on event mining. Starting from the deep parsing of a set of English Wikipedia articles, we produce a semantic annotation compliant with the Knowledge Annotation Format (KAF). We extract events from the KAF semantic annotation and then we structure each event as a set of RDF triples linked to both DBpedia and WordNet. We point out examples of events automatically mined from a set of Wikipedia documents, providing some general evaluation of how our approach may discover new events and link them to existing contents.

This journal article describes the importance of access to knowledge resources in Africa and its relation to soil health and productivity. Degraded farmland is becoming an issue in Africa and improving soil health will potentially increase agricultural yields. To address the improvement of soil health, this article explains the survey taken in 2007 which polled 73 respondents from 23 countries about their access to information, their use of libraries and networks, and knowledge pathways they think could be improved. Results show that it could be useful to increase internetwork links that share information effectively among scientists, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. These collaborative efforts, along with increasing network membership and providing cheap resource resources, could have positive effects on the soil health in Africa.

Makro Trender inom Kinesiska Human Resurser Medan vi går mot en mer avancerad globaliserad ekonomi har vi också utvecklats från ett jordbrukssamhälle till ett service samhälle. Som med alla andra delar av mänsklighetens utveckling har vi fortsatt på en stig av entreprenörskap och förändring till det som vissa idag kallar ett ”kreativt samhälle”. Det kan vara för tidigt att säga att vi är på väg in i en ny era men det är klart att förändringar händer mycket snabbare och med en större effekt runtom jorden och det skapar ett samhälle som är annorlunda jämfört med förut. Ett samhälle där de begåvade, utbildade och kreativa är den ekonomiska utvecklingens katalysator. Men uppkomsten av denna, den kreativa klassen, och globaliserings processen innebär också problem. När människor höjer sig själva och dem runtomkring till nya höjder genom omfattande förändring finns en risk att de människor som inte klarar omställningen till en sådan värld lämnas kvar. Det är Globaliseringens paradox; den ger rikedom till människor som kan anpassa sig medan de andra ofta lämnas för att ta hand om sig själva. Den här uppsatsen handlar om de effekterna på världens mest befolkade nation, Kina. När de kommer till dessa, Human Resurser, de mest produktiva elementen av ett modernt samhälle är Kina långt bakom. Det Kinesiska loppet mot att bli en global makt handlar - 3 - lika mycket om att komma ifatt resten av världen ekonomiskt som socialt och politiskt. Medan Kina spänner sina ekonomiska muskler för att förändras uppstår andra problem och hastigheten som Kina förändras med leder till mer komplicerade sociala problem som kan komma att hota landets utveckling. Kina försöker göra det som det tog de främsta utvecklade länderna i världen den största delen av de senaste 300 åren att göra inom loppet av en generation. Tvingade av nödvändigheten av reformer jonglerar kommunistpartiet dessa politiska, ekonomiska och utbildningsmässiga problem på mer och mer komplicerade sätt och längre och längre bort från varandra. Den här historien börjar dock på ett tåg mellan Washington DC och New York. Macro Trends in Chinese Human Resources As we move into a more advanced globalized economy we have developed from an agriculture society to a service society. As with every other part of human development we have continued down the path of innovation and change to what some today call the “creative society”. It might be to early to say that we are entering a new age but it is clear that changes happen faster and with greater impact across the globe and that is creating a society that is different from before. A society where the talented, educated, creative, are the catalyst of economic development in a modern economy. But the rise of this creative class and the process of globalization also offer problems. When people elevate themselves and those around them to new heights through major change the people who are unable to transit into such a world run the risk of being left behind. It is the paradox of Globalization; it brings riches to the people who can adapt to it while the others are often left to tend for themselves. This thesis is about those effects on the world’s most populous nation, China. And when it comes to these, the Human Resources, the most productive elements of a modern - 5 - society, China is far behind. The Chinese race toward becoming a major global power is as much about catching up to the rest of the world economically a socially and politically. As China masses its economical muscles to change other problems evolve and the speed of the change lead to even more complicated social problems that might come back to haunt the country’s development path. China is trying to do what it took the major developed nations of the world a larger part of the last 300 years to do in one generation. Pushed by the need for reform the communist party is juggling politics, economy, and education of their people in more and more complicated ways and further and further away from each other. The story however, starts on a train ride between Washington DC and New York.

The purpose of this paper is to articulate a set of interlinked research propositions about knowledge management systems in relation to police investigations and in particular the possibilities of capturing the investigative knowledge inherent in how experienced police understand the investigative process. Moreover, the paper adresses missing links in the litterature between "know-what" and "know-how" relationships between knowledge management systems and police investigations. A series of policy recommendations are also outlined in relation to this research agenda.