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ZDJELAR G., NIKOLIC Z., VASILJEVIC I., BAJIC B., JOVICIC D., IGNJATOV M., MILOSEVIC D. (2013): Detection of genetically modified soya, maize, and rice in vegetarian and healthy food products in Serbia. Czech J. Food Sci., 31: 43-48. The presence of genetic modifications was analysed in a total of 100 samples of non-labelled vegetarian and healthy food products. The basic raw materials in the samples tested comprised maize, soya, and/or rice. The screening of all samples was performed using the primers for CaMV35S promoter. The positive samples from this initial screening were further subjected to the analysis of specific transgenic material to determine the type of GMO present with subsequent quantification. Roundup Ready soya was found in eight samples, but its content was below the limit of 0.9%. None of the analysed samples of food products contained GM maize and GM rice. Considering that the investigated samples were imported mainly from EU countries, it can be concluded that the control of GMOs is carried out systematically and in accordance with the Serbian GMO Law.

Laboratory assays were conducted to detect and identify causal agent of bacterial blight of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from diseased bean plants. Total of 16 strains of yellow-pigmented Xanthomonas-like bacteria were isolated from plants using yeast extract-CaCO3 agar. Pathogenicity was confirmed on tobacco plants of the cultivar Samsun. The growth characteristics were determined on the basis of appearance, colour, size and shape of colonies developed on YDC, MPA, Tween B and Milk Tween (MT) medium. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was preformed with the Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli specific primer pair, X4c and X4e which directs the amplification of the 730-bp DNA fragment. This study confirmed that all investigated strains belong to species Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli.

Bacterial spot, caused by either Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe-Group A), X. vesicatoria (Xv-Group B), X. perforans (Xp-group C) and X. gardneri (Xg-Group D), formerly known as X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, is considered one of the most common pepper and tomato diseases in Serbia. So far, 11 physiological races of X. euvesicatoria bacterium were described around the world. However, four of them (P1, P3, P7, P8) have been recorded in Serbia, predominating being P8. The aim of this study was to examine the sensitivity of the 11 pepper genotypes: HS-2, Amfora, Plamena, Anita, Novosađanka, Palanačka babura, Palanačko čudo, Slonovo uvo, Brillant F1, Bihar F1 and Boni to X. euvesicatoria (RKFB 263), race P8. The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse. Pepper plants, with five fully expanded leaves, were artificially inoculated by dipping into the bacterial suspension, concentration of 106 cfu/ml and 108 cfu/ml, for 10 seconds. Early Calwonder (ECW) was used as susceptible control genotype, and its isogenic line ECW-20 withBs2 resistance gene as a resistant control. Experiments were organized as randomized block design with four replications, with five plants in each repetition. The intensity of infection was assessed by Horsfall - Barratt (HB) scale 7 and 14 days after inoculation. According to the results, pepper genotypes showed various degree of susceptibility to X. euvesicatoria (P8) differentiating into significantly different groups. Among the tested cultivars, Bihar F1 showed the highest degree of resistance to the pathogen, while all the other genotypes showed various degrees of sensitivity compared to the controls. Considering that most of the studied genotypes were sensitive to X. euvesicatoria (P8), with exception of the isogenic line ECW-20 with Bs2 resistance gene, transfer of this gene into commercial varieties of pepper would be a significant contribution to control of this economically important disease., Prema najnovijoj sistematici bakterioznu pegavost paprike i paradajzaprouzrokuju vrste Xanthomonas kompleksa: Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Xanthomonas perforans i Xanthomonas gardneri. Do sada je u svetu opisano 11 fizioloških rasa bakterije Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, od kojih je u našoj zemlji prisutno četiri (P1, P3, P7, P8), a rasa P8 je najzastupljenija. Cilj ovog rada bio je proučavanje osetljivosti 11 odabranih genotipovapaprike: HS-2, Amfora, Plamena, Anita, Novosađanka, Palanačka babura, Palanačko čudo, Slonovo uvo, Brillant F1, Bihar F1 i Boni, prema rasi 8 X. euvesicatoria. Kao osetljiva prema svim rasama patogena korišćena je sorta Early Calwonder (ECW), a kao nosilac gena otpornosti Bs2 prema genu avirulentnosti patogena (avrBs2) njena izogena linija ECW-20. Izvedena su dva ogleda, a za veštačku inokulaciju biljaka paprike pripremljene su suspenzije bakterija koncentracije 106 cfu/ml i 108 cfu/ml soja X. euvesicatoria (RKFB 263), rase P8. Veštačka inokulacija biljaka paprike izvedena je u stadijumu šest potpuno razvijenih listova, metodom potapanja biljaka. Ogledi su postavljeni po potpuno slučajnom blok rasporedu u četiri ponavljanja sa po pet biljaka u svakom ponavljanju. Intenzitet zaraze ocenjen je po Horsfall - Barratt (HB) skali 7 i 14 dana nakon inokulacije. Proučavani genotipovi paprike ispoljili su različit stepen osetljivosti prema bakteriji X. euvesicatoria. Nakon ocena intenziteta zaraze u oba ogleda izdvojile su se statistički značajno različite grupe. Samo je hibrid Bihar F1 ispoljio određeni stepen otpornosti prema bakteriji, dok su svi ostali proučavani genotipovi pokazali viši ili niži stepen osetljivosti u odnosu na kontrolne sorte. Obzirom da se većina proučavanih genotipova pokazala kao osetljiva prema prouzrokovaču bakteriozne pegavosti, kao i da postoji izolovan gen otpornosti prema najzastupljenijoj rasi patogena u nas, njegov transfer u komercijalne sorte paprike bio bi značajan doprinos kontroli ovog ekonom

Tomatoes are parasitized by a number of pathogens, including Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, causal agent of fusarium wilt. Fresh vegetable fruits can be contaminated with various fungi that produce mycotoxins, which is an important issue for human health. The objective of this paper was to isolate, determine, and identify causal organisms of tomato wilt and fruit rot, based on the pathogens morphological and molecular characteristics. Samples of diseased plants showing symptoms of tomato wilt were collected from different localities in the production region of Vojvodina. Fruits with symptoms of fusarium rot were collected from storage and warehouses. The isolation and morphological determination of the fungus were performed on PDA and Czapek's nutrient media. Isolates from diseased plants growing in field, designated as TFW1-TFW12 and seven isolates from diseased tomato fruits (TFM1-TFM7) were chosen for further investigation. For identification of the fungal isolates, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also used. The EF1/EF2 primer pair was used for molecular identification of Fusarium sp. Nine analyzed samples were found to contain DNA fragments 700 bp in size., Patogene gljive roda Fusarium, prouzrokovači uvenuća biljaka, pojavljuju se i kao paraziti povrća uzrokujući propadanje korena, prizemnog dela stabla, kao i uvenuće biljaka. Veći broj patogena parazitira paradajz, među kojima je i Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici, prouzrokovač fuzarioznog uvenuća. Fuzariozna trulež plodova paradajza redovno se javlja u skladištima i može naneti velike ekonomske gubitke. Cilj ovog rada bio je izolacija, utvrđivanje i identifikacija prouzrokovača uvenuća paradajza i truleži plodova, na osnovu morfoloških i molekularnih karakteristika patogena. Prikupljeni su uzorci obolelih biljaka sa simptomima uvenuća paradajza iz proizvodnih regiona Vojvodine. Sveži plodovi sa simptomima fuzariozne truleži prikupljeni su iz različitih magacina i skladišta. Za izolaciju i morfološku determinaciju gljive korišćene su PDA i Czapek hranljiva podloga. Za dalja proučavanja odabrano je 12 izolata (TFW1-TFW12) poreklom sa biljaka gajenih u polju i sedam izolata (TFM1-TFM7) dobijenih sa zaraženih plodova iz skladišta. Determinacija izolata gljiva obavljena je i pomoću metode, lančane reakcije polimeraze (PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction). Za molekularnu identifikaciju izolata F. oxysporum korišćen je par prajmera EF1/EF2. U devet ispitivanih uzoraka potvrđeno je prisustvo DNK fragmenta veličine 700 bp.

Sunflower is a plant species with a prominent period of seed dormancy. Physiological maturation period can be accelerated under laboratory conditions using methods for breaking seed dormancy such as: previous cooling at 5-10°C, previous heating at 30-35°C, gibberellic acid treatment, KNO3, ethrel, etc. The aim of this study was to determine the duration of seed dormancy period of different sunflower hybrids and parent lines produced in Serbia, and to determine which of the methods for breaking seed dormancy gives the best results. Studies were carried out on five commercial sunflower hybrids and their parental components. Seed germination was determined after harvesting using standard laboratory methods and tetrazolium tests. The following methods were used for seed dormancy breaking: low temperature treatment of 5-10°C, high temperature treatment of 30-35°C, and treatment with gibberellic acid. The tests were performed in the period of 30, 50, and 90 days after harvesting. The application of gibberellic acid method gave the lowest values of seed germination, while statistical significant differences between the control and method of low and high temperatures were not found. Sunflower hybrids Sremac, Duško, NS-H-111, Velja and Branko, as well as the female lines of hybrid NS-H-111, and male lines of hybrids Sremac and Velja had no prominent seed dormancy 30 days after harvesting. Seed dormancy in female lines of hybrids Sremac, Duško, Velja and Branko and male lines of hybrids Duško, NS-H-111 and Branko was decreased 90 days after storage, but it was not completely removed.

Seme obeležava početak biljne proizvodnje i zato je obezbeđivanje njegovog kvaliteta prioritet savremenog semenarstva i preduslov za visoke prinose svih biljnih vrsta. Izučavanje mehanizma funkcionisanja semena, zatim redovne fiziološke, biohemijske i u novije vreme molekularne analize semenskog materijala treba da pruže uvid u kvalitet i daju čvrstu osnovu za unapređenje oplemenjivačkih programa i jačanje sistema kontrole u procesu semenske proizvodnje (Milošević et. al., 2007). Utvrđivanje kvaliteta semena vrši se primenom standardizovanih metoda, koje se menjaju u skladu sa naučnim saznanjima iz oblasti fiziologije semena. Pored toga novi tehnološki procesi dorade semena mogu da utiču na promenu metode, u skladu sa zahtevima određenih biljnih vrsta. Seme posle žetve, u procesu dorade, treba da se očisti od fizičke nečistoće, semena drugog kulturnog bilja i korova, kao i od semena lošeg kvaliteta i odredi u partije (Basra 2006). Partija je specifična količina semena, koja se fizički može identifikovati i za koju se, na osnovu toga, može izdati Sertifikat o ispitivanju. Sertifikat o ispitivanju je pokazatelj kvaliteta semena, a on obuhvata ispitivanje čistoće, klijavosti i sadržaj vlage, određivanje mase 1000 semena, ispitivanje zdravstvene ispravnosti i utvrđivanje životne sposobnosti semena. Da bi se ovi elementi utvrdili potrebno je izvršiti uzorkovanje semena.

Barley is one of the most important cereals grown in our agroecological conditions. The causal agent of loose smut on barley Ustilago nuda (Jensen) Rostrup occurs frequently as varieties susceptible to this pathogen are present in the production. Disease symptoms are manifested on barley head (spike). Parasite is transmitted by seed (seedborne) and stays in the embryo tissue of the infected kernel as dormant mycelium. Recommended method for detection of U. nuda is given by ISTA Rules (method 7-013). In tests, nine samples (weighing 120 g each) of naturally infected barley seed (about 1000 seeds, depending on the absolute mass of seed) were examined, observed and described using a Zeiss microscope with sub stage illumination with magnification range x 40 or higher. Mycelium of the fungus approximately 3 μ thick, golden brown in colour was detected and visible without a stain. The percentage of infected embryos in the examined samples of barley seeds ranged from 0.8% to 5.2%., Ječam spada u najvažnija strna žita koja se gaje u našim agroekološkim uslovima. Prouzrokovač otkrivene gari ječma Ustilago nuda (Jensen) Rostrup javlja se često, jer su u proizvodnji zastupljene sorte osetljive prema ovom patogenu. Simptomi bolesti se manifestuju na klasu. Parazit se prenosi semenom, a održava se u embrionu zaraženog semena u vidu mirujuće micelije. Prema preporuci International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) za detekciju U. nuda korišćen je metod brojanja zaraženih embriona. U ispitivanjima je korišteno 9 uzoraka prirodno zaraženog semena ječma (oko 1000 semena u zavisnosti od apsolutne mase semena). Posmatranje, ocena i fotografisanje zaraženih embriona obavljeno je pomoću Zeiss mikroskopa pri uveličanju od x 40. Konstatovana je micelija gljive debljine oko 3 μ, zlatno-mrke boje koja je vidljiva bez bojenja. Procenat zaraženosti embriona ispitivanih uzoraka semena ječma kretao se od 0,8% do 5,2%.

At the time of soybean seed sowing in the field, a high soil moisture, low soil and air temperatures, and crasts formation may occur, which can lead to slow germination, poor seedling establishment, and in some cases to loss of seed vigor. Due to the importance and prevalence of soybean the aim of this study was to determine the quality and seed viability of different genotypes produced at three locations in Vojvodina during 2009 and 2010. Eight soybean varieties (Afrodita, Valjevka, Balkan, Novosadjanka, Ravnica, Ana, Vojvodjanka and Venera) produced in Vrbas, Senta and Inđija during 2009 and 2010 were tested. Seed germination was determined using Standard laboratory test, and vigor tests (cold test, and accelerated aging test). Studied genotypes baheved differently in different years and at different localities. Genotype Venera achieved high germination values in all applied tests in 2009, while genotype Afrodita had high values of the tested parameter when conventional laboratory test was applied, and the lowest values were recorded when vigor tests were applied. Values obtained in 2010 when all tests were applied were above the prescribed minimum. Locality of Vrbas proved to be more favorable for seed production in relation to localities of Indjija and Senta due to better rainfall distribution., U vreme setve soje, u polju, može da se javi visoka vlažnost zemljišta, niska temperatura zemljišta i vazduha i pokorica, što može da dovede do usporavanja nicanja, formiranja slabog ponika, a u nekim slučajevima do gubitka životne sposobnosti semena. Zbog značaja i rasprostranjenosti soje cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi kvalitet i životna sposobnost semena, različitih genotipova, proizvedenih na tri lokaliteta Vojvodine u toku 2009 i 2010. godine. Ispitivanja su izvršena na 8 sorata soje (Afrodita, Valjevka, Balkan, Novosadjanka, Ravnica, Ana, Vojvodjanka i Venera) proizvedenih u Vrbasu, Senti i Inđiji u 2009 i 2010. godini. Kod svih uzoraka utvrđena je klijavost semena primenom standardnog laboratorijskog metoda i vigor testova (hladni test i test ubrzanog starenja). Ispitivani genotipovi su se različito ponašali u pojedinim godinama i lokalitetima. Genotip Venera se izdvojio po visokim vrednostima klijavosti semena dobijenim u 2009. godini kod svih primenjenih testova, dok je genotip Afrodita imao visoke vrednosti ispitivanog parametra primenom standardnog laboratorijskog testa, a primenom vigor testova su konstatovane najniže vrednosti. U 2010. godini dobijene vrednosti, primenom svih testova, su bile iznad propisanog minimuma. Lokalitet Vrbas se pokazao kao povoljniji za semensku proizvodnju u odnosu na lokalitet Senta i Indjija, zbog boljeg rasporeda padavina.

The introduction of genetically modified herbicide tolerant rapeseed has raised questions concerning the possible transfer of transgenes into wild relatives or neighbouring fields with similar crops. Pollen of rapeseed can be spread in the area and if a non-GM crop is fertilised by GM pollen, some percentage of the collected seed product will contain GM. Current regulation in the EU limits the allowed content. For conventional crops the critical level of GM contamination is in practice below 0.9%, which is the threshold value for labelling of GM in food and feed by the EU, although the limit for seeds is 0.1% in Serbia. In organic farming, the regulations do not allow the use of genetic engineering in the grain production system., Uvođenje genetski modifikovane uljane repice koja je otporna na herbicide nameće pitanja u vezi sa potencijalnim prenošenjem transgena sa genetski modifikovane uljane repice na njene divlje srodnike ili susedna polja sa sličnim kulturama. Polen uljane repice širi se u prostoru, te ukoliko je genetski nemodifikovan usev oplođen genetski modifikovanim polenom, određeni broj biljaka biće genetski modifikovan. Važeća zakonska regulativa u Evropskoj uniji ograničava dozvoljen sadržaj genetske modifikacije u usevima. Za konvencionalne useve najviši dozvoljen nivo kontaminacije u praksi je 0,9%, što je istovremeno i granična vrednost za obeležavanje GM hrane i hrane za životinje u Evropskoj uniji. U Srbiji kritična granica za semena iznosi 0,1%. U organskoj proizvodnji zakonska uredba ne dozvoljava upotrebu genetičkog inžinjeringa u sistemu proizvodnje semena.

Carrot is among the most important vegetable crops because of its composition and vitamin content. The fungi belonging to genus Alternaria, especially A. dauci (Kühn) Groves et Skolk, causal agent of leaf spot and blight of carrots, and A. radicina Meier, Drechsler et Eddy, the agent of black root rot, can jeopardize the entire production of carrots. Both types can be found in a high percentage of seeds, carrots, parsley and celery. The method of detection filter paper (blotter method) and the method of isolation on malt agar were recommended by ISTA Rules. The presence of A. dauci (causal agent of leaf spot and blight of carrots) and A. radicina was performed on 12 samples of potentially infected carrot seeds originating from France, as part of laboratory ring tests. The presence of A. dauci and A. radicina using the filter paper method in 12 tested samples ranged from 0% to 21% and from 1% to 30% respectively. On MA medium the respective percentages ranged from 0% to 23% and from 1% to 31%., Mrkva spada u veoma značajnu povrtarsku biljnu vrstu zbog svog sastava i sadržaja vitamina. Gljive koje pripadaju rodu Alternaria, naročito A. dauci (Kühn) Groves et Skolk, prouzrokovač lisne pegavosti i sušenja lista, i A. radicina Meier, Drechsler et Eddy, prouzrokovač crne truleži korena mrkve mogu da ugroze celokupnu proizvodnju mrkve. Obe vrste se mogu u visokom procentu naći na semenu, ne samo mrkve, već i peršuna i celera. U cilju njihove detekcije preporučuje se metod filter papira i metod izolacije na hranljivoj podlozi (ISTA Rules). Ispitivanje prisustva A. dauci i A. radicina vršeno je na 12 uzoraka potencijalno zaraženog semena mrkve poreklom iz Francuske kao dela laboratorijskih kružnih testova. Procenat prisustva A. dauci metodom na filter papiru kretao se od 0% do 21%, dok je A. radicina bila prisutna od 1% do 30%. Na hranljivoj podlozi procenat prisustva A. dauci se kretao od 0% do 23% a A. radicina od 1% do 31%.

Common vetch (Vicia sativa L), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), and Pannonian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) are the most often grown varieties in the production area of Serbia. The most important problem in the production of vetch seed is lodging. Yield and seed quality in lodged crops can be significantly reduced. Therefore, it is very important to accurately estimate the quality, and viability of produced seed. Common vetch, hairy vetch and Pannonian vetch were submitted to vigor testing using standard laboratory test, cold test, Hiltner test, and three variants of accelerated aging tests (39°C,72 h; 39°C, 96 h; 45°C, 48 h). When the standard laboratory test was applied, the common vetch achieved the highest seed germination value of 90%, while decreased rate of seed germination was due to unfavorable conditions applied in vigor tests. Above ground seedling growth parameters were the lowest when Hiltner test was applied. Length and mass of the root system were the lowest when accelerated aging test was applied. Hairy vetch obtained the lowest values for all tested parameters when Hiltner test was applied. Application of different variants of accelerated aging tests indicated that tested parameters were not dependent on the applied temperature, while reduction in legumes vigor was under the influence of temperature duration., U proizvodnom području Srbije najviše se gaji obična grahorica (Vicia sativa L), zatim maljava grahorica (Vicia villosa Roth), pa panonska grahorica (Vicia pannonica Crantz). Najznačajniji problem u proizvodnji semena grahorice predstavlja poleganje. Prinos i kvalitet semena u poleglom usevu mogu biti značajno smanjeni. Zbog toga je vrlo bitno precizno utvrditi kvalitet proizvedenog semena, odnosno njegovu životnu sposobnost. Ispitivanje životne sposobnosti semena izvršeno je na običnoj, maljavoj i panonskoj grahorici primenom standardnog laboratorijskog testa, hladnog testa, Hiltner testa i tri varijante testa ubrzanog starenja (39°C,72 h; 39°C, 96 h; 45°C 48 h). Obična grahorica je imala najvišu vrednost klijavosti semena (90%) primenom standardnog laboratorijskog testa, dok su nepovoljni uslovi primenjeni u vigor testovima uticali na smanjenje klijavosti semena. Parametri porasta nadzemnog dela ponika su bili najniži kod primene Hiltner testa. Dužina i masa korenovog sistema je bila najniža primenom testa ubrzanog starenja. Kod maljave i panonske grahorice primenom Hiltner testa dobijene su najniže vrednosti za sve ispitivane parametre. Primena različitih varijanti testa ubrzanog starenja ukazuje da ispitivani parametri ne zavise od primenjene temperature, dok dužina trajanja temperature utiče na smanjenje životne sposobnosti semena grahorica.

Oilseed rape is an agronomically important species grown for seed that contains 40-48% oil and 18-25% proteins. Oilseed rape has high demands for nitrogen. The research was performed on four varieties of oilseed rape (Banaćanka, Valeska, Slavica and Express) developed at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, during vegetative seasons 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. During vegetation, top dressing was applied with different amounts of KAN: control (0 kg N ha-1), 50 kg N ha-1, 100 kg N ha-1, 150 kg N ha-1 and the N quantity determination were performed applying the balancing method (also known as N-min method). Yield, 1000-seed weight, seed germination, oil and protein content were determined after harvest. Yield and seed germination depended on seed production year. 1000-seed weight depended on seed production year and genotype. Oil and protein content in seed depended on production year, genotype and amount of the N-fertilizer applied by top dressing., Uljana repica je značajna uljana biljka. Ona se gaji zbog semena koje sadrži 40-48% ulja i 18-25% belančevina. Uljana repica je azotofilna biljka. Ispitivanja su izvršena na četiri sorte uljane repice (Banaćanka, Valeska, Slavica i Express) proizvedene u vegetacionim sezonama 2007-2008. i 2008-2009. U toku vegetacionog perioda izvršena je prihrana različitim količinama KAN-a: kontrola (0 kg N ha-1), 50 kg N ha-1, 100 kg N ha-1, 150 kg N ha-1 a na osnovu balansne metode određena je količina azota (Nmin metoda). Nakon žetve utvrđeni su prinos semena, masa 1000 semena, klijavost semena, sadržaj ulja i sadržaj proteina u semenu. Prinos semena i klijavost semena su zavisili od godine proizvodnje. Masa 1000 semena je zavisila od godine proizvodnje i genotipa. Sadržaj ulja i proteina u semenu je zavisio od godine proizvodnje, genotipa i primenjenih količina azota u prihrani.

A large number of microorganisms' parasite on maize seed. The most important of them are fungi. Blotter method and method of nutrient medium were used to examine the seed health of 90 maize seed samples from eight seed processing centres in the period 2006-2008. The presence of fungi from the genera Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Rhizopus was observed on maize seed. According to current regulations, level of infection caused by the fungi observed in all three years was within the normal limits. The percentage of infected samples was 45% in 2006, 40% in 2007, and 32% in 2008. Percentage of infection ranged from 0.25% to 5% in samples where the presence of fungi of the genus Fusarium was detected, while the percentage of infection on maize seed caused by the fungi from saprophite group (Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Rhizopus spp.) ranged within the limits of 0.25% to 15%., Seme kukuruza parazitira veliki broj mikroorganizama, među kojima su najznačajnije gljive. Za ispitivanje zdravstvenog stanja 90 uzoraka semena kukuruza u periodu 2006-2008. iz osam doradnih centara, korišćen je metod vlažnog filter papira i metoda izolacije na hranljivoj podlozi. Na semenu kukuruza konstatovano je prisustvo gljiva iz rodova Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus i Rhizopus. Stepen zaraženosti semena kukuruza gljivama u sve tri posmatrane godine bio je u dozvoljenim granicama prema važećim propisima. Procenat zaraženih uzoraka iznosio je 45% u 2006, 40% u 2007. i 32% u 2008. U uzorcima u kojima je konstatovano prisustvo gljiva iz roda Fusarium procenat infekcije je iznosio od 0,25% do 5%, dok se procenat infekcije semena kukuruza gljivama iz grupe saprofita (Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp. i Rhizopus spp.) kretao u granicama od 0,25% do 15%.

Red clover is the second most important perennial forage legume. Based on morphological characters alone, it is difficult to distinguish accessories of red clover from each other because they have overlapping variations in terms of the major delimiting morphological and biological characters. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic relationships of 32 red clover cultivars collected from European gene banks, as well as created in Serbia, based on seed storage proteins and isozymes. From 8 analyzed enzymic systems, there were no differences in zymograms for six enzymes only two enzymes were polymorphic. Two different allelic variants were found for enzyme shikimate dehydrogenase and three for phosphohexose isomeraze. The seed proteins in the area of higher molecular high weight, 55- 95 kDa, were identified as polimorphic. All the cultivars were placed into three clusters on the basis of Ward's distance range. The cluster pattern showed correlation between genetic diversity and geographic origin. Genetic distance between cultivars based on protein fingerprint could be used as a tool to control and protect intellectual property right over plant breeding material., Crvena detelina je druga po značaju višegodišnja krmna leguminoza. U radu je proučavan proteinski polimorfizam sorti crvene deteline iz Srbije u poređenju sa sortama iz zapadne i severne Evrope koje se koriste kao standardni u procesu registracije i zaštite sorti poljoprivrednog bilja prema protokolu UPOV organizacije. Metodom horizontalne elektroforeze, na 11% skrobnom gelu, analizirani su enzimski sistemi: kisela fosfataza (ACP), šikimik dehidrogenaza (ShDH), malik enzim (ME), beta glukozidaza (ßGLU), izocitrat dehidrogenaza (IDH), malat dehidrogenaza (MDH), fosfoglukozo izomeraza (PGM), fosfoheksozo izomeraza (PHI). Polimorfizam proteina semena analiziran je 12% SDS PAGE elektroforezom iz homogenizovanog uzorka semena. Enzim PHI je imao tri, ShDH dve alelne varijante, dok su ostali enzimi bili monomorfni. Proteini semena su polimorfni, naročito proteini velikih molekulskih masa u opsegu 50-80 kDa. Multivarijacionom analizom (Ward's distance range) izdvojena su tri klastera, medu kojima se posebno izdvaja podgrupa koja obuhvata NS sorte crvene deteline, što ukazuje na srodnost materijala koji je korišćen u stvaranju ovih sorti. U odnosu na nivo ploidnosti takođe se izdvaja zaseban podklaster u kojem dominiraju tetraploidne forme crvene deteline sa severa Evrope. Polimorfizam proteina semena sorti crvene deteline bi mogao da se koristi kao dopunski pokazatelj u procesu njihove registracije i zaštite.

Genetically modified (GMO) rapeseed (Brassica napus) is not grown commercially in European Union, but several lines have been approved for production and use as food and feed. A case-specific monitoring of herbicide-tolerant rapeseed, events RT73, RF3 and T45 was established by Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Serbia. The objectives of the present study were to introduce methods for detection of herbicide-tolerant GM oilseed rape, investigate occurrence and monitor the presence of GM rapeseed in seed and the feed products, as well as to develop a protocol for quantification. The study was based on 48 samples, rapeseed (33) and feed (15) products, imported from EU countries (Germany, Belgium, France, Czech Republic, Austria) and from domestic market. Seven positive feed samples and no positive seed samples have found. The percent of GMO in feed samples, estimated on semi-quantitative way, was below labelling threshold. Adventitious presence of GM materials in non-GM grain, derived food and feedstuffs is a concern to international grain trade and needs continuous monitoring.