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Resumo: A origem anómala das artérias coronárias é um achado pouco comum e que pode constituir um desafio diagnóstico.Apresenta-se o caso clínico de uma doente com dor torácica recorrente durante o esforço, admitida com síndrome coronária aguda e cuja coronariografia não revelou lesões coronárias epicárdicas. Foi constatada origem da coronária direita na parede ântero-lateral esquerda da aorta, acima dos seios de Valsalva, revelando a origem anómala dessa artéria e potencial compressão pela artéria pulmonar, o que foi confirmado por angio-TC. A doente foi submetida a revascularização cirúrgica, com bom resultado.Os autores salientam a necessidade de incluir a potencial compressão de coronárias com origem anómala pela artéria pulmonar, no diagnóstico diferencial da dor torácica recorrente com o esforço e enfarte agudo do miocárdio sem estenoses coronárias significativas. Abstract: Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries are uncommon and can present a diagnostic challenge.The authors present the case of a patient with recurrent chest pain during exertion admitted for acute coronary syndrome. Coronary angiography revealed no coronary lesions but showed that the right coronary artery originated from the anterolateral aortic wall, above the sinuses of Valsalva, leading to suspicion of compression by the pulmonary artery, confirmed by CT angiography. The patient underwent surgical revascularization with a good result.The authors highlight the need to consider compression of an anomalous coronary artery by the pulmonary artery in the differential diagnosis of recurrent chest pain on exertion and acute myocardial infarction without significant coronary stenosis. Palavras-chave: Origem coronária anómala, Revascularização cirúrgica, Angio-tomografia computorizada coronária, Keywords: Anomalous origin of coronary arteries, Surgical revascularization, Coronary computed tomography angiography

We propose an analog-digital quantum simulation of fermion-fermion scattering mediated by a continuum of bosonic modes within a circuit quantum electrodynamics scenario. This quantum technology naturally provides strong coupling of superconducting qubits with a continuum of electromagnetic modes in an open transmission line. In this way, we propose qubits to efficiently simulate fermionic modes via digital techniques, while we consider the continuum complexity of an open transmission line to simulate the continuum complexity of bosonic modes in quantum field theories. Therefore, we believe that the complexity-simulating-complexity concept should become a leading paradigm in any effort towards scalable quantum simulations., Comment: 5 pages + Supplemental Material, 2 + 1 figures

Over the last few decades, quantum chemistry has progressed through the development of computational methods based on modern digital computers. However, these methods can hardly fulfill the exponentially-growing resource requirements when applied to large quantum systems. As pointed out by Feynman, this restriction is intrinsic to all computational models based on classical physics. Recently, the rapid advancement of trapped-ion technologies has opened new possibilities for quantum control and quantum simulations. Here, we present an efficient toolkit that exploits both the internal and motional degrees of freedom of trapped ions for solving problems in quantum chemistry, including molecular electronic structure, molecular dynamics, and vibronic coupling. We focus on applications that go beyond the capacity of classical computers, but may be realizable on state-of-the-art trapped-ion systems. These results allow us to envision a new paradigm of quantum chemistry that shifts from the current transistor to a near-future trapped-ion-based technology., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, and a 4-page appendix

Candida endocarditis is a rare infection associated with high mortality and morbidity. There are still some controversies about Candida endocarditis treatment, especially about the treatment duration. We report a case of a Candida parapsilosis endocarditis that presented as a lower limb ischemia. The patient was surgically treated with a cryopreserved homograft aortic replacement. We used intravenous fluconazole 800 mg as initial treatment, followed with 12 months of 400 mg fluconazole per os. The patient outcome was good.

RESUMO: A cirurgia toráeica videoassistida é um método recente de tratamento do pneumotórax espontãneo, Revemos a nossa experiência com 46 doentes (dts) consecutivos, 10 do sexo feminino e 36 do sexo masculino, com idades compreendidas entre os 17 e us 73 anos (media 38.3 anos), que foram submetidos a 49 videotorncoscopias entre 1993 e 1996. A indicação círúrgica resultou da existência de pneumotórax recorrente em 17 dts. de pneumotórax bilateral em 3 dts e de fuga aérea persistete em 26 doentes.As bolhas pulmonares foram ressecadas por âstapplingâ em 30 dts e electrocomaguladas em 3 outros. Em todos os doentes foi efectuada uma abrasão pleural, de tipo mecânico em 10 casos e com talco farmaeêutico sem asbesto nos restantes trinta e seis. Não houve mortalidade operatória. Um doente (2,1 %) foi reoperndo por hemorragia e um outro·(2,1%) por fuga aérea persistente. Os tempos médios de drenagem torácica e de internamento posoperatório foram de, respectivamente, 39,5 boras (máximo 264, minimo 18) e 2,9 dias (máximo 12, minimo 1). âO follow-upâ oscillou entre 1 e 46 meses (média 14,4 meses). Não se registou nenhom caso de recorrência de pneumotórax, mantendo todoc 0 s doentes uma expansâo pulmonar completa. Estes dados sugerem que a videotoracoscopia é urna alternativa válida á toracotomia clássica no tratamento do poeumotórax esponãnco. O tempo de ioternomcoto é mais curto, a morbilidade é mais baixa e os resultados á distância são excelentes.REV PORT PNEUMOL. 1998; IV (3): 287-193 ABSTRACT: Video-assisted thoracic surgery has recently evolved as an alternative to thoracoromy in the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. We reviewed 46 consecutive patients (10 female and 36 male patients, aged 17 to 73 years. mean 38.3) who underwent 49 video-assisted thorcic procedures between 1993 e 1996. Seventeen patients had recurrent ipsilateral pneumonthorax, 3 patients bilateral pneumothorax and 26 patients persistent air leak. The must common method of management was âstapling' of an identified bleb in the lung wich was undertaken in 30 (65%.) patients. A pleurodesis was performed in every operated patient; 10 patients had mechanical abrasion while the instillation of tale was used in. 36 patients. There was no operative mortality. One patient (2,1%) had to be reoperated for bleeding and another one (2,1 %) for persistent air leak. Postoperative thoracie drainage ranged from 18 to 164 hours (mean 39.5) and postoperative stay from 1 to 12 days (mean 2.9). Mean follow-up was 24.4 months and ranged from 1 to 46 months. There were no instances of recurrent pneumothorax. These data suggest that video-assisted thoracic surgery is n viable alternative to thoracotomy for the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. It results in a short hospital stay, tow morbidity and excellent long term results.REV PORT PNEUMOL. 1998; IV (3): 287-193 Key-words: Spontaneous pneumothorax, Videothoracoscopy, Tale pleurodesis, Palavras-chaver: Pneumotórax espontâneo, Videotoracoscopia, Pleurodese com talco

Analysis of the early results and long term outcome after the modified Bentall operation with a mechanical prosthesis in a single Institution, emphasizing the use of the aortic index in elective procedures to assist the difficult decision of replacing the ascending aorta in patients with aortic valve disease.Prospective study of 126 consecutive patients operated in a 16 year period. In 82 patients (65%) the surgeries were performed electively but the remaining 44 patients were operated urgently for acute aortic dissection or acute bacterial endocarditis. Total follow-up time was 519.96 patient-years. Time related analyses, including freedom from event analysis, were calculated with the Product Limited Method of Kaplan and Meier and tested with the Log-Rank and Cox Regression tests.Early mortality was 7.9% for the entire cohort. There was no mortality on elective primary operations. The aortic index was computed in 93% of the elective procedures, ranging between 1.9 and 6.9 cm2/ m2. For all patients, survival at 15 years was 67.3% and freedom from local complications requiring reoperation was 95.6 % at same time.The modified Bentall operation can be performed with low mortality and morbidity in selected patients and an exceptionally low rate of local complications in the long term. The aortic index is a valuable tool to help cardiac surgeons to decide when to replace a dilated ascending aorta.

We propose the implementation of Galileo group symmetry operations or, in general, linear coordinate transformations, in a quantum simulator. With an appropriate encoding, unitary gates applied to our quantum system give rise to Galilean boosts or spatial and time parity operations in the simulated dynamics. This framework provides us with a flexible toolbox that enhances the versatility of quantum simulation theory, allowing the direct access to dynamical quantities that would otherwise require full tomography. Furthermore, this method enables the study of noncausal kinematics and phenomena beyond special relativity in a quantum controllable system., 5 pages, 1 figure. Published in Physical Review Letters

We introduce the concept of embedding quantum simulators, a paradigm allowing the efficient quantum computation of a class of bipartite and multipartite entanglement monotones. It consists in the suitable encoding of a simulated quantum dynamics in the enlarged Hilbert space of an embedding quantum simulator. In this manner, entanglement monotones are conveniently mapped onto physical observables, overcoming the necessity of full tomography and reducing drastically the experimental requirements. Furthermore, this method is directly applicable to pure states and, assisted by classical algorithms, to the mixed-state case. Finally, we expect that the proposed embedding framework paves the way for a general theory of enhanced one-to-one quantum simulators., 5 pages, 2 figures

Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries are uncommon and can present a diagnostic challenge.The authors present the case of a patient with recurrent chest pain during exertion admitted for acute coronary syndrome. Coronary angiography revealed no coronary lesions but showed that the right coronary artery originated from the anterolateral aortic wall, above the sinuses of Valsalva, leading to suspicion of compression by the pulmonary artery, confirmed by CT angiography. The patient underwent surgical revascularization with a good result.The authors highlight the need to consider compression of an anomalous coronary artery by the pulmonary artery in the differential diagnosis of recurrent chest pain on exertion and acute myocardial infarction without significant coronary stenosis. Resumo: A origem anómala das artérias coronárias é um achado pouco comum e que pode constituir um desafio diagnóstico.Apresenta‐se o caso clínico de uma doente com dor torácica recorrente durante o esforço, admitida com síndrome coronária aguda e cuja coronariografia não revelou lesões coronárias epicárdicas. Foi constatada origem da coronária direita na parede ântero‐lateral esquerda da aorta, acima dos seios de Valsalva, revelando a origem anómala dessa artéria e potencial compressão pela artéria pulmonar, o que foi confirmado por angio‐TC. A doente foi submetida a revascularização cirúrgica, com bom resultado.Os autores salientam a necessidade de incluir a potencial compressão de coronárias com origem anómala pela artéria pulmonar, no diagnóstico diferencial da dor torácica recorrente com o esforço e enfarte agudo do miocárdio sem estenoses coronárias significativas. Keywords: Anomalous origin of coronary arteries, Surgical revascularization, Coronary computed tomography angiography, Palavras‐chave: Origem coronária anómala, Revascularização cirúrgica, Angio‐TC coronária

We propose the implementation of the Holstein model by means of digital methods in a linear chain of trapped ions. We show how the simulation fidelity scales with the generation of phononic excitations. We propose a decomposition and a stepwise trapped-ion implementation of the Holstein Hamiltonian. Via numerical simulations, we study how the protocol is affected by realistic gates. Finally, we show how measurements of the size of the simulated polaron can be performed., 5 pages + supplemental material, 3+3 figures. Accepted in Physical Review Letters

We propose a method of simulating efficiently many-body interacting fermion lattice models in trapped ions, including highly nonlinear interactions in arbitrary spatial dimensions and for arbitrarily distant couplings. We map products of fermionic operators onto nonlocal spin operators and decompose the resulting dynamics in efficient steps with Trotter methods, yielding an overall protocol that employs only polynomial resources. The proposed scheme can be relevant in a variety of fields as condensed-matter or high-energy physics, where quantum simulations may solve problems intractable for classical computers., 5 pages, 2 figures + Supplementary Material

We introduce a method of quantum tomography for a continuous variable system in position and momentum space. We consider a single two-level probe interacting with a quantum harmonic oscillator by means of a class of Hamiltonians, linear in position and momentum variables, during a tunable time span. We study two cases: the reconstruction of the wavefunctions of pure states and the direct measurement of the density matrix of mixed states. We show that our method can be applied to several physical systems where high quantum control can be experimentally achieved., Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures. To be published in EPJD

We propose a method of encoding a topologically-protected qubit using Majorana fermions in a trapped-ion chain. This qubit is protected against major sources of decoherence, while local operations and measurements can be realized. Furthermore, we show that an efficient quantum interface and memory for arbitrary multiqubit photonic states can be built, encoding them into a set of entangled Majorana-fermion qubits inside cavities., 9 pages, 2 figures

We propose the quantum simulation of fermion and antifermion field modes interacting via a bosonic field mode, and present a possible implementation with two trapped ions. This quantum platform allows for the scalable add up of bosonic and fermionic modes, and represents an avenue towards quantum simulations of quantum field theories in perturbative and nonperturbative regimes. © 2011 American Physical Society., J. C. acknowledges support from Basque Government Grant No. BFI08.211. L. L. thanks the European Commission for a Marie Curie IEF grant. I. L. E. is grateful to Basque Government Grant No. IT559-10. J. J. G.-R. acknowledges funding from Spanish MICINN Projects No. FIS2009-10061 and CAM Project No. QUITEMAD S2009-ESP-1594. E. S. is grateful to Basque Government Grant No. IT472-10, Spanish MICINN FIS2009-12773- C02-01, SOLID and CCQED European projects.

We describe the dynamics of a qubit interacting with a bosonic mode coupled to a zero-temperature bath in the deep strong coupling (DSC) regime. We provide an analytical solution for this open system dynamics in the off-resonance case of the qubit-mode interaction. Collapses and revivals of parity chain populations and the oscillatory behavior of the mean photon number are predicted. At the same time, photon number wave packets, propagating back and forth along parity chains, become incoherently mixed. Finally, we investigate numerically the effect of detuning on the validity of the analytical solution. © 2012 EDP Sciences and Springer., G.R. acknowleges funding from Juan de la Cierva MICINN Program, J. C. from Basque Government BFI08.211, J.J.G.-R. from Spanish projects MICINN FIS2009-10061 and QUITEMAD, and E.S. from Basque Government IT472-10, Spanish MICINN FIS2009-12773- C02-01, SOLID and CCQED European projects.

We report on quantum simulations of relativistic scattering dynamics using trapped ions. The simulated state of a scattering particle is encoded in both the electronic and vibrational state of an ion, representing the discrete and continuous components of relativistic wave functions. Multiple laser fields and an auxiliary ion simulate the dynamics generated by the Dirac equation in the presence of a scattering potential. Measurement and reconstruction of the particle wave packet enables a frame-by-frame visualization of the scattering processes. By precisely engineering a range of external potentials we are able to simulate text book relativistic scattering experiments and study Klein tunneling in an analogue quantum simulator. We describe extensions to solve problems that are beyond current classical computing capabilities.© 2011 American Physical Society., We gratefully acknowledge support by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), by the European Commission (Marie-Curie program), by the Institut fu¨r Quanteninformation GmbH and IARPA. E. S. thanks for support from the Spanish MICINN project FIS2009- 12773-C02-01, Basque Government Grant IT472-10, ITN CCQED and SOLID European projects. J. C. acknowledges the Basque Government BFI08.211.J. J. G.-R. acknowledges the Spanish projects MICINN FIS2009-10061 and QUITEMAD.

We design a quantum simulator for the Majorana equation, a non-Hamiltonian relativistic wave equation that might describe neutrinos and other exotic particles beyond the standard model. Driven by the need of the simulation, we devise a general method for implementing a number of mathematical operations that are unphysical, including charge conjugation, complex conjugation, and time reversal. Furthermore, we describe how to realize the general method in a system of trapped ions. The work opens a new front in quantum simulations., The authors acknowledge funding from Basque Government Grants No. BFI08.211, IT559-10, and No. IT472-10; Spanish MICINN FIS2008-05705, FIS2009- 10061, and FIS2009-12773-C02-01; QUITEMAD; the EC Marie-Curie program; and the CCQED and SOLID European projects.

We consider the quantum simulation of relativistic quantum mechanics, as described by the Dirac equation and classical potentials, in trapped-ion systems. We concentrate on three problems of growing complexity. Firstly, we study the bidimensional relativistic scattering of single Dirac particles by a linear potential. Secondly, we explore the case of a Dirac particle in a magnetic field and its topological properties. Finally, we analyze the problem of two Dirac particles that are coupled by a controllable and confining potential. The latter interaction may be useful to study important phenomena such as the confinement and asymptotic freedom of quarks. © IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft., LL thanks the European Commission for funding through a Marie Curie IEF grant. JC acknowledges support from the Basque Government grant number BFI08.211. JJG-R acknowledges funding from the Spanish MICINN project number FIS2009-10061 and the CAM research consortium QUITEMAD S2009-ESP-1594. ES is grateful to the Spanish MICINN project number FIS2009-12773-C02-01, the Basque Government grant number IT472-10 and the European projects SOLID and CCQED.

We study the quantum dynamics of a two-level system interacting with a quantized harmonic oscillator in the deep strong coupling regime (DSC) of the Jaynes-Cummings model, that is, when the coupling strength g is comparable or larger than the oscillator frequency w (g/w > 1). In this case, the rotating-wave approximation cannot be applied or treated perturbatively in general. We propose an intuitive and predictive physical frame to describe the DSC regime where photon number wavepackets bounce back and forth along parity chains of the Hilbert space, while producing collapse and revivals of the initial population. We exemplify our physical frame with numerical and analytical considerations in the qubit population, photon statistics, and Wigner phase space., Published version, note change of title: DSC regime of the JC model

We propose an expansion of the unitary evolution operator, associated to a given Schr\"odinger equation, in terms of a finite product of explicit unitary operators. In this manner, this unitary expansion can be truncated at the desired level of approximation, as shown in the given examples., Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures. Updated version, minor final changes

We study the Zeno and anti-Zeno effects in a superconducting qubit interacting strongly and ultrastrongly with a microwave resonator. Using a model of a frequently measured two-level system interacting with a quantized mode, we predict different behaviors and total control of the Zeno times depending on whether the rotating-wave approximation can be applied in the Jaynes-Cummings model. As an example, we show the dependence of our results with the properties of the initial field states.

We propose the quantum simulation of the Dirac equation with potentials, allowing the study of relativistic scaterring and the Klein tunneling. This quantum relativistic effect permits a positive-energy Dirac particle to propagate through a repulsive potential via the population transfer to negative-energy components. We show how to engineer scalar, pseudoscalar, and other potentials in the 1+1 Dirac equation by manipulating two trapped ions. The Dirac spinor is represented by the internal states of one ion, while its position and momentum are described by those of a collective motional mode. The second ion is used to build the desired potentials with high spatial resolution.

We develop a theory of indirect measurements where a probe is able to read, in short interaction times, the quantum state of a remote system through an incoherent wall. The probe and the system can interact with an ancilla in an incoherent state but not directly among themselves and, nevertheless, the fast transfer of quantum information can be achieved with robustness. We exemplify our measurement scheme with a paradigmatic example of this tripartite problem: qubit-oscillator-qubit, and discuss different physical scenarios pointing out the associated advantages and limitations., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

El autor presenta el mito secoya peruano del origen de los humanos y los monos en el idioma original, con traducción literal al castellano y una versión libre. También incluye la versión en castellano de una versión ecuatoriana del mito.

This paper presents the ancestral territory of a native group in the Peruvian forest, the Aido Pai. Based on his field work, the author explores the relation between kinship, myth and habitat. With this support, the author gives criteria for a legal and just adjudication of territory to the Aido Pai, when the National Park of Gueppi is created in the region of upper Putumayo., En este artículo se presenta el territorio ancestral de un grupo indígena de la Amazonía peruana, los aido pai. El autor en base a su trabajo de campo explora las relaciones entre el mito, el parentesco y el hábitat. Sobre esta base da criterios en cuanto a una justa adjudicación del territorio a los aido pai, cuando se establezca el Parque Nacional de Gueppi en la región del Alto Putumayo.

The authors reviewed the clinical files of all patients with coarctation of the aorta (CoAo) operated during the first year of life, in a tertiary center, in order to assess the outcome of different surgical techniques and prognostic factors.The study included all patients operated from 1 June 1980 to 1 June 2001. They were divided into three groups according to diagnosis: Group I--isolated CoAo (with or without persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA), group II--CoAo plus ventricular septal defect (VSD), and group III--CoAo associated with complex heart defects. The surgical techniques were divided into four groups: Group A--resection of the CoAo with end-to-end anastomosis, group B--Waldhausen technique (subclavian flap), group C--enlargement of the aorta with a patch, and group D--Waldhausen technique plus resection of the CoAo with end-to-end anastomosis. Several parameters were analyzed: sex, age at surgery, other surgical procedures during surgery, reoperation, mortality and outcome (good result, recoarctation).156 patients were operated during the study period (84.5% of them since 1989). 61.5% were male. Surgery was performed between 3 and 336 days of life. 60.9% patients were included in group I, 32.7% in group II and 6.4% in group III. 25.0% of the patients had group A surgery, 60.2% group B surgery, 7.0% group C surgery and 7.7% group D surgery. The PDA was sectioned in 48.0% of the patients. It was necessary to perform banding of the pulmonary artery, during the first surgery, in 19.9% of cases. 18.6% needed a second operation to close the VSD and for debanding or repair of associated defects. Total mortality was 19.2%. Mortality rate per groups was: Group I--15.8%, group II--21.5%, group III--30.0%, group A--18.0%, group B--19.1%, group C--27.2% and group D--16.7%. In 7.6% of the patients recoarctation was found during follow-up. 40% of the patients are doing well with no medication and minor or no residual defects. 29.4% were lost to follow-up.Total mortality has decreased over the years with the highest mortality found in Group C and Group III. The best results were achieved in patients with isolated CoAo. Long-term results were generally good with few recoarctations and a good quality of life.

Twenty-six patients have undergone a resection of a cardiac myxoma since 1977. There were five males and 21 females, of age range 14–81 years (mean 50 years). Symptoms included congestive heart failure, emboli, palpitations and syncope. The tumours were located in the left atrium (21 patients), right atrium (four) and right ventricle (one). The hospital mortality rate was 3.8%. Late outcome was known for 24 of 25 (96%) patients. The total follow-up is now 2116 months (mean 88 (range 2–204) months per patient). One patient (4%) died of colonic malignancy 4 years after surgery. Long-term results were satisfactory. Echocardiographic information supporting the absence of recurrence was known for all 23 patients, evaluated at an average of 80 (range 2–196) months postoperatively. Surgical resection is the correct treatment for cardiac myxoma and is imperative following the diagnosis.