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105. Antarctic terrestrial life-challenging the history of the frozen continent?

Author

Convey, Peter, Gibson, John A.E., Hillenbrand, Claus-Dieter, Hodgson, Dominic A., Pugh, Philip J.A., Smellie, John L., and Stevens, Mark I.

Subjects
Antarctica -- Environmental aspects, Antarctica -- Natural resources, Biogeography -- Research, Surface-ice melting -- Analysis, Biological sciences
Abstract

Antarctica is a continent covered with ice however these ice sheets are becoming thinner and thinner because of the deepening glacial events. The glacial events resulted in the reduction of all Mesozoic terrestrial life of Antarctica, which stressed the need for adoption of new biological paradigm to understand the Antarctic glacial history.

Published
2008

107. Comparison of cardiorespiratory variables in dorsally recumbent horses anesthetized with guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine spontaneously breathing 50% or maximal oxygen concentrations

Author

Karrasch, Nicole M., Hubbell, John A.E., Aarnes, Turi K., Bednarski, Richard M., and Lerche, Phillip

Subjects
Xylazine, Anesthetics, Dissociative, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Respiration, Posture, Scientific, Blood Pressure, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, Guaifenesin, Heart Rate, Animals, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Female, Ketamine, Horses, Cardiac Output, Expectorants
Abstract

This study compared cardiorespiratory variables in dorsally recumbent horses anesthetized with guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine and spontaneously breathing 50% or maximal (> 90%) oxygen (O2) concentrations. Twelve healthy mares were randomly assigned to breathe 50% or maximal O2 concentrations. Horses were sedated with xylazine, induced to recumbency with ketamine-diazepam, and anesthesia was maintained with guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine to effect. Heart rate, arterial blood pressures, respiratory rate, lithium dilution cardiac output (CO), inspired and expired O2 and carbon dioxide partial pressures, and tidal volume were measured. Arterial and mixed-venous blood samples were collected prior to sedation (baseline), during 30 minutes of anesthesia, 10 minutes after disconnection from O2, and 30 minutes after standing. Shunt fraction, O2 delivery, and alveolar-arterial O2 partial pressures difference [P(A-a)O2] were calculated. Recovery times were recorded. There were no significant differences between groups in cardiorespiratory parameters or in P(A-a)O2 at baseline or 30 minutes after standing. Oxygen partial pressure difference in the 50% group was significantly less than in the maximal O2 group during anesthesia.

Published
2015

108. Contributors

Author

Nancy L. Anderson, Francisco J. Alvarez, Laura J. Armbrust, Dennis N. Aron, Shane W. Bateman, Karin Muth Beale, Richard M. Bednarski, Jamie R. Bellah, Larry Berkwitt, Sonya V. Bettenay, David S. Biller, Stephen J. Birchard, Dale E. Bjorling, Mark W. Bohling, John D. Bonagura, Jennifer Bonczynski, Harry W. Boothe, Randy J. Boudrieau, Heather L. Bowles, Ronald M. Bright, Marjory B. Brooks, Steven C. Budsberg, C. Anthony Buffington, Clay A. Calvert, Marcia A. Carothers, Sue Chen, Dennis J. Chew, Lynette K. Cole, Carmen M.H. Colitz, Sarah Colombini Osborn, Paul A. Cuddon, Támara M. Costa-Gómez, Kechia M. Davis, Charles E. DeCamp, R. Tass Dueland, Joan Dziezyc, Erick L. Egger, Christine Ellis, William R. Fenner, Roger B. Fingland, Richard B. Ford, S. Dru Forrester, Linda A. Frank, Rance M. Gamblin, Jennifer Gieg, Stephen D. Gilson, Mary B. Glaze, Joanne C. Graham, David Grant, Thomas K. Graves, Deborah S. Greco, Henry W. Green, Tia B. Greenberg, Craig E. Griffin, Amy M. Grooters, Robert L. Hamlin, Don J. Harris, Callum W. Hay, Cheryl S. Hedlund, Karen Helton-Rhodes, Andrew Hillier, Cheryl Holloway, Robert V. Hitchinson, John A.E. Hubbell, Richard M. Jerram, Lynelle R. Johnson, Susan E. Johnson, Matthew S. Johnston, Denise Jones, Nancy D. Kay, Bruce W. Keene, Thomas J. Kern, Peter P. Kintzer, Susan E. Kirschner, William C. Kisseberth, David W. Knapp, Shianne L. Koplitz, Michael P. Kowaleski, Gail A. Kunkle, Kenneth W. Kwochka, Mary Anna Labato, Linda B. Lehmkuhl, Patricia J. Luttgen, Paul A. Manley, Philip A. March, Sandra Manfra Marretta, Hilary K. Matthews, Margaret C. McEntee, Mary A. McLoughlin, Michael S. Miller, Nicholas J. Millichamp, Darryl L. Millis, Milan Milovancev, Cecil P. Moore, Daniel O. Morris, Ralf S. Mueller, William W. Muir, Alan C. Mundell, Rhett Nichols, James O. Noxon, Barbara L. Oglesbee, Marvin L. Olmstead, Rodney L. Page, Matthew Palmisano, David L. Panciera, Robert B. Parker, Janet L. Peterson, Mark E. Peterson, Anthony Pilny, Lauren R. Pinchbeck, Michael Podell, James C. Prueter, Katherine E. Quesenberry, John F. Randolph, Rose E. Raskin, Nyssa J. Reine, Laura G. Ridge, Mark C. Rochat, Wayne S. Rosenkrantz, Edmund J. Rosser, James K. Roush, John E. Rush, Valerie F. Samii, Randall H. Scagliotti, Vicki J. Scheidt, Patricia A. Schenck, Eric R. Schertel, Karsten E. Schober, Linda G. Shell, G. Diane Shelton, Robert G. Sherding, Peter Shires, Gretchen K. Sicard, Daniel D. Smeak, Francis W.K. Smith, Mark M. Smith, Rebecca L. Stepien, Elizabeth A. Stone, Michael Stone, Steven F. Swaim, Robert A. Taylor, Larry P. Tilley, James Tomlinson, David M. Vail, Raymund F. Wack, Stephen D. White, and David A. Wilkie

Published
2006
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110. European Criminal Justice in the post-Lisbon Area of Freedom, Security and Justice

Author

Vervaele, John A.E., Fornasari, Gabriele, and Sartori, Daria

Subjects
K Law (General)
Abstract

The criminal justice dimension of the EU Area of Freedom, Security and Justice addresses today’s aspects of substantive criminal law, criminal procedure, mutual legal assistance and recognition in criminal matters. Not only the effectiveness of harmonization and transnational cooperation is addressed, but also the applicable human rights standards of the European Convention on Human Rights and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The Lisbon Treaty offers new possibilities for harmonization and the elaboration of criminal policy, both in the area of Euro offences as well as in the field of economic and financial criminality. The Lisbon Treaty also strengthens the mutual recognition scheme and provides for the establishment of an European Public Prosecutor. The Area of Freedom, Security and Justice also entails, however, new questions about the transnational application of human rights, such as the ne bis in idem protection, the applicable human rights standards in relation to the mutual recognition instruments or the choice of criminal jurisdiction.

Published
2014

112. List of contributors

Author

KATE ALLEN, BRIAN ANDERSON, TATIANA ART, ERIC BARREY, LANCE H. BASSAGE, WARWICK BAYLY, BRENDON BELL, ANNA BERGH, ALICIA L. BERTONE, HELEN L. BIRCH, LISA BODEN, ELIZABETH A. CARR, JON CHEETHAM, LAURENT L. COUETIL, ANNE COUROUCÉ-MALBLANC, ALEXANDER J. DANIEL, NORM G. DUCHARME, PATRICIA M. ELLIS, HOWARD H. ERICKSON, HILLARY FELDMANN, JONATHAN H. FOREMAN, SAMANTHA FRANKLIN, RAYMOND J. GEOR, CAROL GILLIS, AUDE GIRAUDET, LESLEY GOFF, LAURIE R. GOODRICH, ALLEN E. GOODSHIP, JOANNE HARDY, PATRICIA A. HARRIS, KEVIN K. HAUSSLER, KENNETH W. HINCHCLIFF, TODD C. HOLBROOK, SUSAN J. HOLCOMBE, JOHN A.E. HUBBELL, JO L. IRELAND, LEO B. JEFFCOTT, EDUARD JOSE-CUNILLERAS, ANDRIS J. KANEPS, CHRISTOPHER E. KAWCAK, KEVIN G. KEEGAN, CARL A. KIRKER-HEAD, JOANNE KRAMER, MICHAEL LINDINGER, MIREIA LORENZO-FIGUERAS, JONATHAN M. LUMSDEN, L. JILL McCUTCHEON, CATHERINE M. MCGOWAN, KENNETH HARRINGTON MCKEEVER, ERICA C. MCKENZIE, OMAR MAHER, ALFRED M. MERRITT, PAUL S. MORLEY, RACHEL C. MURRAY, LAURA C. NATH, BRAD B. NELSON, JORGE NIETO, CHRISTOPHER B. O'SULLIVAN, TIM PARKIN, RICHARD J. PIERCY, ROB PILSWORTH, DAVID C. POOLE, NICOLA PUSTERLA, CHRISTOPHER M. RIGGS, ANDREA RITMEESTER, JOSÉ-LUIS L. RIVERO, CÉLINE ROBERT, COLIN C. SCHWARZWALD, CHARLOTTE SINCLAIR, ROGER K.W. SMITH, BRIAN D. STEWART, JOHANNES H. VAN DER KOLK, EMMANUELLE VAN ERCK-WESTERGREN, GUNTHER VAN LOON, RENÉ VAN WEEREN, DOMINIQUE VOTION, CHRIS WHITTON, and LESLEY E. YOUNG

Published
2014

118. Preface

Author

William W. Muir and John A.E. Hubbell

Published
2009

119. Contributors

Author

Richard M. Bednarski, Lori A. Bidwell, John D. Bonagura, Joanne Hardy, John A.E. Hubbell, Carolyn L. Kerr, Phillip Lerche, Nora S. Matthews, Wayne N. McDonell, William W. Muir, James T. Robertson, N. Edward Robinson, Richard A. Sams, Colin C. Schwarzwald, Claire Scicluna, Roman T. Skarda, Eugene P. Steffey, Ann E. Wagner, and Kazuto Yamashita

Published
2009

121. The application of fluorescence detection to the determination and speciation of aluminium in soil solutions by ion chromatography

Author

John A.E. Gibson and Ian R. Willett

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Chromatography, media_common.quotation_subject, Ion chromatography, Soil Science, chemistry.chemical_element, Sulfonic acid, Fluorescence, Fluorescence spectroscopy, Speciation, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Aluminium, Bromide, Reagent, Agronomy and Crop Science, media_common
Abstract

The determination and speciation of aluminium in soil solutions and extracts by ion chromatography with post‐column reaction and fluorescence detection is described. The fluorogenic post‐column reagent consists of 4 x 10‐3 M 8‐hydroxyquinoline‐5‐sulfonic acid and 2 x 10‐3 M cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in a 1 M acetate buffer at pH 4.4. The method is applicable to soil solutions and extracts and is more sensitive than existing colorimetric methods. Aluminium species could be detected at concentrations of 35 nM. Nine metals were checked for interference; only Zn2+ and Cd2+ were found to give responses, which were however well separated from the Al3+ peak.

Published
1991

129. Antarctic Tardigrada: a first step in understanding molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) and biogeography of cryptic meiofauna

Author

Czechowski, Paul, Sands, Chester J., Adams, Byron J., D'Haese, Cyrille A., Gibson, John A.E., McInnes, Sandra J., Stevens, Mark I., Czechowski, Paul, Sands, Chester J., Adams, Byron J., D'Haese, Cyrille A., Gibson, John A.E., McInnes, Sandra J., and Stevens, Mark I.

Abstract

Recent studies have suggested that some resident Antarctic biota are of ancient origin and may have been isolated for millions of years. The phylum Tardigrada, which is part of the Antarctic terrestrial meiofauna, is of particular interest due to an impressive array of biochemical abilities to withstand harsh environmental conditions. Tardigrades are one of the few widespread Antarctic terrestrial animals that have the potential to be used as a model for evolution and biogeography on the Antarctic continent. We isolated 126 individual tardigrades from four geographically isolated soil samples from two remote nunataks in the Sør Rondane Mountains, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. We examined genetic variation among individuals utilising three gene regions: cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI), 18S rDNA (18S), and the wingless (Wg) gene. Comparison of sequences from worldwide and Antarctic tardigrades indicated long-term survival and isolation over glacially dominated periods in ice-free habitats in the Sør Rondane Mountains.

Published
2012

130. Tardigrade remains from lake sediments

Author

Cromer, Louise, Gibson, John A.E., McInnes, Sandra J., Agius, Janelle T., Cromer, Louise, Gibson, John A.E., McInnes, Sandra J., and Agius, Janelle T.

Abstract

Remains of tardigrades have rarely been reported to preserve in sediments, resulting in the absence of important ecological and biogeographic information that they could provide. However, a study of faunal microfossils in Antarctic lake sediment cores has shown that tardigrade eggs and occasionally exuvia can be abundant. Eggs from at least five tardigrade species were identified in sediment cores from six lakes from across the continent, with abundances up to 6,000 (g(-1) dry wt.). It is likely that the cold temperatures and absence of benthic grazers in Antarctic lakes results in particularly good preservation conditions, though it may also be a function of population density. The conservation of tardigrade eggs and exuvia in lake sediments enables a better understanding of paleodistributions and effects of environmental changes for this phylum that cannot otherwise be obtained.

Published
2008

137. Tardigrade eggs and exuviae in Antarctic lake sediments: insights into Holocene dynamics and origins of the fauna

Author

Gibson, John A.E, Cromer, Louise, Agius, Janelle T., McInnes, Sandra J., Marley, Nigel J., Gibson, John A.E, Cromer, Louise, Agius, Janelle T., McInnes, Sandra J., and Marley, Nigel J.

Abstract

The preservation of tardigrade eggs and exuviae in Antarctic lake sediments provided an opportunity to assess post-glacial colonisation and Holocene tardigrade dynamics on the southern continent. Tardigrade eggs were recovered from five lakes, two from the maritime Antarctic and three from continental Antarctica. Eggs were identified from the following species: Dactylobiotus cf. ambiguus, Macrobiotus furciger, Macrobiotus blocki, Minibiotus weinerorum and Acutuncus antarcticus. Other, unornamented eggs were also observed. The preservation of some of these eggs in exuviae allowed identification to at least genus. Significant variations were observed in egg abundance within the sediment of each lake, and in one lake a species (Dactylobiotus cf. ambiguus) became locally extinct, probably as the result of penguin-associated eutrophication. Tardigrades generally did not become abundant for a considerable period after the lakes’ formation. The presence of an in-part endemic fauna is consistent with slow colonisation from Antarctic sources rather than wind transport from extra-continental sites. Tardigrade eggs appear to be abundant in high-latitude lake sediments, and greater use could be made of these records when evaluating tardigrade dynamics during the Holocene.

Published
2007

138. Evidence for a lacustrine faunal refuge in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica, during the Last Glacial Maximum

Author

Cromer, Louise, Gibson, John A.E., Swadling, Kerrie M., Hodgson, Dominic A., Cromer, Louise, Gibson, John A.E., Swadling, Kerrie M., and Hodgson, Dominic A.

Abstract

Aim There is no previous direct evidence for the occurrence of lacustrine refuges for invertebrate fauna in Antarctica spanning the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). In the absence of verified LGM lacustrine refuges many species are believed to result from Holocene dispersal from sub-Antarctic islands and continents further north. If freshwater lake environments were present throughout the LGM, extant freshwater species may have been associated with Antarctica prior to this glacial period. This study looked at faunal microfossils in a sediment core from an Antarctic freshwater lake. This lake is unusual in that, unlike most Antarctic lakes, the sediment record extends to c. 130,000 yr bp, i.e. prior to the LGM. Location Lake Reid, Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica (76°23' E; 69°23' S). Methods Palaeofaunal communities in Lake Reid were identified through examination of faunal microfossils in a sediment core that extended to c. 130,000 yr bp. Results Ephippia and mandibles from the cladoceran Daphniopsis studeri and loricae of the rotifer Notholca sp. were found at all depths in the sediment, indicating that these two species have been present in the lake for up to 130,000 years. Copepod mandibles were also present in the older section of the core, yet were absent from the most recent sediments, indicating extinction of this species from Lake Reid during the LGM. Main conclusion The presence of D. studeri and Notholca sp. microfossils throughout the entire Lake Reid core is the first direct evidence of a glacial lacustrine refugium for invertebrate animals in Antarctica, and indicates the presence of a relict fauna on the Antarctic continent.

Published
2006

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