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The mechanisms by which the epidermis responds to disturbances in barrier function and restores homeostasis are unknown. With a perturbation of the epidermal barrier, water is lost, resulting in an increase in extracellular sodium concentration. We demonstrate that the sodium channel Nax functions as a sodium sensor. With increased extracellular sodium, Nax up-regulates prostasin, which results in activation of the sodium channel ENaC, resulting in increased sodium flux and increased downstream mRNA synthesis of inflammatory mediators. Nax is present in multiple epithelial tissues, and up-regulation of its downstream genes is found in hypertrophic scars. In animal models, blocking Nax expression results in improvement in scarring and atopic dermatitis-like symptoms, both of which are pathological conditions characterized by perturbations in barrier function. These findings support an important role for Nax in maintaining epithelial homeostasis.

International audience; Dynamic monitoring of vegetation coverage changes, especially on a relatively large temporal scale, have important practical significance in urban planning and environmental protection. The objective of this study is to dynamically investigate the urban landscape patterns of vegetation coverage based on remote sensing techniques. Multi-temporal Landsat images of 1990, 2000 and 2013 were firstly used to produce three vegetation coverage maps of Hefei City, Anhui Province, China with five grades using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) dimidiate pixel model. Subsequently, a total of eight landscape pattern indictors in FRAGSTATS 4.2 were selected to analyze the dynamic characteristics of area, quantity and density for the study area with different vegetation coverage grades. The results showed that (1) the dominant vegetation coverage of 1990, 2000 and 2013 were the high vegetation coverage, the moderate vegetation coverage and the moderate-to-high vegetation coverage, respectively. The acreage of non-vegetation coverage increased by 1.89 %, while the high vegetation coverage decreased by 10.48 % from 1990 to 2013; (2) the quantity and density of patches decreased by 33.42 % and 33.41 % during 1990–2013. Shannon’s diversity index and Shannon’s evenness index increased from 0.92 in 1990 to 0.97 in 2000, and then declined to 0.96 in 2013; and (3) the contagion index had an upward trend and conversely the aggregation index showed no significant changes, but both of them were close to 1 during 1990–2013. In comparison with natural influences, the primary driving forces causing the changes were ascribed to human factors including the rapid population growth and fast-growing urban areas.

In this paper, a Quality of Experience (QoE)-driven cross-layer resource allocation scheme for high traffic services over Open Wireless Network (OWN) downlink is proposed. And the main novelty of this paper is that it solves the resource allocation problem about the users in overlap region of adjacent cells through central controller without the communication between different cells. Also, we have adopted the QoE assessment models for BestEffort and video services to abstract its' Mean Opinion Score (MOS) value. And we use the cross- layer architecture which considers the parameters in application layer, media access control layer and physical layer jointly. Then, we build the mathematical model of the resource allocation problem. Based on the Binary Constrained Particle Swarm Optimization (B_CPSO) algorithm, the optimization results can be found. In addition, Simulation results show that the proposed scheme have better performance than the other schemes in terms of maximizing average users' MOS value for the whole system as well as maintaining fairness among users.

With the rapid development of the Internet, SNS services and 3G commercial mobile applications there have been tremendous opportunities although the development of SNS is very short in China, and the social web game is in the early stage of development. Because of massive users, the potential commercial value of Chinese SNS is still a great mining space. However, a relatively large defects is the precipitation and accumulation on content. The dynamic of friends will affect our own decisions largely, it is favorable for the activity of SNS to increase the number of friends. We have improved the existing models, and conduct experiments to validate it and compare it with previous methods.

Internet technology has greatly increased the number of malware attacks on networks. Consequently, it has also elevated the importance of automatic malware detection and classification technology based on big data analysis in the field of information security. This paper presents a new method for classifying malware algorithms that exhibits both high accuracy and high coverage. The method combines big data analysis with software security technologies such as feature extraction, machine learning, binary instrumentation and dynamic instruction flow analysis to achieve automated classification of malware algorithms. 20 classification experiments prove the correctness of the method. We also discuss future directions for improving the method.

With the continuous development of the space technology, increasing communication between spacecrafts. To ensure the spacecrafts keep a uniform time standard, time synchronization protocol plays an crucial role. Taking account the characteristics of deep-space: poor link quality, limited node computing power, and the GNSS service is unstable, through the improving of IEEE1588 protocol, a autonomous time synchronization protocol for the space environment is presented, which security arrangement is relatively sound, does not depend on the GNSS service -- Security Enhanced IEEE1588 for Space (SEIEEE1588).

Endothelial dysfunction is a major characteristic of diabetic vasculopathy. Protection of the vascular endothelium is an essential aspect of preventing and treating diabetic vascular complications. Although Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is an important endothelial-specific protective factor, whether Ang-1 protects vascular cells undergoing advanced glycation end product (AGE) injury has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to determine the potential effects of Ang-1 on endothelial cells after exposure to AGE. We show here that Ang-1 prevented AGE-induced vascular leakage by enhancing the adherens junctions between endothelial cells, and this process was mediated by the phosphorylation and membrane localization of VE-cadherin. Furthermore, Ang-1 also protected endothelial cells from AGE-induced death by regulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt-dependent Bad phosphorylation. Our findings suggest that the novel protective mechanisms of Ang-1 on endothelium are achieved by strengthening endothelial cell junctions and reducing endothelial cell death after AGE injury.

Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can accelerate wound healing by promoting angiogenesis. The biological effects of GM-CSF in angiogenesis and the corresponding underlying molecular mechanisms, including in the early stages of primitive endothelial tubule formation and the later stages of new vessel maturation, have only been partially clarified. This study aimed to investigate the effects of GM-CSF on angiogenesis and its regulatory mechanisms. Employing a self-controlled model (Sprague-Dawley rats with deep partial-thickness burn wounds), we determined that GM-CSF can increase VEGF expression and decrease the expression ratio of Ang-1/Ang-2 and the phosphorylation of Tie-2 in the early stages of the wound healing process, which promotes the degradation of the basement membrane and the proliferation of endothelial cells. At later stages of wound healing, GM-CSF can increase the expression ratio of Ang-1/Ang-2 and the phosphorylation of Tie-2 and maintain a high VEGF expression level. Consequently, pericyte coverages were higher, and the basement membrane became more integrated in new blood vessels, which enhanced the barrier function of blood vessels. In summary, we report here that increased angiogenesis is associated with GM-CSF treatment, and we indicate that VEGF and the Ang/Tie system may act as angiogenic mediators of the healing effect of GM-CSF on burn wounds.

Growing evidence indicates that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) enhance wound repair via paracrine. Because the extent of environmental oxygenation affects the innate characteristics of BM-MSCs, including their stemness and migration capacity, the current study set out to elucidate and compare the impact of normoxic and hypoxic cell-culture conditions on the expression and secretion of BM-MSC-derived paracrine molecules (e.g., cytokines, growth factors and chemokines) that hypothetically contribute to cutaneous wound healing in vivo. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses of normoxic and hypoxic BM-MSCs and their conditioned medium fractions showed that the stem cells expressed and secreted significantly higher amounts of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF),vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, hypoxic BM-MSC-derived conditioned medium (hypoCM) vs. normoxic BM-MSC-derived conditioned medium (norCM) or vehicle control medium significantly enhanced the proliferation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells, the migration of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and monocytes, and the formation of tubular structures by endothelial cells cultured on Matrigel matrix. Consistent with these in vitro results, skin wound contraction was significantly accelerated in Balb/c nude mice treated with topical hypoCM relative to norCM or the vehicle control. Notably increased in vivo cell proliferation, neovascularization as well as recruitment of inflammatory macrophages and evidently decreased collagen I, and collagen III were also found in the hypoCM-treated group. These findings suggest that BM-MSCs promote murine skin wound healing via hypoxia-enhanced paracrine.

In recent years, big data processing has been a trend. Hadoop and some other cloud computing technologies make batch processing possible to process big data. Storm is like a real-time Hadoop. Storm model is easy, but it's difficult to deal with complex Topology due to the increasing inter-dependences between components. This paper proposes a novel method which simplifies the Storm Topology programming model by combining Spring with Storm. It provide a modular approach and a unified configuration model to build topologies and easy to use API for using Storm. Meanwhile, this paper propose a system to process data and realize the K-Means clustering algorithm in Storm. The practice results is shown and analyzed to prove the effectiveness of the system and model, at the same time it proves that Storm can improve the clustering algorithm processing speed.

The increasing number of mobile terminals facilitates the development of context-aware applications. However, developing a context aware application is still a complex work, which involves mechanisms of context acquisition and context processing. In order to release the developer's burden, many context aware frameworks emerged. But none of them yet has sufficient consideration of mobile environment characteristics. Besides, restricted to the mobile platform, the developed application could not achieve cross-platform deployment. A cross-platform context-aware application developing framework for mobile terminals is proposed in this paper. This framework could shield system differences, centralize context acquisition, context modeling, context storing, context interpretation and context aggregation for many context aware applications on the same terminal. Applying the framework, data of same sensor would not be duplicated processed by many context aware applications. Context aware application would be built faster. And mobile terminal resources would be used more efficiently.

In original Chord model,the semantic property of the content in the model is not taken into account. Besides,a node's logical ID is independent of its physical location,bringing tremendous delay to network routing.Aiming at the system instability of structured P2P model which is caused by the heterogeneity of nodes in model,this paper proposes a Structure P2P network based on the Chord (TI-CHORD).TI-CHORD divides the entire network into different groups according to the interest.Groups are in the form of organization ring,and nodes in one group have the same interest.Each group generated a super node independent of physical topology and all the super nodes constitute the super group. Compared with the original Chord,the TI-CHORD enhances the query efficiency and decrease the impact of dynamic environment.

With the development of all kinds of devices that will be used or are being used in NGN, test automation,which can do much heavy work instead of human,is more and more popular. In this paper,the UML (Unified Modeling Language) released by OMG (Object Management Group) as the model description language,the design of a test automation framework-BTAF (Broadband access Test Automation Framework)-for Access Gateway is introduced. Then the advantages of BTAF are emphasized. Through comparison with manual test, the benefit of automation test is digitalized.

As a classical structed P2P model, Chord offers many salient features. The key issue of strengthening the system is how to deal with the influence from the frequent change of the nodes and promote the query efficiency. To advance the Chord performance, we propose a new model based on group autonomy which is called GA_Chord. A new table is added to differentiate all nodes into many neighbor groups. At the same time, system selects a more stable neighbor group to be leader nodes which manage to distribute resources. Each node only maintains the inside-group Finger Table and the Neighbor Table. Compared with the traditional Chord, GA_Chord greatly improves the query efficiency. Simultaneously, the model decreases the system cost caused by nodes' frequent change.

Mashups have emerged as a Web 2.0 phenomenon, connecting disjoint applications together to provide unified services. However, scalable access control for mashups is difficult. To enable a mashup to gather data from legacy applications and services, users must give the mashup their login names and passwords for those services. This is not user-centric and the all-or-nothing approach violates the principle of least privilege and leaves users vulnerable to misuse of their credentials by malicious mashups. To overcome the limitations, this paper proposes an open identity framework, which leverages open identity protocol such as OpenID and OAuth. The framework can bring benefits to all the roles involved in the system in a non-intrusive and user-centric way. Open is a good design principle, and it is also the attitude and sprit of collaboration. We think that a mashup system based on open technologies could make the composition of services easier and accelerate the on-boarding of service providers. Moreover, more customers might also be attracted by the openness of the system.

The IEEE 802.16 standard has defined several QoS scheduling types without detailed implementation of the bandwidth scheduling scheme. Since the DL direction is more likely to be bottleneck than the UL direction, in this paper, we propose an improved framework for downlink real-time traffic, which acquire packet information by cross-layer design and dynamic drops the packets according to the network status. In condition of congestion, the improved framework reduces the use of bandwidth and packet delay, optimizes the jitter and guarantees better QoS. In this paper we take VOIP traffic for simulation, and the results indicate that the optimized framework is able to improve the performance of the system after reasonable optimization to downlink packet queue algorithm.

To support battery powered mobile broadband wireless access devices efficiently, IEEE 802. 16e defines a sleep mode operation for conserving the power of mobile terminals. In this paper, a linear hybrid algorithm is proposed based on the adjustment of sleep window under circumstances of low service traffic, aiming for reducing the response time and energy consumption of Mobile Subscribe Station (MSS). A performance evaluation for this algorithm is utilized by theoretical analysis, and the simulation result shows that the proposed algorithm improves the performance in power conservation.

Nowadays, cause of the high data rate access capability, Wi-Fi and WiMAX technology are becoming today's key technology in wireless access field, and the seamless integration between them received extensive attention. Although, IEEE 802.21 standard has proposed the architecture for achieving roaming seamlessly among these different networks, the security and seamless mobility are still key issues for actually deployment. In this paper, we present a flexible architecture which can efficiently handle the secure and seamless mobility issue in Wi-Fi/WiMAX integrated networks deployed for enterprise application, where WiMAX plays the main role in the backbone system, completing most parts of authentication and key exchange at the stage of initialization and handover procedure. Based on this method, Wi-Fi/WiMAX integrated network will be a potential choice for enterprise.

Instant, customized, and automatic information sharing and retrieval are highly desirable for people in terms of increased pervasive computing. In reality, however, users today typically depend on centralized search engines for information discovery, which lack customization and flexibility in information content. In this paper, we present a scalable intelligent information sharing (SIIS) system based on peer-to-peer to help users to discover interesting content in the network and allow any user to publish information at any occasion, both inside enterprise Intranet and over world-wide Internet. With machine learning, auto-search can be carried out according to userpsilas interests identified by an intelligent agent based on analysis of sharing and consumption history. Moreover, the agent can match users with common interests to gather them in a social group so that newly advertised information can be subscribed and retrieved instantly and automatically.

The AOAC 2000.01 method was validated in order to establish Chinese national standard for determination of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in foods.Using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection and incorporating the using of a deuterated internal standard of 3-MCPD, the recovery test were carried out by fortified 3-MCPD standard in soy sauces, flour and salami.Linearity, precision and recovery were complied with the method AOAC2000.01 that was adopted First Action by AOAC International. The limit of detection was 0.005 mg/kg.AOAC2000.01 was adopted as the Chinese national standard GB/T 5009.191.

The third Chinese total diet study to estimate dietary intake of contaminants was carried out in 2000. The levels of HCH and DDT residues were less significant in most of foodstuffs, but the level of HCH residues of aquatic foods in South 2 and in North 1 is respectively 75.99microg/kg and 170.72microg/kg, and the ratio of gamma-HCH is 90% of the total HCHs residues. To identify the contamination source of gamma-HCH, the individual province composite samples and the individual samples of aquatic foods from individual province were further analyzed. The level of gamma-HCH in bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) sample in Hubei province is 546.4microg/kg, which is 98.3% of all HCHs (exceeding the 0.1mg/kg HCHs EMRL in fish), the level of gamma-HCH in carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus) sample in Heilongjiang province is 602.4microg/kg, which is 98.5% of all HCHs. The two samples polluted by Lindane were confirmed by GC-MS. The result suggests that Lindane has been used irregularly in some areas in China.

In order to explore the effect of sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA) on preventing rats from lead poisoning and reducing the lead toxicity, and at the same time to explore its impact on zinc and copper, sixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups including blank control group, model control group, positive control group and three different level NaFeEDTA (high, middle and low) groups. With the exception of the blank control group, which only received double distilled water treatment throughout the experiment, all the other rats were continuously treated with lead solution. At the same time, with the exception of the blank and model control groups, the other four groups were treated with acidi dimercaptosuccinici (DMSA), high, middle and low level NaFeEDTA solutions respectively. At the end of the study, several indicators were determined. The results showed that the hemoglobin levels in the three different level NaFeEDTA groups were significantly higher than those of the other four groups and at the same time the lead levels in blood and organs were lower than those of model group significantly. There were significant reverse correlations between iron supplement and the lead levels in liver, kidney and tibia among the three different level NaFeEDTA groups, and the correlation coefficients were -0.4432, -0.6134 and -0.3878 respectively. There were no significant differences in zinc levels and copper levels between the three level NaFeEDTA groups and the negative control group except the brain zinc levels in the middle and high level NaFeEDTA groups were lower and the kidney copper level in the low level NaFeEDTA group was higher than those of the model control group. It is concluded that the NaFeEDTA can effectively improve hemoglobin level, prevent rats from lead poisoning and reduce the lead toxicity. At the same time, NaFeEDTA does not have significant influence on zinc and copper levels in rats.

Microwave digestion system was used in digesting samples. Lead and cadmium were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Mercury was determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Standard reference material (NBS1570), spinach powder was used as analysis quality assurance in this method, and 264 Chinese herbs (23 species) and standard reference material were determined, and satisfactory results were obtained by using this method. Averages recovery of lead, cadmium and mercury is 95.0%, 97.5% and 99.2% respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) is 0.006 mg/kg, 0.208 microgram/kg and 0.026 microgram/kg respectively for lead, cadmium and mercury. Limit of quantity (LOQ) is 0.019 mg/kg, 0.694 microgram/kg and 0.087 microgram/kg respectively for lead, cadmium and mercury. This method is also suitable to determine lead, cadmium and mercury in food.