Search

A one-pot, three-component difunctionalization of quinones with indoles and arylamines has been developed to synthesize indole functionalized p-iminoquinones derivatives. The approach employed AgOAc as the catalyst in the presence of 3-chlorophenylboronic acid, giving a series of indole functionalized p-iminoquinones derivatives in moderate to good yields. This catalytic approach represents a step-economic and convenient strategy for the difunctionalization of quinones. A plausible reaction pathway has been proposed based on a series of control experiments.

Concise one-pot biarylamination of quinones with arylamines was developed to synthesize N-arylamine-functionalized p-iminoquinones derivatives. The approach employed AgOAc as the catalyst and (NH4)2S2O8 as the oxidant in the presence of 3-chlorophenylboronic acid, giving a series of N-arylamine-functionalized p-iminoquinone derivatives in moderate to good yields whereas reaction in the absence of the 3-chlorophenylboronic acid, gave a series of N-arylamine-functionalized 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives. This catalytic approach represents a step-economic and convenient strategy for the difunctionalization of quinones.

AIM: To compare the efficacy and safety of intravitreal aflibercept with dexamethasone implant in the treatment of macular edema (ME) associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) or retinal vein occlusion (RVO). METHODS: A comprehensive search of studies comparing dexamethasone and aflibercept in patients with ME was conducted at PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from the beginning of library to April 16, 2021. Extracting the data including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), number of injections and serious adverse events (SAEs) from the final qualified articles. RevMan 5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis of the included studies. RESULTS: Totally 7 studies with 369 eyes were included. The causes of ME in the final screening study included RVO and DR. Compared with the aflibercept treatment group, the BCVA of the dexamethasone implant treatment group showed no significant difference in the follow-up for 3mo [mean difference (MD): -0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.11, 0.02; P=0.17] and 12mo (MD: -0.01, 95%CI: -0.38, 0.37; P=0.98), but it was slightly worse than the aflibercept group at 6mo (MD: 0.12, 95%CI: 0.03, 0.21; P=0.008). In terms of CRT reduction, there was no significant difference between the two groups at 3mo (MD: -28.14, 95%CI: -79.95, 23.67; P=0.29), 6mo (MD: 27.67, 95%CI: -84.89, 140.24; P=0.63), and 12mo (MD: -59.00, 95%CI: -127.37, 9.37; P=0.09). However, dexamethasone implant had fewer injections, but more adverse events such as elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and cataract. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of aflibercept and dexamethasone implant can both effectively increase BCVA and reduce CRT. Compared with aflibercept, dexamethasone implant is not inferior in improving vision and reducing CRT in the initial treatment period (3mo) and long-term treatment period (12mo). Besides, it has fewer injections and more likely to cause elevated IOP and cataract.

PurposeTo investigate the changes in immunity and clinical infection events among patients with chronic insomnia.Materials and methodsForty-two patients with chronic insomnia (age = 64.44 ± 10.53) and 47 normal controls (age = 67.08 ± 7.822) were selected to determine differences in data, such as complete blood counts (CBCs), biochemical indices, lymphocyte subsets, immunoglobulin (Ig), complement C3 and C4 and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as to compare the incidence of clinical infection between the two groups.ResultsThere were significant differences in erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, albumin, globulin, creatinine, IgG, IgG/IgM ratio, CD4+ T-lymphocytes, CD19-lymphocytes, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, CD19/CD3 ratio, and clinical infection events between the chronic insomnia group and the control group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and platelet counts; lymphocyte subsets CD8+ T and CD56+; platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR); neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR); complement C3; complement C4; IgM; IgA; and IL-6 between the experimental group and their controls (p > 0.05). The systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the chronic insomnia group did not vary widely from those of the controls (p > 0.05).ConclusionPatients with chronic insomnia have immunological abnormalities, characterized by a higher incidence of clinical infection.

An atom-economical and environmentally benign approach for the synthesis of 3-indolylquinones was achieved successfully via direct oxidative C–C coupling of quinones/hydroquinones with indoles using (NH4)2S2O8 in dichloroethane at 80 °C. The efficiency of this catalytic approach was established by a broad scope of substrates involving quinones and hydroquinones to give high yields (61–93%) of 3-indolylquinones. The present protocol is simple, practical, and show good functional group tolerance. In addition, the obtained 3-indolylnaphthoquinones were conducted to further transformation to synthesize 2-amino-3-indolylnaphthoquinone and polycyclic N-heterocycles, respectively.

Transverse vibration of axially moving trapezoidal plates is investigated. The differential equation of transverse vibration for a axially moving trapezoidal plate is established by D'Alembert principle. The original trapezoid region can be replaced by regular square region by the medium parameter method for the convenience of calculation. A generalized complex eigenvalue equation is derived by a discrete method (the differential quadrature method). The complex frequency curve of trapezoidal plate is obtained by calculating the eigenvalue equation. The change of the complex frequencies of the axially moving trapezoidal plates with the dimensionless axially moving speed is analyzed. The effects of the aspect ratio and the trapezoidal angle on instability type of the trapezoidal plate are discussed under different boundary conditions. The results of numerical analysis show that there are two main instability types of axially moving trapezoidal plate: divergence and flutter. The modal orders of the two types of instability are also different, which is related to the trapezoidal angle, aspect ratio and boundary condition of the trapezoidal plate.

Objectives This study aimed to investigate whether plasma levels of adenosine, adenosine deaminase (ADA), and certain cytokines change in patients with chronic insomnia disorder (CID), and if so, whether these alterations are associated with poor sleep quality and cognitive dysfunction. Methods Fifty-five CID patients were selected for the study, along with fifty-five healthy controls (HC) matched to the patients according to their basic data. All subjects completed sleep, emotion, and cognition assessments, with some CID patients also completing an overnight polysomnography. The plasma level of adenosine was measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, while ADA level was quantified using a quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, were measured using Luminex liquid chip technology. Results CID patients had a lower adenosine level, and higher levels of ADA and some of the cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) compared with controls. In the CID group, plasma concentrations of adenosine were negatively correlated with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores, while concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were positively correlated with these scores. Concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α were negatively correlated with scores on the Chinese-Beijing Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Moreover, levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-2 were positively correlated with memory test errors by CID patients after controlling for confounding factors. Conclusions The reduced adenosine and elevated cytokine levels of CID patients were associated with the severity of insomnia and/or cognitive dysfunction.