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Crop losses mainly occur due to biotic factors, which include soil-borne phytopathogens, insect pests, parasites, and predators. The major loss of food in the food industry is due to its spoilage by various microorganisms. With advancement in nanotechnology, the use of nanoparticles in food and agriculture crop yield can be improved. In this context, copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have attracted a great deal of attention from all over the world due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Copper is one of the key micronutrients, which plays an important role in growth and development of plants. CuNP-based fertilizer and herbicide can be used in agriculture. The small size of CuNPs facilitates their easy absorption by the plants. CuNPs can be promisingly used in the food packaging to avoid the growth of food spoilage microorganisms. The use of CuNP-based agar packaging materials has substantial potential to increase the shelf-life of food. The present review focuses on the application of Cu and CuNPs in food and agriculture. Moreover, antimicrobial and pesticidal properties of CuNPs are also discussed.

Water chest nut Trapa is a minor fruit crop and potential carbon sequester of atmospheric carbon. Mass production of water chest nut using a vast number of unused small water bodies and derelict waters is a win-win-win-win strategy toward mitigation of global warming, nutritional security, empowerment and resource utilization. Growth performance of Trapa was conducted in small culture units using different CNP ratios (25:02:01; 101:08:01; 290:01:01) at a fixed dose (0.2 kg/tank) of mixed manure with different doses (100, 200, 400, 600 g) of optimal CNP ratio (101:08:01) during the life cycle of Trapa. The total number of fruits and the wet weight of Trapa in different dose treatments ranged from 56 to 192 and from 258 to 379 g/tank. Yield of Trapa remained maximum when CNP ratio was 101:8:1 at 200 g/tank and the dosage was 200 g/tank with the optimal CNP ratio (134 g) and then declined with further rise in fertilizer dose. The proximate analysis of Trapa revealed the highest phosphorus content in all the tissues (fruit, leaf, and root) of Trapa grown in the CNP ratio of 101:08:01. Of the total amount of carbon in Trapa, contribution was maximum by the fruit (38–41%), followed by leaf (27–35%) and root (23–32%) in different ratio treatment. The C content of harvested Trapa grown in different CNP ratios (Table 4) was higher in fruit (38–41%) followed by leaf (27–35%) and root (23–32%) among tissues. The amount of C observed in control (32%) increased by 6% in 25:02:01 (34%) which was higher than remaining two treatments (31%). Dry weight or total carbon content of water chestnut tended to rise with increasing levels of phosphate of water from the dosage of 100 to 200 g with optimal CNP ratio and declined thereafter. A direct relationship between the dry weight or carbon content of Trapa and the total carbon content or phosphate to total carbon ratio of water was established. However, the carbon content remained between 27–32% in all the three tissues of Trapa culture when cultured in different dose treatments. It is reasonable to conclude that water chestnut may be promoted for mass cultivation using the recommended culture protocol that would help trapping atmospheric carbon, provide nutritional security and employment generation and resource utilization.

Catalytic conversion (hydrolysis) of carbohydrate polymers present in the lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars is a key step in the production of bioethanol. Although, acid and enzymatic...

The aim was to isolate, characterize, and explore potentials of gut bacteria from the earthworm (Metaphire posthuma) and imply these bacteria for remediation of Cu(II) and Zn(II). An extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) producing gut bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis strain KX657843) was isolated and identified based on 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The strain showed maximum tolerance of 8 and 6 mM for Cu(II) and Zn(II) respectively. It removed 34.5% of Cu(II) and 54.4% of Zn(II) at 25 mg L-1 after 72 and 96 h incubation respectively. The bacteria possessed a great potential to produce indole acetic acid (38.49 μg mL-1) at 5 mg mL-1 L-tryptophan following 12 days incubation. The sterilized seeds of mung beans (Vigna radiata) displayed greater germination and growth under bacterium enriched condition. We observed that the bacterial strain phosphate solubilization ability with a maximum of 204.2 mg L-1 in absence of Cu(II) and Zn(II). Endowed with biosurfactant property the bacterium exhibited 24% emulsification index. The bacterium offered significant potential of plant growth promotion, Cu(II) and Zn(II) removal, and as such this study is the first report on EPS producing B. licheniformis KX657843 from earthworm which can be applied as powerful tool in remediation programs of Cu(II) and Zn(II) contaminated sites.

Background Pedicle-screw-rod fixation system is very popular surgical remedy for degenerative disc disease. It is important to observe load vs. spinal motion characteristic for better understanding of clinical problems and treatment of spinal instability associated with low-back pain. Objective The objective of this study is to understand the effect [range of motion (ROM) and intervertebral foramen height] of pedicle-screw fixation with three rod materials on lumbar spine under three physiological loading conditions. Method A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of lumbar to sacrum (L1-S) vertebrae with pedicle-screw-rod fixation at L3-L5 level is developed. Three rod materials [titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), ultra-high molecular weight poly ethylene (UHMWPE) and poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK)] are used for two-level fixation and the FE models are simulated for axial rotation, lateral bending and flexion-extension under ±10 Nm moment and 500 N compressive load and compared with the intact (natural) model. Result & discussion For axial rotation, lateral bending and flexion, ROM increased 2.8, 4.5 and 1.83 times respectively for UHMWPE, and 3.7, 7.2 and 2.15 times respectively for PEEK in comparison to Ti6Al4V. As ROM is 49, 29 and 31% of the intact model during axial rotation, lateral bending and flexion respectively, PEEK rod produced better motion flexibility than Ti6Al4V and UHMWPE rod. Foramen height increased insignificantly by 2.21% for the PEEK rod with respect to the intact spine during flexion. For the PEEK rod, maximum stress of 40 MPa during axial rotation is much below the yield stress of 98 MPa. Conclusion Ti6Al4V pedicle-screw-rod fixation system highly restricted the ROM of the spine, which is improved by using UHMWPE and PEEK, having lower stiffness. The foramen height did not vary significantly for any implant materials. In terms of ROM and maximum stress, PEEK rod may be considered for a better implant design to get better ROM and thus mobility.

A series of dinuclear Zn(II) complexes [Zn2 (L1) (CH3OH)2(SCN) (OAc)](1), [Zn2 (L1) (CH3OH)2(N3)2](2) and [Zn2 (L1) (Cl)2(CH3OH)]·CH3OH (3) have been synthesized by the reaction of compartmental Schiff base ligand (H2L1) [N,N′-Bis(3-ethoxysalicylidenimino)-1,3-diaminopropane] with Zn(OAc)2·2H2O in presence of coligand like KSCN, NaN3 and NaCl respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that all the complexes are neutral and possess a 4-membered Zn2 (μ2-O)2 ring fastened by the unified coordination action of a doubly deprotonated ligand. In addition, solid state structure of the complexes display extensive intermolecular interaction which has been supported theoretically by Hirshfeld surface analysis with 2D Fingerprint plots. The synthesized Zn(II) metal complexes observed enhancement of luminescence emission compared to the parent Schiff base due to emanating ligand based intraligand (π→π∗) fluorescence. Additionally, Zn(II) metal complexes exhibited considerable antimicrobial potency against some important Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria.

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is the most classical technique favored worldwide for resolution of macromolecules in many biochemistry laboratories due to its incessant advanced developments and wide modifications. These ever-growing advancements in the basic laboratory equipments lead to emergence of many expensive, complex, and tricky laboratory equipments. Practical courses of biochemistry at high school or undergraduate levels are often affected by these complications. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis technique (2D-PAGE) used for resolving thousands of proteins in a gel is a combination of isoelectric focusing (first dimension gel electrophoresis technique) and sodium-dodecylsulphate PAGE (second dimension gel electrophoresis technique or SDS-PAGE). Two different laboratory equipments are needed to carry out effective 2D-PAGE technique, which also invites extra burden to the school laboratory. Here, we describe a low cost, time saving and simple gel cassette for protein 2D-PAGE technique that uses easily fabricated components and routine off-the-shelf materials. The performance of the apparatus was verified in a practical exercise by a group of high school students with positive outcomes. © 2018 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(3):237-244, 2018.

The ever growing advancements in the protein analysis of any cell or tissue using different variants of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and associated basic techniques offers its widespread application in almost all molecular biology laboratories. On the other hand, casting of several gels in parallel is a cumbersome task but is often an essential situation. A multi-gel casting apparatus for simultaneous casting of homogeneous concentration and gradient concentration sodium dodecyl sulphate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gel was described here. The efficiency of this newly modified apparatus was significantly improved by the flexibility of using the top pouring and bottom pouring mechanism at the same time along with the siphoning of used solution from polymerizing bottom gel surface which makes it suitable for all types of vertical polyacrylamide gels. This apparatus reliably produces different kinds of slab gels in multiple numbers with each gel having similar physical characteristics in its type and provides desired results comparable to the gels made by commercial sources.

Arsenic (As) contamination and its adverse consequences on rice agroecosystem are well known. Rice has the credit to feed more than 50% of the world population but concurrently, rice accumulates a substantial amount of As, thereby compromising food security. The gravity of the situation lays in the fact that the population in theAs uncontaminated areas may be accidentally exposed to toxic levels of As from rice consumption. In this review, we are trying to summarize the documents on the impact of As contamination and phytotoxicity in past two decades. The unique feature of this attempt is wide spectrum coverages of topics, and that makes it truly an interdisciplinary review. Aprat from the behaviour of As in rice field soil, we have documented the cellular and molecular response of rice plant upon exposure to As. The potential of various mitigation strategies with particular emphasis on using biochar, seed priming technology, irrigation management, transgenic variety development and other agronomic methods have been critically explored. The review attempts to give a comprehensive and multidiciplinary insight into the behaviour of As in Paddy –Water – Soil – Plate prospective from molecular to post-harvest phase. From the comprehensive literature review, we may conclude that considerable emphasis on rice grain, nutritional and anti-nutritional components, and grain quality traits under arsenic stress condition is yet to be given. Besides these, some emerging mitigation options like seed priming technology, adoption of nanotechnological strategies, applications of biochar should be fortified in large scale without interfering with the proper use of biodiversity.

As an interesting conjugated polymer, g-C 3 N 4 has drawn huge interdisciplinary consideration as the latest research “hotspot” in energy conversion and wastewater mitigation. Nonetheless, due to less surface area and charge carrier transfer photocatalytic efficacy of g-C 3 N 4 is restricted. Lately, new advancements has been attained concerning avant-garde all-solid-state (ASS) Z-scheme systems to boost photocatalytic efficiency. Therefore, coupling g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst with appropriate photocatalyst to construct ASS Z-scheme structure proposes a significant way to enhance charge separation, expand the specific surface area and boost catalytic performance. This review extensively aims at g-C 3 N 4 based ASS Z-scheme photocatalysts grounded on their structure, DFT calculations, photocatalytic properties, interface charge transfer, and drawbacks. We have predominantly introduced various techniques to enhance catalytic performances of g-C 3 N 4 grounded ASS Z-scheme semiconductor photocatalysts. Apart from this, photocatalytic applications towards CO 2 reduction, water splitting, bacterial disinfection, pollutant degradation are systematically discussed. Lastly, challenges and invigorating perspectives that g-C 3 N 4 grounded ASS Z-scheme semiconductor photocatalysts face are recapitulated and explored. In current paper, we have extensively focused on g-C 3 N 4 based ASS Z-scheme systems and expect that the present review on rapid-improving pace of research field is apt for engineering g-C 3 N 4 grounded ASS Z-scheme photocatalysts for sustainable advanced applications.

The color effluent discharged by alcohol distilleries comprises very high pollution loads due to the plethora of refractory chemicals even after anaerobic treatment and causing adverse effects to the environment. The present study aimed to examine the phytotoxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic potential of the identified refractory organic and inorganic pollutants discharged in bio-methanated distillery effluent (BMDE). Physico-chemical analyses revealed that BMDE retains high BOD, COD, TDS along with heavy metals like Fe (572.64 mg L−1), Mn (4.269 mg L−1), Cd (1.631 mg L−1), Zn (2.547 mg L−1), Pb (1.262 mg L−1), (Cr 1.257 mg L−1), and Ni (0.781 mg L−1) beyond the permissible limits for effluent discharge. GC-MS analysis revelaed the presence of hexadecanoic acid, TMS ester; octadecanoic acid, TMS ester; 2,3 bis[(TMS)oxy]propyl ester; stigmasterol TMS ether; β–sitosterol TMS ester; hexacosanoic acid; and tetradecanoic acid, TMS ester as major refractory organic pollutants, which are listed as potential endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) as per USEPA. Furthermore, phytotoxicity assessment with Phaseolus aureus L. showed the toxic nature of BMDE as it inhibited various seedling growth parameters, seed germination, and suppression of α-amylase activity in seed germination experiment. Moreover, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity evaluation of the discharged BMDE evidenced in root-tip meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. where chromosomal aberration such as disturbed metaphase, c-mitosis, laggard chromosomes, sticky chromosomes, prolonged prophase, polyploid cells, and apoptotic bodies etc. were observed. Thus, this study's results suggested that BMDE discharged without adequate treatment poses potential risk to environment and may cause a variety of serious health threats in living beings upon exposure.

Effluent discharged from paper industries has an unfavourable impact on all the biotic and abiotic components of the environment due to the presence of various bio-recalcitrant toxic compounds. Multiple physico-chemical treatment systems have been adopted over the last two decades for the elimination of refractory organics from paper industry effluent but with limited success. Augmentation of biological treatment through metabolic and cometabolic strategies seems to be a promising and sustainable option. This article aims at presenting a comprehensive account of treating the paper industry effluent with existing treatment strategy using potent green agents through bioaugmentation and mineralization of chlorophenols via ortho- and meta- pathways. Sequential treatment based on consortia of specialized microorganisms remove > 90% of different toxic and recalcitrant compounds present in paper industry effluent. The rapid technological development in microbial fuel cells holds the potential for simultaneous paper industry effluent treatment and energy production.

Biochar is chemically more reduced and reactive than the original feedstock biomass. Graphite regions, functional groups, and redox-active metals in biochar contribute to its redox characteristics. While the functional groups such as phenolic species in biochar are the main electron donating moieties (i.e., reducers), the quinones and polycondensed aromatic functional groups are the components accepting electrons (oxidants). The redox capacity of biochar depends on feedstock properties and pyrolysis conditions. This paper aims to review and summarize the various synthesis techniques for biochars and the methods for probing their redox characteristics. We review the abiotic and microbial applications of biochars as electron donors, electron acceptors, or electron shuttles for pollutant degradation, metal(loid)s (im)mobilization, nutrient transformation, and discuss the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, knowledge gaps that exist in the exploration and differentiation of the electron transfer mechanisms involving biochars are also identified.

Acidification of manure, digestate and their processed derivatives has been proposed as a technique to, amongst others, mitigate ammonia emissions related to application in the field. The current study investigated whether acidification of (1) pig slurry (PS), (2) liquid fraction of pig slurry (LFPS), (3) digestate (DIG), and (4) liquid fraction of digestate (LFDIG) increases their nitrogen (N) fertilizer replacement value (NFRV) as compared to non-acidified counterparts, a synthetic N fertilizer (calcium ammonium nitrate; CAN) and an unfertilized control. Product performance was evaluated from the perspective of (1) crop development (yield, nutrient uptake, and crop quality assessment) via a pot experiment with Lactuca sativa L. and (2) soil N dynamics [net N release (Nrel,net) and net N mineralization] via a soil incubation experiment. Crop yield of pots receiving bio-based fertilizers performed ‘on par' with CAN as compared to unfertilized control, implying that bio-based fertilizers derived from digestate or manure could potentially play a role in replacing synthetic N fertilizers. However, our findings also suggest that acidification did not result in an increased use efficiency of applied N. NFRVs of acidified products were below those of non-acidified products and CAN, with crop yield on average 6–13% and 11–18% lower compared to non-acidified products and the CAN treatment, respectively. A possible explanation for lower performance as compared to non-acidified products could be an inhibitory delay in the Nrel,net, which in our experimental design proved to be negative for crops with short production cycles. This pattern was revealed in the incubation experiments in which Nrel,net in acidified products remained below that of non-acidified, in this study tentatively attributed to immobilization of mineral N. However, this negative effect on N availability should be reaffirmed in crops with longer production cycles. Finally, some interesting findings with regard to plant composition also warrant further in-depth investigation, e.g., Zn uptake by lettuce in acidified treatments was significantly higher than that of non-acidified treatments. This implies that product pre-treatment may play a future role in biofortification and amelioration of (trace) element composition of crops (arguably for crops with longer production cycles). Improving crop nutritional value by increased uptake of micronutrients is receiving increasing attention.

This study investigated the preparation of magnetic biochar from N2- and CO2-assisted pyrolysis of spent coffee ground (SCG) for use as an adsorption medium for As(V), and the effects of FeCl3 pretreatment of SCG on the material properties and adsorption capability of the produced biochar. Pyrolysis of FeCl3-pretreated SCG in CO2 atmosphere produced highly porous biochar with its surface area ∼70 times greater than that produced in N2 condition. However, despite the small surface area, biochar produced in N2 showed greater As(V) adsorption capability. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer analyses identified Fe3C and Fe3O4 as dominant mineral phases in N2 and CO2 conditions, with the former being much more adsorptive toward As(V). The overall results suggest functional biochar can be facilely fabricated by necessary pretreatment to expand the applicability of biochar for specific purposes.

Lakes are functionally integral and biologically complex freshwater ecosystems which provide a vast array of ecosystem goods and services to society. Nowadays aquatic ecosystems are being used, misused and abused by diverse anthropogenic activities at an unprecedented rate. The management of lake water quality is usually directed to resolution of conflicts between maintenance of desirable water quality and human-induced degradation of aquatic environment. Nutrients play a decisive role in determining lake’s environmental state through regulation of its primary production. The present study on Saheb Bundh Lake located in Purulia District, West Bengal, India, was undertaken to assess the status of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) subject to certain anthropogenic activities, and to construct models using best subset method which could be adopted as a nutrient management tool. The water samples were monitored for different physicochemical parameters adopting standard methods. It was found that the set of variables including turbidity, temperature, pH, redox potential and total hardness has been championed as the best subset of water quality explaining the dynamics of total phosphorus concentration of freshwater Saheb Bundh Lake. The suite of factors comprising dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, turbidity and total hardness has been proved as the best subset for estimating total nitrogen concentration. The models developed have been validated for total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentration. For total phosphorus, the model values were found to be very close to the measured values but the values varied widely for total nitrogen, championing the former as a very potent down-to-earth model.

The reaction of cadmium(II) acetate salts with multisite coordinated compartmental Schiff base ligand N,N'-Bis(3-methoxysalicylidenimino)-1,3-diaminopropane (H2L1) in presence of co-lingand azido/thiocyanato afforded two new coordination polymers {Cd-4(N-3)(4)(L-1)(2)]H2O}(n) (1), Cd-4(SCN)(4)(L-1)(2)](n) (2). The obtained compounds, 1 and 2 are 1D and 2D coordination polymers respectively and they have been characterized by IR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The variation in the extended forms of 1 and 2 is governed by the kind of co-ligands utilized in the reaction. The complete structural study reveals that, in both cases the fully deprotonated ligand L-1](2-) has utilized all six potential coordination sites to hold a pair of Cd(II) ions. Moreover, N-3](-) in 1 is coordinating to metal atom by both trans end-to-end (EE mu-1,3) and end-on (EO or mu-1,1) mode and SCN](-) is showing only end-to-end (EE mu-1,3) coordination mode in 2. The photo luminescent properties and antimicrobial activities of the compounds 1 and 2 were investigated and discussed in details. Upon irradiation with UV light Cd(II) polymeric compounds 1-2 exhibit deep blue emissions of 448-451 nm subjected to dimethyl sulfoxide solution due to pi ->pi* intraligand fluorescence. Apart from, as a complementary revelation, intermolecular interactions with respect to percentages of hydrogen bonding in the crystal structures of two Cd(II) polymeric compounds were quantified by Hirshfeld surface and fingerprint plots analysis.

Background: Oxbow lakes are abundant in indigenous fishes, but they are subject to unsustainable fishing practices, potential overexploitation, and indiscriminate use of fine-meshed fishing gear. To quantify the catch per unit effort (CPUE) and impact of fishing gears on fish abundance, a survey was carried out in an oxbow lake in eastern India. Methods: The gear-wise CPUE for fish caught in per unit hour of operation was calculated by dividing the total sampling gear catch in biomass, which is the observed value of fish caught by a particular gear, by the total sampling effort hours. A value of P < 0.05 was accepted as statistical significance. Results: Average annual values of the CPUE of triangular push nets, gill nets, long lines, seine nets, drag nets, stationary dip nets, cone-framed cast nets, and line and hook were calculated as 328.34, 4.12, 36.71, 572.92, 3928.57, 237.78, 235.80, and 0.44 grams of fish per hour of operation, respectively. All the 8 different gears exhibited lower CPUE during monsoon and post-monsoon seasons than in the premonsoon season. The line and hook was dominant (>71%). Cone-framed cast net hauled the maximum catch in biomass (31.51%), and gill nets contributed the maximum number of fish (64.92%). The lower CPUE values of line and hook, gill net, cone-framed cast net and long lines identified them as the most harmful among all gears. Conclusion: Indiscriminate use of gear, particularly line and hook, gill nets, cone-framed cast nets, and long lines, demands regulations and preventions concerning such gear to obtain higher fish abundance.

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is the most widely used technique for the separation and biochemical analysis of biomolecules. The ever growing field of proteomics and genomics necessitates the analysis of many proteins and nucleic acid samples to understand further about the structure and function of cells. Simultaneous analysis of multiple protein samples often requires casting of many PAGE gels. Several variants of multi-gel casting/electrophoresis apparatuses are frequently used in research laboratories. Requirement of supplementary gels to match the growing demand for analyzing additional protein samples sometimes become a cause of concern. Available apparatuses are not amenable to and therefore, not recommended for any modification to accommodate additional gel casting units other than what is prescribed by the manufacturer. A novel apparatus is described here for casting multiple PAGE gels comprising four detachable components that provide enhanced practicability and performance of the apparatus. This newly modified apparatus promises to be a reliable source for making multiple gels in less time without hassle. Synchronized functioning of unique components broaden the possibilities of developing inexpensive, safe and time saving multi-gel casting apparatus. This apparatus can be easily fabricated and modified to accommodate desired number of gel casting units. The estimated cost (∼$300) for fabrication of the main apparatus is very competitive and effortless assembly procedure can be completed within ∼30 min. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Our objective was to evaluate distribution and accumulation of trace elements (TEs) in surface sediments along the Hooghly (Ganges) River Estuary, India, and to assess the potential risk with view to human health. The TE concentrations (mg kg−1 dry weight) exhibited a wide range in the following order: Al (31.801 ± 15.943) > Fe (23.337 ± 7584) > Mn (461 ± 147) > S (381 ± 235) > Zn (54 ± 18) > V (43 ± 14) > Cr (39 ± 15) > As (34 ± 15) > Cu (27 ± 11) > Ni (24 ± 9) > Se (17 ± 8) > Co (11 ± 3) > Mo (10 ± 2) > Hg (0.02 ± 0.01). Clay, silt, iron, manganese and sulphur were important for the accumulation of TE in the sediments as confirmed by factor analysis and Pearson correlation. The accumulation and dispersal of TEs were most likely to be governed by both tide-induced processes and anthropogenic inputs from point and non-point sources. Enrichment factor analysis and geoaccumulation index revealed serious contamination of the sediments with Se and As, while comparing the consensus-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), adverse biological effects to benthic fauna might be caused by As, Cu, Ni and Cr. This investigation may serve as a model study and recommends continuous monitoring of As, Se, Cu, Ni and Cr to ascertain that SQGs with respect to acceptable levels of TEs to safeguard geochemical health and ecology in the vicinity of this estuary.

The sequential reaction of a multisite coordinating compartmental ligand N,N′-Bis(3-methoxysalicylidenimino)-1,3-diaminopropane (H2L1) with Cd(OAc)2 followed by the addition of NaCl in a 2:3:2 stoichiometric ratio affords homometallic trinuclear Cd(II) coordination compound [Cd3(L1)2(Cl)2] (1). The complex 1 has been thoroughly characterized by common elemental analysis (CHN), FT-IR and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Single crystal X-ray diffraction was also performed to determine the complete structure of complex 1. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the molecular complex comprises a linear tri-nuclear ensemble of cadmium metal ions, which is further supported by the concerted coordination action of two dianionic [L1]2– ligands along with two monodentate Cl− ligands. The central Cd(II) ion is attached to the terminal Cd(II) ions through two phenoxide bridging groups of the fully deprotonated ligands [L1]2–. This arrangement leads to two neighbouring four membered Cd2O2 rings. The terminal Cd(II) ions are penta-coordinated (2 N, 2O, Cl) in a distorted square pyramidal geometry and central Cd(II) ion attained distorted trigonal prismatic geometry through six oxygen atoms coordination from ligands. Tri-nuclear Cd(II) complex 1 display intraligand (π—π∗) fluorescence in DMSO solution at room temperature. The fluorescence properties of complex 1 as well as the respective di-compartmental Schiff base ligand (H2L1) have been investigated in DMSO solvent at room temperature with a comparative approach. Result confirmed that complex 1 is highly fluorescence active mediated due to “chelation enhanced fluorescence” [CHEF] but Schiff base ligand (H2L1) is fluorescence silent. The antibacterial efficacy of complex 1 was further investigated against some important Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

The spatiotemporal distribution, diversity and biomass of the choreotrich ciliate tintinnid, the ubiquitous planktonic protist, were analysed from nine sampling sites ( n = 252 ) of diverse environmental stresses along the Hooghly Estuary, eastern part of India during March 2012 to August 2014. Among 32 identified tintinnid species, the agglomerated genera Tintinnopsis (20 sp), dominated the community (∼62%) followed by Tintinnidium (2 sp), Leprotintinnus (2 sp), Codonellopsis, Stenosemella, Helicostomella, Favella, Eutintinnus, Metacylis, Dadayiellaand Wangiella (each comprising single species). A wide range of seasonal variations in tintinnid abundance was recorded maximum (2067±893 ind. l−1) for Tintinnopsis beroidea and minimum (11±4 ind. l−1) for Metacylis sp. during the investigation period. The biomass and daily production rate of tintinnid ranged from 0.004–2.764 μg C l−1 and 0.04–3.54 μg C l−1 day−1 respectively. An overall dominance and diversity of the small-sized tintinnid (lorica length k , showed species dominance over the investigated sites. The multidimensional scaling (MDS) Canonical Analysis of Principal coordinates (CAP) highlighting a significantly different spatial distribution of tintinnid. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) map showed clustering of core species with chl a and nitrate and could be considered as the crucial factors controlling the distribution and seasonal patterns of tintinnid. Biota-environment (BIOENV) analyses also reveal that these two parameters were the significant causative factors, suggesting that tintinnid may be used as a bioindicator for discriminating water quality in this estuarine system. The study provided detailed information of microzooplankton which enhances our understanding regarding its crucial role in marine ecosystem and complex biotic interactions for maintaining the ecological and economic stability.

Human urine (HU) is a biogenic fertilizer which has raised immense interest owing to its capacity of combining sanitation and nutrient recovery. In search of an alternative organic fertilizer for fish culture, the nutrient potential of HU was evaluated. Fries of Indian carps and larvae of freshwater prawn were reared for 120 days under six conditions: (a) aerated and (b) non-aerated fresh HU (0.01%), (c) cattle manure (CM; 1.8 kg tank-1), mixed treatment with CM and HU under (d) iso-phosphorus and (e) iso-nitrogenous condition and (f) control. Monitoring of water quality and biological parameters revealed that total fish yield was the highest in CM (621.5 g tank-1) followed by mixed treatments under iso-nitrogenous (428 g tank-1) and iso-phosphorus (333 g tank-1) conditions, aerated HU (321 g tank-1) and HU (319 g tank-1). The gross primary productivity (GPP) in HU was satisfactory (601.8 mg C m-2 h-1) and superior to all but CM treatment. The abundance of heterotrophic bacteria (HB) was highest in CM and lowest in HU. Both GPP and HB population were correlated positively with fish yield per tank. Although pH in all treatments remained high (pH 8.4-8.9), no ammonia toxicity was observed. No E. coli infestation in any fish muscle was encountered. The concentrations of cadmium and lead in fish muscle were within respective safe level. The study established that high fertilizer potential of HU could be exploited as an alternative organic fertilizer or as a candidate to be blended with cattle manure.

Although a variety of fluorescence based chemosensors have been utilized for selective detection of Zn2+, pyridoxal containing simple Schiff bases still remained less explored. Here, we combine pyridoxal hydrochloride and 1,2-diaminocyclohexane to generate a new sensor molecule, H4PydChda [5-Hydroxymethyl-4-({2-[5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyridin-3-hydroxy-4-ylethylene)-amino]-cyclohexylimino}-methyl-2-methylpyridin-3-ol]. Chemosensor H4PydChda exhibits selective turn-on type response in presence of Zn2+ in ethanol-water mixture at physiological pH. Appreciable fluorescence enhancement occurs upon addition of Zn2+ to H4PydChda as a result of inhibited C N isomerisation and excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) leading to efficient chelation enhanced fluorescence (CHEF). The relevant properties, including reversibility, life time measurements and detection limit have been determined for the sensor system. The experimental and theoretical supports in terms of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and DFT/TDDFT study are provided to establish the binding mode of H4PydChda to Zn2+. H4PydChda was employed as a sensor for detection of Zn2+ in Human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells. Moreover, the resulting probe-Zn2+complex shows convincing phosphatase activity (kcat = 21.59 s−1), opening a promising avenue for further research.

Pedicle-screw-based spinal fixation system has shown its success for treating degenerative disc disease-related back pain and spinal instability. In the last few decades, several non-fusion implants ( ‘flexible’ or ‘dynamic’ fixation) are developed for treating slight degenerate disc disease. The aim of this study is to characterize and compare the biomechanical responses of pedicle-screw-based fusion with various rod materials and a flexible spinal stabilization device on the lumbar spine (L3L5). Computed tomography scan-based finite element model and pedicle screw fixation with rigid rod material stainless steel rod, semi-rigid rod material poly-ether-ether-ketone and flexible rod device made of stainless steel are used in this study. Intact model of the lumbar spine and treated with all the different implants are simulated under typical physiological loading conditions. Compared with the intact model, pedicle screw with the stainless steel rod fixation system is found to offer very less range of motion. Poly-ether-ether-ketone rod system increased range of motion 3.8, 7 and 1.8 times for axial rotation, lateral bending and flexion–extension, respectively, compared to the stainless steel rod system. The flexible rod device rod system is found to reduce stress on vertebral body, carrying out more loads as compared to poly-ether-ether-ketone rods. In the case of stainless steel rods, range of motion is almost restricted on the fusion zone, which is overcome by the poly-ether-ether-ketone rod system to some extent and farther improved by the flexible rod device rod system. So, the poly-ether-ether-ketone rod and flexible rod device rod systems may be implemented for better clinical results after succeeding experimental validation and clinical trial.

Refereed/Peer-reviewed This work aimed at elucidating the role of bacteria present in the gut of the earthworm Metaphire posthuma in plant growth promotion and toxic trace elements (TTEs) bioremediation. We isolated and identified three bacterial strains Bacillus safensis (MF 589718), Bacillus flexus (MF 589717) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (MF 589719) among which the Bacillus strains appeared to be significantly more potent than the Staphylococcus strain (P

Contaminant removal from water involves various technologies among which adsorption is considered to be simple, effective, economical, and sustainable. In recent years, nanocomposites prepared by combining clay minerals and polymers have emerged as a novel technology for cleaning contaminated water. Here, we provide an overview of various types of clay-polymer nanocomposites focusing on their synthesis processes, characteristics, and possible applications in water treatment. By evaluating various mechanisms and factors involved in the decontamination processes, we demonstrate that the nanocomposites can overcome the limitations of individual polymer and clay components such as poor specificity, pH dependence, particle size sensitivity, and low water wettability. We also discuss different regeneration and wastewater treatment options (e.g., membrane, coagulant, and barrier/columns) using clay-polymer nanocomposites. Finally, we provide an economic analysis of the use of these adsorbents and suggest future research directions. usc Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Refereed/Peer-reviewed This study investigated the role of an allochthonous Gram-positive wastewater bacterium (Bacillus sp. KUJM2) selected through rigorous screening, for the removal of potentially toxic elements (PTEs; As, Cd, Cu, Ni) and promotion of plant growth under PTE-stress conditions. The dried biomass of the bacterial strain removed PTEs (5 mg L−1) from water by 90.17–94.75 and 60.4–81.41%, whereas live cells removed 87.15–91.69 and 57.5–78.8%, respectively, under single-PTE and co-contaminated conditions. When subjected to a single PTE, the bacterial production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) reached the maxima with Cu (67.66%) and Ni (64.33%), but Cd showed an inhibitory effect beyond 5 mg L−1 level. The multiple-PTE treatment induced IAA production only up to 5 mg L−1 beyond which inhibition ensued. Enhanced germination rate, germination index and seed production of lentil plant (Lens culinaris) under the bacterial inoculation indicated the plant growth promotion potential of the microbial strain. Lentil plants, as a result of bacterial inoculation, responded with higher shoot length (7.1–27.61%), shoot dry weight (18.22–36.3%) and seed production (19.23–29.17%) under PTE-stress conditions. The PTE uptake in lentil shoots decreased by 67.02–79.85% and 65.94–78.08%, respectively, under single- and multiple-PTE contaminated conditions. Similarly, PTE uptake was reduced in seeds up to 72.82–86.62% and 68.68–85.94%, respectively. The bacteria-mediated inhibition of PTE translocation in lentil plant was confirmed from the translocation factor of the respective PTEs. Thus, the selected bacterium (Bacillus sp. KUJM2) offered considerable potential as a PTE remediating agent, plant growth promoter and regulator of PTE translocation curtailing environmental and human health risks.

The spatial distribution, source identification and ecotoxicological impact of a group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), polychlorobenzenes (PCBzs)), and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in surface sediment samples (0–5 cm, ∑6DDTs (0.14–18.6) > ∑7PCBs (0.28–7.7) > ∑2PCBzs (0.01–1.3) > ∑5HCH (0.10–0.6), with a dominance of p,p′-DDT and higher molecular weight PAHs. Selected diagnostic ratios indicated a mixture of both pyrolytic and petrogenic sources of PAHs, inputs of weathered DDT and their degradation in oxidizing environment, and a predominance of industrial input over the agricultural wastes. The cumulative impact of the pollutants (effective range medium quotient (ERMq): 0.01–0.16) reflected minimal to low ecotoxicological risk, with highest probability of toxic effects towards surrounding biota at Barrackpore (21%). ∑6DDTs exceeded the effect range low value resulting occasional adverse impact to the sediment dwelling organisms. Among the PAHs, the 4-ringed compounds accounted for 68% of the PAHs. Further, carcinogenic PAHs (BaA, Chry, BbF, BkF, BaP, DahP, Inp) possessed highest cancer risk (CR = 2.09 × 10−3) to the local population when exposed to the sediments from the studied area and ingestion was found to be the primary process of contamination. The study strongly recommends a systematic monitoring of POPs and PAHs, being the Hooghly River water used by local people for their livelihood.

The presence of emerging contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), in water bodies is a serious problem in many countries. However, the environmental fate of emerging contaminants and their behavior is largely unknown. Urban wastewater is a predominant source of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) globally. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are not designed to remove these compounds, and they simultaneously produce a huge amount of contaminated sludge. Advanced wastewater treatment technologies, such as membrane filtration, ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), ozone and catalytic oxidation, and membrane bioreactors (MBRs), could partially remove some CECs, but the high cost is a problem with their application. This chapter discusses the scope of novel materials based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and technologies in removing CECs from urban wastewater that potentially results in a sustainable sludge management practice in the water supply chain.

Electronic waste (E-waste) has been stated as one of the most rapidly growing waste streams in the world. It consists of a wide range of elements and compounds including both valuable and hazardous materials. E-waste can contaminate the environment and threaten human health through its improper recycling and disposal methods. Moreover, E-waste represents a significant potential source of valuable materials to make the recycling of this waste economically fascinating. This chapter presents an overview of E-waste treatment technologies including sanitary landfill and recycling of precious metals, nonmetal elements, plastics, and glasses. The recycling of E-waste has become a significant issue because of the strange growth in the production of E-waste and increased awareness among people regarding environmental protection. Consequently, the primitive treatment technologies cannot reach the future obligations of industry because of the potential risk of environmental contamination, high cost, and low efficiency. An effective utilization of the reusable resources is therefore a prerequisite for developing new technologies to treat E-waste.

When on March 24, 2020 the Government of India ordered a complete lockdown of the country as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, it had serious unwanted implications for farmers and the supply chains for agricultural produce. This was magnified by the fact that, as typically in developing countries, India's economy is strongly based on farming, industrialization of its agricultural systems being only modest. This paper reports on the various consequences of the COVID-19 lockdown for farming systems in India, including the economy, taking into account the associated emergency responses of state and national governments. Combining quantitative and qualitative sources of information with a focus on the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, including expert elicitation and a survey of farmers, the paper identifies and analyzes the different factors that contributed to the severe disruption of farming systems and the agricultural sector as a whole following the lockdown. Among other issues, our study finds that the lack of migrant labor in some regions and a surplus of workers in others greatly affected the April harvest, leading to a decline in agricultural wages in some communities and an increase in others, as well as to critical losses of produce. Moreover, the partial closure of rural markets and procurement options, combined with the insufficient supply of products, led to shortages of food supplies and dramatically increased prices, which particularly affected urban dwellers and the poor. We argue that the lessons learned from the COVID-19 crisis could fuel the development of new sustainable agro-policies and decision-making in response not only to future pandemics but also to the sustainable development of agricultural systems in India and in developing countries in general.

A new Schiff base ligand, 1-[(2-pyridin-2-yl-ethylimino)-methyl]-naphthalen-2-ol, (HPEMN) has been synthesized equipped with naphthalene and pyridine backbone, to study the interplay of various non-covalent interactions. Experiments have been carried out to investigate the outcome of combinations of HPEMN and ZnCl2 (1), ZnBr2 (2), ZnI2 (3), Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (4), Co(ClO4)2·6H2O (5), Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O (6) and VO(acac)2 (7). The prevalent non-covalent interactions described here include naphthalene–naphthalene (for 1, 2, 3 and 5) and pyridine–pyridine π–π stacking (for 4) interactions, nitrate anion⋯π interaction (for 4) and hydrogen bonding (for 6). HPEMN is able to sense Zn(II) selectively and this phenomenon was further demonstrated by the results of fluorescence studies in H2O/acetonitrile (8:2, v/v) HEPES buffer (pH = 7.4) solution and human lung cancer cell lines.

Agarose gel electrophoresis is routinely used for the separation of nucleic acids. Gels are developed, stained, and visualized using dedicated equipment and reagents. Manufacturers have developed instrumentation with advanced features that provide good safety and user-friendly operation. However, the process of size fractionation of nucleic acids by horizontal gel electrophoresis by dye staining may be cumbersome and unsafe due to many steps and harmful chemicals. Here is reported a safe, inexpensive, time-saving, and comprehensive apparatus for gel electrophoresis, staining, and imaging. This newly modified apparatus has simple operation and uses existing equipment and off-the-shelf components for easy construction in the laboratory. The apparatus has been shown to perform agarose horizontal gel electrophoresis and associated techniques with ease and simplicity.

The study first investigated the spatial distribution, diversity, and biomass of the planktonic choreotrich ciliate tintinnids inhabiting the biosphere reserve, the core region of Indian Sundarban mangrove wetland. A total of 21 species (eight genera and six families) were recorded including agglomerated and non-agglomerated or hyaline forms from these intricate estuarine network systems. Maximum mean abundance (2747 ± 111 individuals L−1) and species diversity (H′ = 2.32) of tintinnid ciliate were recorded at the sampling site located towards the Bay of Bengal whereas lower abundance (666 ± 56 individuals L−1) and diversity (H′ = 1.55) were encountered towards inner part of the estuary. Tintinnopsis represented the most dominant agglutinated genus comprising of Tintinnopsis beroidea, Tintinnopsis fimbriata, Tintinnopsis cylindrica, Tintinnopsis tocantinensis, and Tintinnopsis radix, accounting ∼52% of total tintinnid community. The agglomerated forms Amphorellopsis tetragona, Eutintinnus apertus, Codonellopsis lusitanica, and T. fimbriata were recorded for the first time in this region. The biomass value exhibited wide range of variations (0.03 ± 0.09 to 12.4 ± 1.1 μg C L−1), accounting maximum value towards seaward region. The small-sized tintinnid (lorica length

Spinal fusion with pedicle-screw-rod is being used widely for treating spinal deformities diseases. Several biomechanical studies on screw rod based implant failure through screw pullout, bending, screw breakage have been performed. But few studies are available regarding the effect of strain for breakage of rod. So, the purpose of the present study is to observe strain at the rod connected with the pedicle screw for different loading condition. The strain in stainless steel (SS) connecting rods for pedicle screw fixation were measured using strain gauge. In order to investigate the bio-mechanical response of lumbar spine with reference to strain in the rod, a simple experimental setup was developed using a specimen of L1-S spine segment. SS rods were used for pedicle screw implant on prototyped lumbar Spine. Prior to testing with pedicle screw, the lumbar spine specimen was also compared with FE results. The strain measured using strain gauges at L3-L4 level on SS rod were within a range of 85 to 310 microstrain under 6, 8, 10 Nm flexion and extension, and for L4-L5 level, these values were within a range of 95 to 440 microstrain. It was found that FE result was higher than the strain gauge result and the error varied between 10.5% to 33% with average error of 22.8%. However similar stain behavior was observed by the FE analysis. The proposed method, as well as the qualitative data, might be helpful for the researchers to understand biomechanical behavior of pedicle-screw implanted spine.

Implants have created a great impact in the bio medical industry. There are different kinds of dental implants which are existing in the market. Every implant has a unique feature and withstands for different time period. This study on the dental implant creates a new model which includes the porous and tapered angle. Titanium alloy was used for making the implant and supporting bone tissue was considered. Computed tomography data were used to generate the mandible model. In the analysis both static and dynamic loading condition were considered. Three dimensional FEM was performed on the implant to find out the mechanical response for this specific type of implant. The von-Misses stress were calculated for implants and it was observed that safe when compared with yield strength of implant and abundant. In analysis it was also varied bone quality for cortical and cancellous bone and the effect of stress produced can be predated before the implantation done for the patients.

Spinal instrumentations have been classified as rigid fixation, total disc replacement and dynamic stabilization system for treatment of various spinal disorders. The efficacy and biomechanical suitability of any spinal implant can be measured through in vitro, in vivo experiments and numerical techniques. With the advancement in technology finite element models are making an important contribution to understand the complex structure of spinal components along with allied functionality, designing and application of spinal instrumentations at preliminary design stage. This paper aimed to review the past and recent studies to describe the biomechanical aspects of various spinal implants. The literatures were grouped and reviewed in accordance to instrumentation category and their functionality in the spinal column at respective locations.

The geochemical fractionation and potential mobilization of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel and lead were studied in surficial sediments (top 0–10 cm; 46%), reflecting their adverse impact on benthic organisms as they are weakly bound to the sediment and can migrate to water; (iii) a minor fraction of Cu (

Quantitative relationship of primary productivity and fish productivity and estimating aquatic health indices in tropical oxbow lake ecosystems remains to be addressed as predictors of fisheries yield in sustainable management. The aquatic health indicators and aquatic health status assessed with biological properties of phytoplankton, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, macrophytes and fish in a semi-closed tropical oxbow lake ecosystem in the eastern India were studied along with socioecological and socio-economical aspects. Five ecological classes namely phytoplankton, zooplankton, macroinvertebrate, macrophyte and fish have been championed as effective biological indicators supported by physicochemical attributes. The established aquatic health indices registered the health status as moderate to poor. Organic loading and consequent nutrient enrichment and water quality deterioration during monsoon led to more homogeneous benthic biotic assemblage. With observed diverse nature of each trophic level of the ecosystem, there occurred a downstream ‘spillover’ of diversity along the food chain. The ‘structure affecting structure’ argument goes in tune with the theory of consumers controlling species diversity. Total 38 fish productivity regression equation models explained clearly that fish abundance and productivity were declining due to high anthropogenic activities of jute retting and indiscriminate uses of fishing gears of various mesh sizes during monsoon and thereafter, which need to be regulated.

Manan Saha is thankful to the U.G.C., Govt. of India for providing financial support in the form of Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship (Number and date of award letter: F1-17.1/2013-14/RGNF-2013-14-SC-WES- 51398/(SA-III/Website); 06/02/2014). N.C. Saha is thankful to the University of Kalyani for financial assistance received in the form of Personal Research Grant. A new pyrazole containing ligand, 5-methyl-3-formylpyrazole-N(4)-dihexylthiosemicarbazone (HMPzNHex2), and a host of its cobalt(III) and nickel(II) complexes, [Co(MPzNHex2)2]X·mH2O and [Ni(HMPzNHex2)2]X2·nH2O (X= Cl, Br, ClO4, BF4 and NO3; m = 0 for Cl, Br, BF4 & NO3 and 1.5 for ClO4; n = 0 for Br, ClO4, BF4 & NO3 and 2 for Cl), respectively, have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic measurements (polycrystalline state), 1H NMR (for the ligand and its Co(III) complexes), electronic and IR spectral parameters. All the reported Co(III) and Ni(II) complexes are cationic in nature and behaving as 1:1 and 1:2 electrolytes, respectively, in MeOH. Electronic spectral data of the complexes categorize them as havingdistorted octahedral coordination geometry. IR spectral features (4000-/450 cm-1) specify a monodeprotonated / neutral tridentate (NNS) function of the ligand, HMPzNHex2 coordinating to the Co(III) / Ni(II) via the pyrazolyl (tertiary) ring nitrogen, azomethine nitrogen and thiolato / thioketo sulfur atom. 1H NMR spectral data (in CDCl3 at 400 MHz) for the primary ligand and those of its Co(III) complexes are in agreement with the proposition of bonding sites evidenced from IR data. The single crystal x-ray data of I (C2/c (#15); monoclinic) and II (P-1 (#2); triclinic) have confirmed a CoN4S2 and a NiN4S2 octahedral coordination, respectively. The pair of monoprotic / neutral coordinating ligands is more or less orthogonal to each other in the complex species. The data obtained from DFT calculations are reasonably in agreement with the UV-Vis spectral assignment and the structures of the complex species. Although the ligand and the tested metal ion complexes are capable of inhibiting microbial growth, the cobalt complexes can be promoted as better antimicrobial agents. Postprint

Unfortunately, in the original publication of the article, Prof. Yong Sik Ok's affiliation was incorrectly published.

University of Calcutta. Department of Marine Science. Calcutta, India. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laborat?rio de Toxicologia. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Instituto Polit?cnico Nacional. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo. Del. Gustavo A. Madero, CDMX, Mexico. University of Kalyani. International Centre for Ecological Engineering. Department of Ecological Studies. Nadia, India. Thiruvalluvar University. Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. University of Calcutta. Department of Marine Science. Calcutta, India. The spatial and seasonal distribution of trace elements (TEs) (n = 16) in surficial sediment were examined along the Hooghly River Estuary (~ 175 km), India. A synchronous elevation of majority of TEs concentration (mg kg? 1) was encountered during monsoon with the following descending order: Al (67070); Fe (31300); Cd (5.73); Cr (71.17); Cu (29.09); Mn (658.74); Ni (35.89). An overall low and homogeneous concentration of total Hg (THg = 17.85 ? 4.98 ng g? 1) was recorded in which methyl mercury (MeHg) shared minor fraction (8?31%) of the THg. Sediment pollution indices, viz. geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and enrichment factor (EF) for Cd (Igeo = 1.92?3.67; EF = 13.83?31.17) and Ba (Igeo = 0.79?5.03; EF = 5.79?108.94) suggested high contamination from anthropogenic sources. From factor analysis it was inferred that TEs primarily originated from lithogenic sources. This study would provide the latest benchmark of TE pollution along with the first record of MeHg in this fluvial system which recommends reliable monitoring to safeguard geochemical health of this stressed environment.

Heavy metal(loid)s and organic contaminants are two major groups of pollutants in soils. The fate and exposure of such pollutants in soil depends on their chemical properties, speciation, and soil properties. Soil properties and processes that control the toxicological aspects of pollutants include temperature, moisture, organic matter, mineral fractions, and microbial activities. These processes are vulnerable to climate change associated with global warming, including increased incidences of extreme rainfall, extended dry periods, soil erosion, and a rise in sea level. Here we explain evidence that relates to the effects of climate change-driven soil processes on the mobility, transport, and storage of pollutants in soil. The review found that changes in climate could increase human exposure to soil contaminants mainly due to processes involving soil organic carbon (SOC), surface runoff, redox state, and microbial community. However, uncertainties remain in relation to the extent of contaminant toxicity to human health, which is linked to global change drivers. Refereed/Peer-reviewed