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This investigation aimed to establish retrospective time judgments as markers of internal context change across 2 memory paradigms, the effects of which have been attributed to internal context change by some researchers. Experiment 1 involved the list-method directed forgetting paradigm and established that the forget group significantly overestimated the duration of the experiment compared with the remember group. Experiment 2 involved the list-before-last paradigm, whereby participants studied 3 lists, and in between encoding of List 2 and List 3, some participants retrieved List 1, whereas the control participants restudied List 1. The results showed that the retrieval group significantly overestimated the duration of the experiment compared with the restudy group. Overall, these results support the context-change interpretation of these paradigms, and they also support the contextual-change hypothesis of retrospective timing (Block & Reed, 1978). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en

Alternative methods are needed to assess the severity of charcoal rot disease [Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid] in soybean [Glycine max (L.)] plant tissue. The objective of this study was to define the relationship between light reflectance properties and microsclerotia content of soybean stem and root tissue. Understanding that relationship could lead to using spectral reflectance data as a tool to assess the severity of charcoal rot disease in soybean plants, thus reducing human bias associated with qualitative analysis of soybean plant tissue and cost and time issues connected with quantitative analysis. Hyperspectral reflectance measurements (400-2490 nm) were obtained with a non-imaging spectroradiometer of non-diseased and charcoal rot diseased ground stem and root tissue samples of six soybean genotypes (“Clark”, “LD00-3309”, “LG03- 4561-14”, “LG03-4561-19”, “Saline”, and “Y227-1”). Relationships between the reflectance measurements and tissue microsclerotia content were evaluated with Spearman correlation (rs) analysis (p < 0.05). Moderate (rs = ±0.40 to ±0.59), strong (rs = ±0.60 to ±0.79), and very strong (rs = ±0.80 to ±1.00) negative and positive statistically significant (p < 0.05) monotonic relationships were observed between tissue spectral reflectance values and tissue microsclerotia content. Near-infrared and shortwave-infrared wavelengths had the best relationships with microsclerotia content in the ground tissue samples, with consistent results obtained with near-infrared wavelengths in that decreases in near-infrared spectral reflectance values were associated with increases in microsclerotia content in the stem and root tissue of the soybean plants. The findings of this study provided evidence that relationships exist between tissue spectral reflectance and tissue microsclerotia content of soybean plants, supporting spectral reflectance data as a means for assessing variation of microsclerotia content in soybean plants. Future research should focus on the modelling capabilities of the selected wavelengths and on the feasibility of using these wavelengths in machine learning algorithms to differentiate non-diseased from charcoal rot diseased tissue.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] shoot nitrogen (N) traits are important for seed production and may hold potential for improving seed yield and quality. Field experiments were established to survey shoot N traits in i) plant introductions, ii) a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, and iii) modern cultivars. A wide range of N concentrations was observed at beginning seed fill for leaves, petioles, and stems and at maturity for stems. Significant genotypic variations in stem N traits were found in modern cultivars and the RIL population. Molecular marker analysis identified multiple loci associated with stem N concentration. Significant relationships between various tissue N traits and seed yield and quality were also observed. These results illustrate the importance of N dynamics in vegetative tissues for soybean yield and seed composition. The observed variation in N traits indicates that selecting for vegetative N traits could potentially increase yield and improve seed quality.

Liposomes of phosphatidylcholine or of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine that incorporate bis-nido-carborane dequalinium salt are stable in physiologically relevant media and have in vitro toxicity profiles that appear to be compatible with potential therapeutic applications. These features render the structures suitable candidate boron-delivery vehicles for evaluation in the boron neutron capture therapy of cancer.

Using atomic force microscopy, values of the microscale friction coefficient, the tip (silicon nitride) - surface adhesion force and the corresponding adhesion energy, for the substructures that constitute the surface of human hair (European brown hair) have been determined from Amonton plots. The values, mapped for comparison with surface topography, corresponded qualitatively with the substructures’ plane surface characteristics. Localised maps and values of the frictional coefficient, extracted avoiding scale edge effects, are likely to inform the formulation of hair-care products and treatments.

Accurate prediction of leaf pigments from spectral reflectance is important because it allows non-destructive, rapid assessment of crop-N status under field conditions. Canopy reflectance and leaf pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids concentrations) were measured on 385 field-grown soybean genotypes during flowering and seed development stages each in 2009 and 2010. Spectral features related to pigments were extracted based on several known spectral indices and using a number of analytical methods to develop prediction models incorporating reflectance data at single waveband (single-band), two (simple-ratio) or more (multiple linear regression, MLR) wavebands. Among the tested methods, fitness and accuracy (measured as coefficient of determination, R2; root mean square error, RMSE; and relative error, %RE) of the prediction models developed using MLR was greatest. The accuracy of known indices such as the Maccioni-index and canopy chlorophyll content index showed potential for estimation of pigment concentrations using soybean canopy reflectance data. Though, models developed using transformed spectra outperformed the original reflectance spectra irrespective of the analytical method used. In general, the validation of the MLR models revealed limited accuracy across sampling dates and types of spectra used. Continuous wavelet transformed spectra using ‘Mexican hat’ wavelet family (CWT-mexh) produced the best model with the highest accuracy. The selected wavebands in the models primarily consisted of the visible (400–750 nm) as compared to the NIR (750–1350 nm) spectrum. A general-purpose MLR model using CWT-mexh spectra that was strongly related with pigment concentrations (R2 = 0.86, RMSE = 2.12 and RE = 12.5%; chlorophyll and R2 = 0.83, RMSE = 0.56 and RE = 12.7%; carotenoids) was developed. The analytical and transformation methods employed in the current study can be useful to develop models for estimation of leaf pigment concentration based on canopy reflectance.

This review reports recent developments of new coatings and surface treatments for aerospace bodies and structures. Advances in the field have been driven by the need for materials with improved performance characteristics and also by environmental legislative pressures. The traditional areas of corrosion and wear resistance are still receiving the greatest focus, although interest in other properties and the increasing use of composites continue to emerge.

Although the Early Soybean Production System (ESPS) in the Midsouthern USA increased seed yield under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions, heat stress and drought still lead to poor seed quality in heat sensitive soybean cultivars. Our breeding goal was to identify breeding lines that possess high germination, nutritional quality, and yield potential under high heat and dryland production conditions. Our hypothesis was that breeding lines derived from exotic germplasm might possess physiological and genetic traits allowing for higher seed germinability under high heat conditions. In a two-year field experiment, breeding lines derived from exotic soybean accessions, previously selected for adaptability to the ESPS in maturity groups (MG) III and IV, were grown under non-irrigated conditions. Results showed that three exotic breeding lines had consistently superior germination across two years. These lines had a mean germination percentage of greater than 80%. Two (25-1-1-4-1-1 and 34-3-1-2-4-1) out of the three lines with ≥80% germination in both years maintained high seed protein, oleic acid, N, P, K, B, Cu, and Mo in both years. Significant (P < 0.05) positive correlations were found between germination and oleic acid and with K and Cu in both years. Significant negative correlations were found between germination and linoleic acid, Ca, and hard seed in both years. There were positive correlations between germination and N, P, B, Mo, and palmitic acids only in 2013. A negative correlation was found between germination and green seed damage and linolenic acid in 2013 only. Seed wrinkling was significantly negatively correlated with germination in 2012 only. A lower content of Ca in the seed of high germinability genotypes may explain the lower rates of hard seed in those lines, which could lead to higher germination. Many of the differences in yield, germination, diseases, and seed composition between years are likely due to heat and rainfall differences between years. The results also showed the potential roles of seed minerals, especially K, Ca, B, Cu, and Mo, in maintaining high seed quality. The knowledge gained from this research will help breeders to select for soybean with high seed nutritional qualities and high germinability.

Zincating is used as a pre-treatment for aluminium prior to electroless nickel deposition during preparation of magnetic computer memory discs. Four immersion zincating solutions were evaluated at 22°C using single step or double zincating followed by electroless nickel deposition from a high phosphorus hypophosphite bath at 90°C. The coating process was monitored by potential vs. time curves obtained under open-circuit conditions during zincating then electroless nickel plating. The surface morphology of the aluminium, at various stages, was imaged by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Zero resistance ammetry was used to record galvanic currents between the aluminium and an inert platinum counter electrode during zincating. This, together with potential-time measurements, provided simple and valuable methods for following the zincating process and subsequent electroless Ni plating. Double zincating enabled a shorter induction time for electroless Ni deposition and resulted in a more complete coverage of the surface by Zn.

a b s t r a c t Purpose: The purpose of this work was to assess the colloidal stability of novel milk-based formulations. Methods: Milk-based formulations were prepared in situ by adding into milk alkaline- or ethanolic-drug solutions containing an array of drugs namely; ketoprofen, tolfenamic acid, meloxicam, tenoxicam and nimesulide, mefenamic acid, cyclosporine A, danazol and clopidogrel besylate. The produced formulations were characterized by means of dynamic lightscattering, � -potential studies, atomic force microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy complemented with ab initio calculations and stability studies. Results: The presence of the drugs did not induce significant changes in most cases to the particle size and � -potential values of the emulsions pointing to the colloidal stability of these formulations. Raman spectroscopy studies revealed interactions of the drugs and the milk at the intermolecular level. Comple- mentary analysis with ab initio calculations confirmed the experimental observations obtained by Raman spectroscopy. Finally the produced drug containing alkaline/ethanolic solutions exhibited stability over a period of up to 12 months. Conclusions: The current data demonstrate that milk is a promising drug carrier. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This paper is the first of a short series of articles aimed towards describing some of the various statistical methods and approaches that have been used in surface finishing. The methods fall broadly into two areas: analysis and design-of-experiments. This article introduces the subject, briefly reviewing the wide use of a number of experimental design tools in recent surface finishing research before starting with a discussion of parametric hypothesis testing, the simplest of the statistical methods.

Background Chlorophyll is a major component of chloroplasts and a better understanding of the genetic basis of chlorophyll in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] might contribute to improving photosynthetic capacity and yield in regions with adverse environmental conditions. A collection of 332 diverse soybean genotypes were grown in 2 years (2009 and 2010) and chlorophyll a (eChl_A), chlorophyll b (eChl_B), and total chlorophyll (eChl_T) content as well as chlorophyll a/b ratio (eChl_R) in leaf tissues were determined by extraction and spectrometric determination. Total chlorophyll was also derived from canopy spectral reflectance measurements using a model of wavelet transformed spectra (tChl_T) as well as with a spectral reflectance index (iChl_T). Results A genome-wide associating mapping approach was employed using 31,253 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify loci associated with the extract based eChl_A, eChl_B, eChl_R and eChl_T measurements and the two canopy spectral reflectance-based methods (tChl_T and iChl_T). A total of 23 (14 loci), 15 (7 loci) and 14 SNPs (10 loci) showed significant association with eChl_A, eChl_B and eChl_R respectively. A total of 52 unique SNPs were significantly associated with total chlorophyll content based on at least one of the three approaches (eChl_T, tChl_T and iChl_T) and likely tagged 27 putative loci for total chlorophyll content, four of which were indicated by all three approaches. Conclusions Results presented here show that markers for chlorophyll traits can be identified in soybean using both extract-based and canopy spectral reflectance-based phenotypes, and confirm that high-throughput phenotyping-amenable canopy spectral reflectance measurements can be used for association mapping. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0861-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Since the publication of the Falsified Medicines Directive in 2011 and the subsequent delegated regulation in February 2016, there has been much discussion surrounding the level of Falsified Medicines Directive compliance required by secondary care institutions. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the secondary care drug distribution cycle, the Falsified Medicines Directive allows certain dispensations for ‘healthcare institutions’, this manuscript reviews the Falsified Medicines Directive and delegated regulation in an effort to understand and explain these dispensations and the true impact of the Falsified Medicines Directive on secondary care in an effort to address common misconceptions amongst stakeholders.

Tetrahydropyrans are common motifs in natural products and have now been constructed with high stereocontrol through a three-component allylboration-Prins reaction sequence. This methodology has been applied to a concise (13 steps) and efficient (14 % overall yield) synthesis of the macrolide (−)-clavosolide A. The synthesis also features an early stage glycosidation reaction to introduce the xylose moiety and a lithiation-borylation reaction to attach the cyclopropyl-containing side chain.

International audience; We report here the cloning and characterization of a novel KRAB zinc finger gene, ZFQR, which has eight tandemly repeated zinc fingers, a complete KRAB box at the N-terminal region, and a unique C-terminal sequence. It is expressed in a variety of human tissues, and mRNA levels are upregulated in nondividing senescent and quiescent human fibroblasts. Overexpression of the protein in quiescent cells stimulated with serum growth factors results in inhibition of entry into the cell cycle. The latter activity is lost when the N-terminal KRAB domain is deleted. The KRAB domain is also required for the transcriptional repression activity of ZFQR and in maintaining association of the protein with the nuclear matrix. The gene has been mapped to human chromosome 19q13.4. The association of ZFQR with the nuclear matrix, transcriptional repression activity, increased expression in senescent and quiescent cells, and the ability to inhibit quiescent cells stimulated with growth factors from entering the cell cycle suggests a role for ZFQR in the maintenance of the nondividing state of normal human cells.

Seed coat wrinkling is a major factor affecting the germinability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed produced in high-temperature environments, such as in the Early Soybean Production System of the midsouthern United States. Exposure of seed to high temperatures, coupled with alternating periods of wet and dry conditions, promotes seed coat wrinkling. This can predispose the seed to mechanical damage at harvest, further reducing germinability, and reducing the usability of the grain for seed beans. Previous studies identified a single recessive gene (shr) in a mutant line (T-311), located on chromosome 13 (linkage group F), which causes seed shriveling and seed coat wrinkling. The current study was undertaken to identify and genetically map new gene(s) that affect seed coat wrinkling. Crosses were made between a smooth-seeded accession (PI 567743) and a wrinkled-seeded accession (PI 87623). The parents, F1, F2, and BC1 generations were phenotyped for seed coat wrinkling in a greenhouse in Stoneville, MS during the summer of 2006. Genetic analysis indicated that the wrinkled seed coat trait in PI 87623 was inherited as a single recessive gene. A test for allelism, conducted in the greenhouse with a segregating F2 population derived from T-311 × PI 87623, showed that the gene from PI 87623 is different from the shr gene in T-311. A field study of a larger population, derived from a reciprocal cross of the same parents, confirmed these results, but also suggested epistatic interactions between the genes. A linkage map was developed using 195 SSR and SNP markers on 168 F2 individuals of the cross PI 567743 × PI 87623. Linkage analysis identified only one significant locus which was located on chromosome 5 (linkage group A1), confirming identification of a new gene that controls seed coat wrinkling in soybean. This study demonstrates genetic control of seed coat wrinkling, which offers the potential for selecting cultivars with less seed coat wrinkling for heat-stressed production environments.

Schistosomiasis is the second most prevalent typical disease in the world, affecting millions of people, the majority being young children. In this paper, two antischistosomiasis compounds, praziquantel (PZQ) and trichlorfon (TCF), have been incorporated into polypyrrole (PPy) on Pt, indium-tin oxide glass and reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) using electrochemical methods. Films were characterised using electrochemical techniques, SEM, FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (the latter confirming incorporation of TCF). Studies were focused on TCF due to its high water solubility and hence greater promise for use in vivo. Release of TCF from PPy on RVC was followed using GCMS, where release was ca. twice as high at −300 mV vs.SCE compared to open circuit conditions. At −400 mV, 6.43 μmol was released after just 60 min compared to 6.93 μmol released after 24 h at −300 mV. At −500 mV, a reduced amount of TCF (4.72 μmol) was released after 60 min compared to that at −400 mV (6.43 μmol). Thus, TCF was successfully incorporated into PPy and its release could be electrochemically controlled. Such films could be used for the construction of delivery devices.

The cause of poor seed quality (germination) of soybean produced in the Early Soybean Production System in the midsouth U.S.A. is still not completely understood. Temperature, solar radiation, and soybean genotype may all be important factors involved. The objective of this research was to evaluate seed composition, mineral level, and nitrogen assimilation in high and low germinability soybean plant introductions in a full-sunlight (unshaded) and a low-light intensity (shaded) environments. Shade netting was employed in field plots that reduced light intensity by about 50% and air temperature by about 10?F/6?C (10%). A two-year field experiment was conducted on soybean accessions with high germinability (PI 587982A and PI 603723), low germinability (PI 80480 and PI 84976-1), and on soybean cultivars (DSR-3100 RR STS and Pella 86). Results showed that shade resulted in higher total oil, linoleic and linolenic acids, and lower protein and oleic acid. Shade also resulted in lower nitrogen assimilation, leaf chlorophyll concentration, but unshade resulted in higher total seed boron, iron, and nitrogen concentrations. Seed structural boron was positively correlated with germination and protein. Structural boron percentage was consistently higher under shade than under unshade in PI 80480, PI 84976-1, DSR-3100 RR STS, and Pella 86, but consistently higher under unshade than under shade in higher germinability lines PI 587982A and PI 603723, suggesting that different distribution mechanisms of structural boron exist between genotypes. The positive correlation between germination and structural B and between protein and structural B signify a possible role of B in seed quality traits. Our research demonstrated that light intensity, combined with temperature, can alter seed constituents. Higher germinability lines had higher germination rates and lower percentages of hardseededness, desirable traits for soybean seed.

Dr Sheelagh Campbell FIMF, Honorary Editor-in-Chief of Transactions (2002–2010) and Principal Lecturer at the University of Portsmouth, made important and varied contributions in the fields of chemistry and applied electrochemistry, in research, teaching and committee work, throughout her career.Following the sad loss of Dr Campbell in 2010, readers and contributors to the journal will be delighted to hear about a research laboratory opened in her name at Teledyne-Impulse-PDM.

The current work aims to study at the ultrastructural level the morphological development of colloidal intermediate phases of human intestinal fluids (HIFs) produced during lipid digestion. HIFs were aspirated near the ligament of Treitz early (30 min), Aspirate(early), and 1 h, Aspirate(1h)(ave,comp), after the administration of a heterogeneous liquid meal into the antrum. The composition of the sample aspirated 1 h after meal administration was similar to the average lumenal composition 1 h after meal administration (Aspirate(1h)(ave,comp)). The colloidal structures of individual aspirates and supernatants of aspirates after ultracentrifugation (micellar phase) were characterized by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM). AFM revealed domain-like structures in Aspirate(early) and both vesicles and large aggregates Aspirate(1h)(ave,comp). Rough surfaces and domains varying in size were frequently present in the micellar phase of both Aspirate(early) and Aspirate(1h)(ave,comp). Cryo-TEM revealed an abundance of spherical micelles and occasionally presented worm-like micelles coexisting with faceted and less defined vesicles in Aspirate(early) and Aspirate(1h)(ave,comp). In Aspirate(1h)(ave,comp) oil droplets were visualized with bilayers closely located to their surface suggesting lipolytic product phases accumulated on the surface of the oil droplet. In the micellar phase of Aspirate(early), Cryo-TEM revealed the presence of spherical micelles, small vesicles, membrane fragments, oil droplets and plate-like structures. In the micellar phase of Aspirate(1h)(ave,comp) the only difference was the absence of oil droplets. Visualization studies previously performed with biorelevant media revealed structural features with many similarities as presented in the current investigation. The impression of the complexity and diversion of these phases has been reinforced with the excessive variation of structural features visualized ex vivo in the current study offering insights at the ultrastuctural level of intermediate phases which impact drug solubilization.

A short review of the recent electrolytic and electroless plating research trends for a variety of metal alloys deposited to improve corrosion resistance, wear characteristics and hardness, magnetic behaviour, catalytic properties and for other application areas, is presented. The review contains key references from the period 2008 to the present (mid 2011), although it is not exhaustive. One finding is that most of the studies highlighted appear to be focused on one or more application areas, rather than being mechanistic deposition process studies. In addition, applications other than corrosion and wear resistance seem to have inspired significantly more effort than hitherto.

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland) is an orally administered antiviral for the treatment and prevention of influenza A and B infections that is registered in more than 100 countries worldwide. More than 83 million patients have been exposed to the product since its introduction. Oseltamivir is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for use in the clinical management of pandemic and seasonal influenza of varying severity, and as the primary antiviral agent for treatment of avian H5N1 influenza infection in humans. This article is a nonsystematic review of the experience gained from the first 10 years of using oseltamivir for influenza infections since its launch in early 2000, emphasizing recent advances in our understanding of the product and its clinical utility in five main areas. The article reviews the pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir and its active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate, including information on special populations such as children and elderly adults, and the co-administration of oseltamivir with other agents. This is followed by a summary of data on the effectiveness of oseltamivir treatment and prophylaxis in patients with all types of influenza, including pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and avian H5N1 influenza. The implications of changes in susceptibility of circulating influenza viruses to oseltamivir and other antiviral agents are also described, as is the emergence of antiviral resistance during and after the 2009 pandemic. The fourth main section deals with the safety profile of oseltamivir in standard and special patient populations, and reviews spontaneously reported adverse event data from the pandemic and pre-pandemic periods and the topical issue of neuropsychiatric adverse events. Finally, the article considers the pharmacoeconomics of oseltamivir in comparison with vaccination and usual care regimens, and as a component of pandemic influenza mitigation strategies.

The potential for global warming and climate change has increased the focus of research on plant genes that respond to high temperatures. Previous research identified a temperature-sensitive miniature soybean mutant that was controlled by a single gene. The objectives of our research were to confirm the single-gene control and to determine the genomic location of this gene. Segregation of the combined progeny of four BC6F5 plants heterozygous for the miniature trait in a Tracy-M background confirmed that the trait was conditioned by a single gene (1:2:1, χ 2 = 4.38, P = 0.1120). Molecular marker analysis identified three SSR markers and a SNP marker on molecular linkage group B2 (chromosome 14) associated with segregation for the miniature trait. One of these, marker Satt560, co-segregated perfectly with the miniature trait. The data from these four polymorphic markers indicated that the gene conditioning this miniature phenotype is at or near Satt560. Given this newly identified location of the gene and the recently published soybean genomic sequence, it may be feasible to isolate the gene and determine its mechanism of action in responding to temperature. Such knowledge may be of use in understanding how plants respond to increased temperature.

A summary of the practical and theoretical (molecular modelling) aspects of conducting polymer research led by the late Dr Sheelagh Campbell at the University of Portsmouth is presented. The wide-range of interest encompasses tailored monomer design, density functional theory calculations, electrodeposition on various substrates, and investigations of polypyrrole as a corrosion inhibitor and as a matrix for release of therapeutic agents.

Grit-blasting of stainless steel 316L, bronze CW451K and titanium Ti6Al4V used in marine/offshore cable connectors is described. For the former, no change in roughness was observed when using brown angular Al2O3 or black SiC grit of the same particle size. Finer SiC grit produced less rough surfaces. Blast pressure increased stainless steel roughness using SiC, although this was largely unchanged using Al2O3. Increased grit-embedment was observed using Al2O3 grit, which led to decreased bond strength to over-moulded primer and polyurethane. Ti6Al4V and stainless steel yielded the same roughness using Al2O3, although bronze had a rougher surface. Grit-embedment decreased in the order stainless steel>bronze>Ti6Al4V, in line with hardness values.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of maturity, genotypic background, and maximum temperature 20 d before maturity on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed mineral concentrations. A field experiment was conducted in Stoneville, MS, in 2004 and 2005, using two sets of near-isogenic soybean lines that differed in maturity genes. One set of isolines derived from cultivar Clark and the other from cultivar Harosoy. The maturity of each line within a set varied, but all had a common genotypic background. For Clark isolines, there were positive correlations (P < 0.05) between maturity and N with r = 0.83 in 2004 and r = 0. 62 in 2005, and between maturity and Ca (r = 0.59 in 2004 and r = 0.89 in 2005). For Harosoy isolines, there were positive correlations (P < 0.05) between maturity and Ca with r = 0.60 in 2004 and r = 0.83 in 2005, and between maturity and B (r = 0.48 in 2004 and r = 0.72 in 2005). There was a highly significant genotypic background effect (P < 0.01) on seed N, S, Ca, K, Mg, P, and B concentrations, and maturity gene (E-gene) effect (P < 0.01) on Ca and B. Generally the contribution of genotypic background or maturity to total variation of nutrient concentrations was greater than that of temperature. This information may be useful when developing soybean germplasm with higher seed mineral content by using genotypes with a higher nutrient uptake efficiency trait as either parental lines or source material to improve existing varieties for the seed nutrition trait.

Our objective was to map the soybean rust (SBR) resistance genes(s) in PI 567099A. A population segregating for SBR resistance was evaluated in 2008 and 2009 in Paraguay. In both seasons, F2:3 families were grown in a field naturally infested with SBR. F2:3 families were rated as resistant, segregating, or susceptible on the basis of the lesion type present, and this classification was used to infer the F2-phenotype. Molecular markers flanking five SBR-resistance genes were applied to the F2 population, and markers flanking Rpp3 were significantly associated with the observed resistance (P < 0.0001) in both years. The phenotype of 24-F1 plants evaluated in the 2008 season indicated that the resistance was recessive. This is the first report of recessive resistance at or near the Rpp3 locus. Knowledge of the location and nature of resistance in PI 567099A will allow its more efficient utilization as an SBR-resistance source in breeding programs.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an analytical framework for predicting the residual stresses that result from the laser shock peening of a friction stir‐welded 2195 aluminum alloy sample, using the finite element software LS‐DYNA.Design/methodology/approachThe pressures resulting from the laser peening are directly applied in an explicit transient analysis as forces. At the completion of the transient analysis, an implicit springback analysis is performed to determine the final residual stresses. This cycle is repeated for the appropriate number of peen applications, including the appropriate overlap of application areas. To validate the analytical framework, a comparison of residual stresses between analysis and a test specimen is made using laser‐peened base material which was not friction stir‐welded. Friction stir welding (FSW) causes residual stresses and material property variations. In this work, the varying material properties regions are simplified and defined as discrete, separate materials. The residual stresses resulting from the welding are introduced directly as initial conditions in the peening transient analysis and so are combined within the analysis with the residual stresses from the peening.FindingsComparisons made between the experimental and analytical residual stresses are generally favorable.Originality/valueAnalysis of the laser shock peening of FSW has not been accomplished previously.

Recent literature describing the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the investigation of morphology and topography of metal surface coatings has been reviewed. SEM has been shown to give valuable data on many properties such as f ilm uniformity, thickness and cracking, wear patterns and debris, and bond failures. In addition, much information is made possible on coating phase structure, grain size and boundaries, uniformity and heterogeneity, growth mechanisms and porosity. Combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis and chemical mapping techniques, SEM can be especially powerful. The newer technique of AFM has some advantages over SEM; however, studies tend to focus on imaging nanostructures and quantitative determination of deposit surface roughness. Advances in the application of the technique are expected to further its use, for example, in the measurement of friction, adhesion and elasticity

The surfaces of elastomeric coatings based on poly(dimethylsiloxane), unfilled or containing calcium carbonate filler or with filler and silicone oils, have been characterised from topographic and surface indentation measurements by atomic force microscopy. The resistance of the coatings to marine biofouling has been assessed in a sea-exposure trial, in which the strengths of attachment of some barnacles and tubeworms have been measured. In laboratory experiments, the materials have been challenged with oyster larvae (Crassotrea gigas), barnacle cyprids (Balanus amphitrite) and brown algal embryos (Sargassum muticum). Using a linear stress flow cell, the stresses required to detach settled larvae and embryos by fluid flow have been measured. The attachment of barnacles to the coatings was promoted by the microscopic surface roughness produced by protruding particles of filler. Oyster larvae and algal embryos were more readily displaced from surfaces that had been characterised as relatively soft, or from ...

Phomopsis seed decay (PSD) of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) is primarily caused by Phomopsis longicolla. Currently, percent seed infection is used as a method for evaluating resistance to PSD. However, researchers need a common system for classifying soybean genotypes for their reaction to P.longicolla that is consistent across environments. The purpose of this research was: (i) to evaluate the reaction of a select set of soybean accessions to P. longicolla, and (ii) determine the effects of irrigation and two harvest regimes (normal and delayed) on seed infection. We propose a classification system for comparing reactions to P. longicolla among accessions based on a Phomopsis seed infection index (PSII), derived by dividing the percent seed infection of each accession by percent seed infection values of susceptible standards selected within early and late maturity groups. Percent seed infection by P. longicolla infection was greater when accessions were irrigated during the growing season and harvested at normal maturity. Some lines such as MO/PSD-0259 were rated as resistant to P. longicolla (7% seed infection) when not irrigated and harvested at maturity, but were rated as susceptible (39% seed infection) with irrigation and delayed harvest. The resistance ratings to P. longicolla using percent seed infection and PSII varied among accessions. SS93-6012, for example, had similar ratings for both (9% seed infection and 16% PSII). PI 416942 exhibited some resistance to P. longicolla based on percent seed infection (8%), but no resistance based on PSII (32%). Accessions PI 594478, Delmar, SS93-6012, SS93-6181, PI 594603A, and PI 594712 were classified by PSII as moderately resistant under irrigation and with delayed harvest. These results indicate that simple comparisons of percent seed infection among accessions without irrigation, without delayed harvest, and without a standard control of a similar maturity group might result in false conclusions about resistance to P. longicolla.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of maturity and field temperature on the concentration of sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose in soybean seed in two sets of near-isogenic lines of Clark and Harosoy. The maturity of each line within each set varied, but all lines from each set shared a common genotypic background. The results showed that in the Clark isoline set, maturity had a negative linear relationship (sugars decreased as days to maturity increased) with the concentration of sucrose (r 2 = 0.83 in 2004; r 2 = 0.94 in 2005), stachyose (r 2 = 0.51 in 2004; r 2 = 0.51 in 2005), and combined sugars (sucrose+raffinose+stachyose) (r 2 = 0.83 in 2004; r 2 = 0.91 in 2005). In the Harosoy set, there were significant negative relationships between maturity and sugars only in 2005 for sucrose, stachyose, and combined sugars. In the Clark set, temperature had a significant positive relationship with sugars in 2004 (sugars increased as temperature increased), but significant negative relationship in 2005. In the Harosoy set, there was a significant negative relationship between field temperature and sugars only in 2005. The contribution of maturity to the total variation in sugars was significantly higher than temperature. It was concluded that the effect of genotypic background and maturity genes on sugar concentration depended on the type of sugar.

A series of cation exchange membranes was produced by impregnating and coating both sides of a quartz web with a Nafion® solution (1100 EW, 10%wt in water). Inert filler particles (SiO2, ZrO2 or TiO2; 5–20%wt) were incorporated into the aqueous Nafion® solution to produce robust, composite membranes. Ion-exchange capacity/equivalent weight, water take-up, thickness change on hydration and ionic and electrical conductivity were measured in 1 mol dm−3 sulfuric acid at 298 K. The TiO2 filler significantly impacted on these properties, producing higher water take-up and increased conductivity. Such membranes may be beneficial for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell operation at low humidification. The PEM fuel cell performance of the composite membranes containing SiO2 fillers was examined in a Ballard Mark 5E unit cell. While the use of composite membranes offers a cost reduction, the unit cell performance was reduced, in practice, due to drying of the ionomer at the cathode.

The clinical course of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza can be severe, particularly in the very young and patients with comorbidities. Pandemic H1N1 2009 is sensitive to the antiviral agents oseltamivir and zanamivir but is resistant to the M2 inhibitors. Although few clinical data are yet available, treatment of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza in hospital settings with oseltamivir or zanamivir appears to be beneficial. In hospitalized patients with severe influenza treated with oseltamivir, mortality and length of stay are significantly reduced, and viral load is reduced more quickly than in untreated patients. In patients at high risk treated with oseltamivir or zanamivir, reductions in the risk of complications and mortality after treatment have been demonstrated with oseltamivir and zanamivir, although there are fewer data on the latter. There is no evidence yet that other antiviral agents are effective in severe or pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza. Current World Health Organization guidance strongly recommends the use of oseltamivir for severe or progressive infection with pandemic H1N1 2009, with zanamivir as an alternative if the infecting virus is oseltamivir-resistant. Very little resistance to oseltamivir has been found to date.

Protein and oil are the most important components of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and they have been shown to have an inverse relationship. As there is a growing demand for soybean oil-based diesel as an alternative fuel source, a better understanding of the protein–oil inverse relationship in conjunction with seed yield could be useful in determining the potential of soybean as a source of biodiesel. We retrospectively examined advanced soybean breeding lines from multiple breeding programs across the southern USA to determine associations between protein and oil and seed yield. The data analyzed were a subset of the Uniform Soybean Tests and consisted of 31 different soybean breeding lines and four checks grown at 10 locations in 2000, six locations in 2001, and eight locations in 2002. A progressive multiple regression analysis was used to develop a single equation describing seed yield over all entries, locations, and years as a function of five traits: oil content, protein content, maturity, lodging, and plant height. From this equation, the optimum plant type for maximum seed yield in the southern USA had either high oil (225 g kg−1) and low protein (385 g kg−1), or high protein (437 g kg−1) and low oil (190 g kg−1). Seed yield continues to be the dominant trait of selection in soybean breeding programs. This study demonstrates that high yield can be achieved with either high protein or high oil. Hence, there is potential for maintaining yield while improving soybean cultivars for oil production. Given the energy balance between fossil-derived and soy-derived diesel, if soy-based biodiesel is to be a significant option, an increased focus on developing high-oil/high-yield soybean needs to occur.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil with oleic acid (18:1) content >500 g kg –1 is desirable for a broader role in food and industrial uses. Seed oil in commercially grown soybean genotypes averages about 230 g kg –1 oleic acid. Some maturity group (MG) II to V plant introductions (PIs) have elevated oleic concentrations of 300 to 500 g kg –1 . Temperature of the growing environment during the reproductive growth stage affects oleic concentration in soybean oil. The objective of this study was to evaluate stability of oleic acid content among 15 PIs with elevated 18:1 and three checks grown in 16 environments. Oleic acid concentration of the high 18:1 checks N98-4445A and M23 ranged from 383 to 694 g kg –1 and 428 to 572 g kg –1 with averages of 575 g kg –1 and 508 g kg –1 , respectively. The PIs with the highest 18:1 were MG II to III, with most lines averaging >400 g kg –1 oleic acid concentration over 16 environments. Generally, PIs in MG II to III were less stable across environments than those in MG V. However, MG III PI 379559D ranged from 381 to 513 g kg –1 with an average 439 g kg –1 oleic acid concentration and was the most stable in oleic acid content of the 15 PIs studied. PI379559D was more stable than N98-4445A or M23. PI417360 and PI506852 averaged highest in 18:1 (>330 g kg –1 ) among MG V PIs studied. Combining genes from these PIs and other sources with elevated 18:1 may be useful in developing higher oleic acid soybean genotypes.

The tribological properties of friction stir welded 2195 aluminum alloy joints were investigated for several laser- and shot-peened specimens. The first portion of this study assessed the surface roughness changes at different regions of the weld resulting from the various peening processes and included an atomic force microscopy (AFM) study to reveal fine structures. The second portion investigated the friction characteristics for various conditions when slid against a 440C ball slider. Shot peening resulted in significant surface roughness when compared to the unpeened and laser-peened samples. The initial friction for all types of specimens was highly variable. However, long-term friction was shown to be lowest for samples with no peening treatment. Laser peening caused the friction to increase slightly. The shot peening process on the other hand resulted in an increase of the long-term friction effects on both sides of the weld.

This paper reports the fabrication and electromechanical characterization of a thin porous polyelectrolyte film and its application in an invisible bending transducer. The porous film consists of 10 bilayers of polycation and polyanion that are adsorbed using electrostatic self-assembly (ESA). Such porous film can be thermally crosslinked. The size of the pores on top surface is adjustable and can be covered up by a type of Na+-montmorillonite nanosheet whose size is comparable to those of the pores. As a result, the sealed top surface can be coated by metal for an electrode. After such polymeric film is integrated into a sandwich structure that was designed for a bend sensor, it can perform as an ultrathin piece of elastomer. It is found that the bending of the substrate resulted in the increasing of the current. It is hypothesized that the tunneling current through the thin polymeric film changes when the film is compressed by bending. Finite element simulation corroborates the existence of strain concentration especially near two ends of the polymer film and the shoulder of the bottom electrode.

The effect of maturity (time to maturity) on seed composition in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) genotypes is not well understood because maturity is generally confounded with genotypic background. Therefore, the effects of maturity on seed composition were estimated in two sets of near isogenic soybean lines ('Clark' and 'Har- osoy'), where the maturity of each line within a set varied, but all had a common genotypic background. There was a positive linear relation- ship between protein concentration and maturity among isolines of the Clark set in 2004 (r 2 = 0.75; P ≤ 0.001) and 2005 (r 2 = 0.63; P ≤ 0.001). How- ever, in Harosoy isolines there was no relation- ship between protein and maturity. There was a negative linear relationship between oil concen- tration and maturity for Clark (in 2004, r 2 = 0.82, P ≤ 0.001; in 2005, r 2 = 0.91, P ≤ 0.0001) and Harosoy (in 2004, r 2 = 0.19, P ≤ 0.05; in 2005, r 2 = 0.36, P ≤ 0.01). Maturity had greater effects on seed composition than maximum tempera- ture. The results indicate that the relationship between seed composition and maturity was different between the Clark and Harosoy sets of isolines. However, the overall mean of protein and oil concentration was not different between genotypic backgrounds. This information will be useful for soybean breeding in developing new germplasm for seed composition.

Background Oseltamivir, a specific influenza neuraminidase inhibitor, is an effective treatment for seasonal influenza. Emergence of drug-resistant influenza viruses after treatment has been reported, particularly in children in Japan, where the dosing schedule is different from that used throughout the rest of the world. We investigated the emergence of drug-resistant infection in children treated with a tiered weight-based dosing regimen. Methods We analyzed sequential clinical nasopharyngeal samples, obtained before and after tiered weight-based oseltamivir therapy, from children with acute influenza during 2005-2007. We isolated viruses, tested for drug resistance with use of a fluorescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assay, performed neuraminidase gene sequencing, and determined quantitative viral loads. Results Sixty-four children (34 with influenza A subtype H3N2, 11 with influenza A subtype H1N1, and 19 with influenza B virus) aged 1-12 years (median age, 3 years, 1 month) were enrolled. By days 4-7 after initiation of treatment, of 64 samples tested, 47 (73.4%) and 26 (40.6%) had virus detectable by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and culture, respectively. By days 8-12 after initiation of treatment, of 53 samples tested, 18 (33.9%) and 1 (1.8%) had virus detectable by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and culture, respectively. We found no statistically significant differences in the reduction of viral shedding or time to clearance of virus between viral subtypes. Antiviral-resistant viruses were recovered from 3 (27.3%) of 11 children with influenza A subtype H1N1, 1 (2.9%) of 34 children with influenza A subtype H3N2, and 0 (0%) of 19 children with influenza B virus, all of whom were treated with oseltamivir (P = .004). There was no evidence of prolonged illness in children infected with drug-resistant virus. Conclusions Drug resistance emerges at a higher rate in influenza A subtype H1N1 virus than in influenza A subtype H3N2 or influenza B virus after tiered weight-based oseltamivir therapy. Virological surveillance for patterns of drug resistance is essential for determination of antiviral treatment strategies and for composition of pandemic preparedness stockpiles.

Few resistance loci to soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd., have been genetically mapped and linked to molecular markers that can be used for marker assisted selection. New technologies are available for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping that can be used to rapidly map traits controlled by single loci such as resistance to SBR. Our objective was to demonstrate that the highthroughput SNP genotyping method known as the GoldenGate assay can be used to perform bulked segregant analysis (BSA) to fi nd candidate regions to facilitate effi cient mapping of a dominant resistant locus to SBR designated Rpp3. We used a 1536 SNP GoldenGate assay to perform BSA followed by simple sequence repeat (SSR) mapping in an F 2 population segregating for SBR resistance conditioned by Rpp3. A 13-cM region on linkage group C2 was the only candidate region identifi ed with BSA. Subsequent F 2 mapping placed Rpp3 between SSR markers BARC_Satt460 and BARC_Sat_263 on linkage group C2 which is the same region identifi ed by BSA. These results suggest that the GoldenGate assay was successful at implementing BSA, making it a powerful tool to quickly map qualitative traits since the GoldenGate assay is capable of screening 1536 SNPs on 192 DNA samples in three days.

Accumulation of inspissated secretions that are difficult to clear and congest the airways is a feature of lung disease in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). These secretions restrict airflow, harbour infection and limit the delivery of inhaled drugs including gene therapy vectors to the underlying target cells. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) has mucolytic properties suggesting that it may be a useful therapeutic agent for lung disease in these patients. For the pulmonary delivery of UFH to patients with CF, the dry powder inhaler has potential advantages over systems using nebulised suspensions. However, spray-dried particles in the appropriate size range (1-5 microm) may absorb atmospheric moisture, causing aggregation. UFH has been cospray-dried with L-leucine (1%, w/w) to produce particles that are less cohesive than UFH alone and show good aerosolisation performance. Rheological analysis has shown that spray-dried UFH and UFH cospray-dried with L-leucine significantly (p < 0.05) reduce the elasticity and yield stress of CF sputum. The superior physical properties of UFH/L-leucine indicate this is the preferred formulation for development as an inhaled mucolytic.