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Despite increased public attention on police killings of citizens and police accountability in recent years, few studies have specifically examined the support for convicting and incarcerating a specific police officer who was accused of wrongfully killing a citizen. The current study examines the attitudes of undergraduate students at a large Midwestern university about a case involving a white police officer who worked for the university police department and recently shot and killed an unarmed Black citizen during a traffic stop. Specifically, it examines support for convicting and incarcerating this officer, who was charged but ultimately went unpunished, and the factors that are related to support for, opposition to, or neutrality towards holding the officer criminally responsible. The findings indicate that respondents who perceive police officers as soldiers in a war on crime and hold symbolically racist attitudes were more likely to oppose or be neutral about the officer being held responsible. White respondents, while not more likely to oppose the conviction and incarceration of the officer, were more likely to be neutral toward the outcome of the case, indicating that white indifference might be a major barrier to holding police officers accountable for their improper use of deadly force.

Background Despite the widespread adoption of interprofessional simulation-based education (IPSE) in healthcare as a means to optimize interprofessional teamwork, data suggest that IPSE may not achieve these intended goals due to a gap between the ideals and the realities of implementation. Methods We conducted a qualitative case study that used the framework method to understand what and how core principles from guidelines for interprofessional education (IPE) and simulation-based education (SBE) were implemented in existing in situ IPSE programs. We observed simulation sessions and interviewed facilitators and directors at seven programs. Results We found considerable variability in how IPSE programs apply and implement core principles derived from IPE and SBE guidelines with some principles applied by most programs (e.g., “active learning”, “psychological safety”, “feedback during debriefing”) and others rarely applied (e.g., “interprofessional competency-based assessment”, “repeated and distributed practice”). Through interviews we identified that buy-in, resources, lack of outcome measures, and power discrepancies influenced the extent to which principles were applied. Conclusions To achieve IPSE’s intended goals of optimizing interprofessional teamwork, programs should transition from designing for the ideal of IPSE to realities of IPSE implementation.

Since the Black Lives Matter movement’s rise to prominence, there has been significant opposition from both media and political figures who believe that the movement is promoting a “war on cops.” Because there is no evidence to support this claim, the current study examines the basis for negative attitudes towards Black Lives Matter using a sample of over 500 undergraduate students from a large Midwestern university. The findings indicate that the strongest predictors of negative attitudes towards Black Lives Matter are being white and holding symbolically racist attitudes. Perceiving the police to be equivalent to soldiers in a war on crime, perceiving police misconduct to be less common, and holding a conservative crime ideology are also significant in the model.

The present research investigates the productivity and performance of a large sample of police officers, beginning in the police academy and through their first 10 years of policing. Using longitudinal data and latent class growth analyses, we examine measures of productivity and performance over this time. Findings indicate that officers’ academy performance did not influence officer trajectories, but selected demographic variables were significantly related to performance across the career course. Among these, female and non-White officers were consistently rated lower in their performance evaluations. Overall, results suggest that factors predicting productivity and performance are dynamic, and there is no single combination of characteristics that predicts who will be a “good” officer.

ImportanceWhether interprofessional collaboration is effective and safe in decreasing hospital length of stay remains controversial.ObjectiveTo evaluate the outcomes and safety associated with an electronic interprofessional-led discharge planning tool vs standard discharge planning to safely reduce length of stay among medical inpatients with multimorbidity.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis multicenter prospective nonrandomized controlled trial used interrupted time series analysis to examine medical acute hospitalizations at 82 hospitals in Switzerland. It was conducted from February 2017 through January 2019. Data analysis was conducted from March 2021 to July 2022.InterventionAfter a 12-month preintervention phase (February 2017 through January 2018), an electronic interprofessional-led discharge planning tool was implemented in February 2018 in 7 intervention hospitals in addition to standard discharge planning.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMixed-effects segmented regression analyses were used to compare monthly changes in trends of length of stay, hospital readmission, in-hospital mortality, and facility discharge after the implementation of the tool with changes in trends among control hospitals.ResultsThere were 54 695 hospitalizations at intervention hospitals, with 27 219 in the preintervention period (median [IQR] age, 72 [59-82] years; 14 400 [52.9%] men) and 27 476 in the intervention phase (median [IQR] age, 72 [59-82] years; 14 448 [52.6%] men) and 438 791 at control hospitals, with 216 261 in the preintervention period (median [IQR] age, 74 [60-83] years; 109 770 [50.8%] men) and 222 530 in the intervention phase (median [IQR] age, 74 [60-83] years; 113 053 [50.8%] men). The mean (SD) length of stay in the preintervention phase was 7.6 (7.1) days for intervention hospitals and 7.5 (7.4) days for control hospitals. During the preintervention phase, population-averaged length of stay decreased by −0.344 hr/mo (95% CI, −0.599 to −0.090 hr/mo) in control hospitals; however, no change in trend was observed among intervention hospitals (−0.034 hr/mo; 95% CI, −0.646 to 0.714 hr/mo; difference in slopes, P = .09). Over the intervention phase (February 2018 through January 2019), length of stay remained unchanged in control hospitals (slope, −0.011 hr/mo; 95% CI, −0.281 to 0.260 hr/mo; change in slope, P = .03), but decreased steadily among intervention hospitals by −0.879 hr/mo (95% CI, −1.607 to −0.150 hr/mo; change in slope, P = .04, difference in slopes, P = .03). Safety analyses showed no change in trends of hospital readmission, in-hospital mortality, or facility discharge over the whole study time.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this nonrandomized controlled trial, the implementation of an electronic interprofessional-led discharge planning tool was associated with a decline in length of stay without an increase in hospital readmission, in-hospital mortality, or facility discharge.Trial Registrationisrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN83274049

During these times of escalating tensions between the police and the communities they serve, the news and social media have been full of images of police officers wearing military gear, armed with ...

Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) have been the subject of considerable research attention within business organizations. Much less attention has been directed at OCBs within criminal justice agencies, and even less research has addressed OCBs within police organizations. The present study uses survey data collected from 829 police officers in India to assess the antecedents of several dimensions of OCBs. Unlike most prior research, we use a path model in an effort to disentangle the direct and indirect effects of organizational justice, job demands and job resources, organizational justice, stress, and work attitudes on OCBs while controlling for officer personal characteristics. Our findings indicate that job satisfaction and organizational commitment are strong predictors of OCBs and that they mediate the effects of job stress, which did not directly influence OCBs. In addition, organizational justice factors exerted inconsistent effects on OCBs. Strategies for increasing the likelihood that officers will engage in OCBs are discussed.

Policing is a stressful occupation that may give rise to work–family conflict (WFC). WFC arises when the work domain encroaches into the family domain, or vice versa, causing officers to become less attached to their job and the police organization. Using survey data collected from a sample of police officers in India, we examined the relationship between four dimensions of WFC (time-based, strain-based, behavior-based, and family-based WFC) and two dimensions of organizational commitment (continuance and affective). Family-based WFC was found to reduce continuance commitment, while strain-based WFC reduced affective commitment. Time-based, strain-based, and behavior-based WFC increased continuance commitment. We examined the implications of these findings for police policy makers and administrators. In addition, we also discussed our findings in the context of cross-cultural comparisons.

Police organizations are tasked with a wide variety of duties, and officers often encounter stressful situations. Past studies have indicated that job stressors are negatively related to job involvement, which, in turn, is positively related to several beneficial outcomes. The present study empirically tested the job demands model with data obtained from a police agency in India. Survey data was collected from 827 police officers in the Indian state of Haryana. Analysis was carried out to determine the impact of job stressors (role overload, role underload, repetitiveness, role ambiguity, fear of victimization, and role conflict) on job involvement. Findings indicate that all stressors except fear of victimization had a negative effect on job involvement. The implications of the findings, for organizations in general and the police in particular, include the need to reduce workplace stressors and improve the work environment.

espanolResumen I. La hormiga arriera esta asociada a perdidas en el sector agricola, debido a su actividad defoliadora. El control de la especie se ha venido realizado artesanal, quimica y biologicamente, esta ultima con beneficios ambientales y de bajo riesgo para la salud humana. El objetivo de esta investigacion fue desarrollar una formulacion biologica para el control de la hormiga arriera (Atta cephalotes) utilizando una mezcla de esporas de dos hongos filamentosos (Beauveria bassiana y Trichoderma lignorum). M. Se desarrollaron 5 formulaciones empleando las relaciones: 1:1,6:4,4:6,3:7,2:8, de cepas de B. bassiana (ATCC MYA-4886) y T. lignorum (ATCC 8751), realizandoles prueba de viabilidad, patogenicidad y pureza. La colonizacion de las esporas en tejidos, se evaluo mediante la exposicion de ratas Wistar a la formulacion y sus componentes, realizando diagnostico veterinario (diseccion) y cultivo microbiologico. R. Las formulaciones presentaron viabilidad a 24 h del 95+2 %, el 100% de las formulaciones no se contaminaron despues de 10 dias, las formulaciones 6.4, 1:1, 2:8 infectaron la totalidad de los individuos en 6 dias, las formulaciones 4:6 y 3:7 a los 8 dias, no se observo colonizacion de las cepas en la formulacion, ni en tejidos de los biomodelos. C. Las formulaciones 6.4, 1:1, 2:8 de Beauveria bassiana y Trichoderma lignorum, poseen mayor actividad infecciosa sobre la hormiga arriera (Atta cephalotes). EnglishAbstract I. The Leaf cutting Ant is associated with losses in the agricultural sector for the most part in the cultivation of citrus fruit sector due to its activity defoliator Control of the species has been handmade, chemical and biologically, the latter with environmental benefits and low risk to human health. This research had as objective develop a formulation biological for the control of the Leaf cutting Ant (Atta cephalotess using a mixture of spores of two fungi filamentous (Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma lignorum), M. He was the isolation of Beauveria bassiana (ATCC MYA-4886) and Trichoderma lignorum (ATCC 8751), through cultivation YPDA and was conducted identifying fungal imprint and biochemical tests. Developing five formulations with ratios of 1:1, 6:4, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8 of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma lignorum respectively they underwent the test of viability in nutrient agar pathogenicity by immersion test and proof of purity; the tests were performed in triplicate. R. The formulations presented viability to 24 h 95% 2, I00% of the formulations were pure after 10 days, formulations 6.4, 2:8 infected all of the individuals in 6 days, formulations 4:6 and 3:7-8 days of exposure. C. Formulations 6.4, 2:8 of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma lignorium, present infectious activity on the Leaf cutting Ant (Atta cephalotess in laboratory. portuguesResumo I. O formigueiro esta associado a perdas no setor agricola, devido a sua atividade desfolhadora. O controle das especies tem sido realizado artesanalmente, quimicamente e biologicamente, este ultimo com beneficios ambientais e baixo risco para a saude humana. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver uma formulacao biologica para o controle de formigas (Atta cephalotess usando uma mistura de esporos de dois fungos filamentosos (Beauveria bassiana e Trichoderma lignorum), M. 5 As formulacoes foram desenvolvidas usando a relacao: 1 : 1,6: 4,4: 6,3: 7,2: 8 estirpes de B, bassiana (ATCC MAA-4886) e T. lignorum (ATCC 875I), realizandoles Teste de viabilidade, patogenicidade e pureza. A colonizacao dos esporos nos tecidos foi avaliada pela exposicao de ratos Wistar a formulacao e seus componentes, realizando diagnostico veterinario (disseccao) e cultura microbiologica. R. As formulacoes mostraram viabilidade em 24 h de 95 + 2%, 100% das formulacoes nao foram contaminadas apos I0 dias, as formulacoes 6,4, 1: 1, 2: 8 infectaram todos os individuos em 6 dias, as formulacoes 4: 6 e 3: 7 aos 8 dias, nenhuma colonizacao das cepas foi observada na formulacao, nem nos tecidos dos biomodelos. C. As formulacoes 6.4, 1: 1, 2: 8 de Beauveria bassiana e Trichoderma lignorum, apresentam maior atividade infecciosa sobre os antirretera (Atta cephalotess).

Background: Several studies have previously reported the presence of altered cerebral perfusion during sepsis. However, the role of non-invasive neuromonitoring, and the impact of altered cerebral perfusion, in sepsis patients with delirium remains unclear. Methods: We performed a systematic review of studies that used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and/or transcranial Doppler (TCD) to assess adults (≥18 years) with sepsis and delirium. From study inception to July 28, 2020, we searched the following databases: Ovid MedLine, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Results: Of 1546 articles identified, 10 met our inclusion criteria. Although NIRS-derived regional cerebral oxygenation was consistently lower, this difference was only statistically significant in one study. TCD-derived cerebral blood flow velocity was inconsistent across studies. Importantly, both impaired cerebral autoregulation during sepsis and increased cerebrovascular resistance were associated with delirium during sepsis. However, the heterogeneity in NIRS and TCD devices, duration of recording (from 10 seconds to 72 hours), and delirium assessment methods (e.g., electronic medical records, confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit), precluded meta-analysis. Conclusion: The available literature demonstrates that cerebral perfusion disturbances may be associated with delirium in sepsis. However, future investigations will require consistent definitions of delirium, delirium assessment training, harmonized NIRS and TCD assessments (e.g., consistent measurement site and length of recording), as well as the quantification of secondary and tertiary variables (i.e., Cox, Mxa, MAPOPT), in order to fully assess the relationship between cerebral perfusion and delirium in patients with sepsis.

A method for comparing related nozzle designs possessing widths proportional to their frequencies over a broad frequency range is presented and utilized on asymmetric multiple Fourier nozzle designs. The underlying causes of the frequency dependent performance of the nozzle designs are explored and compared. Based on this knowledge, a better understanding of the operation of the nozzles is obtained. From this understanding, nozzle designs intended to operate at higher frequencies can be built in a more effective manner.