167,988 results on '"Jacobson A"'
Search Results
102. Seeds of Pistia stratiotes L. (water lettuce) in the paleo-sediments of Lake Annie, Florida
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Evans, Jason M., Jacobson, George L., Tanner, Benjamin R., and Grimm, Eric C.
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- 2024
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103. Measuring Sexual Function in Gender Minority Individuals: A Critical Review
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Henkelman, Megan S., Jacobson, Jill A., and Pukall, Caroline F.
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- 2024
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104. Particulate Filters for Combustion Engines to Mitigate Global Warming. Estimating the Effects of a Highly Efficient but Underutilized Tool
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Mayer, Andreas C.R., Mayer, Joerg, Wyser, Max, Legerer, Fritz, Czerwinski, Jan, Lutz, Thomas W., Johnson, Timothy V., and Jacobson, Mark Z.
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- 2024
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105. Nocturia and Blood Pressure Elevation in Adolescents
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Promi, Tasmia, Tologonova, Gulzhan, Roberts, Marie-Claire, Tena, Meseret, Dhuper, Sarita, Bamgbola, Oluwatoyin, Hanono, Monique, Weiss, Jeffrey P., Everaert, Karel, DeBacker, Tine, Monaghan, Thomas, Salciccioli, Louis, Wadowski, Stephen, Jacobson-Dickman, Elka, and Lazar, Jason M.
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- 2024
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106. Dyad and group-based interventions in physical activity, diet, and weight loss: a systematic review of the evidence
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John, J. C., Ho, J., Raber, M., Basen-Engquist, K., Jacobson, L., and Strong, L. L.
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- 2024
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107. Comparing Transdiagnostic Risk Factors: Predicting Emergence of Significant Depressive, Anxiety, and Substance Abuse Symptoms Among Juvenile Delinquents
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Klein, Robert J., Lekkas, Damien, Nguyen, Nhi D., and Jacobson, Nicholas C.
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- 2024
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108. Effects of restrictive fluid therapy on the time to resolution of hyperlactatemia in ICU patients with septic shock. A secondary post hoc analysis of the CLASSIC randomized trial
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Ahlstedt, Christian, Sivapalan, Praleene, Kriz, Miroslav, Jacobson, Gustaf, Sylvest Meyhoff, Tine, Skov Kaas-Hansen, Benjamin, Holm, Manne, Hollenberg, Jacob, Nalos, Marek, Rooijackers, Olav, Hylander Møller, Morten, Cronhjort, Maria, Perner, Anders, and Grip, Jonathan
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- 2024
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109. Sonographic diagnosis of spondylodiscitis in a young child
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Soudack, Michalle, Shimoni, Hadar-Yafit, Plotkin, Simyon, and Jacobson, Jeffrey M
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- 2024
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110. Association of Alcohol Use with COVID-19 Infection and Hospitalization Among People Living with HIV in the United States, 2020
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Xia, Chunyi, Chander, Geetanjali, Hutton, Heidi E., McCaul, Mary E., Delaney, Joseph A., Mayer, Kenneth H., Jacobson, Jeffrey M., Puryear, Sarah, Crane, Heidi M., Shapiro, Adrienne E., Cachay, Edward R., Lau, Bryan, Napravnik, Sonia, Saag, Michael, and Lesko, Catherine R.
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- 2024
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111. Obstructive sleep apnea detection during wakefulness: a comprehensive methodological review
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Alqudah, Ali Mohammad, Elwali, Ahmed, Kupiak, Brendan, Hajipour, Farahnaz, Jacobson, Natasha, and Moussavi, Zahra
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- 2024
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112. The evolving landscape of tax practitioner obligations
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Jacobson, Robyn
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- 2024
113. NoMoPy: Noise Modeling in Python
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Albrecht, Dylan and Jacobson, N. Tobias
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Statistics - Computation ,Computer Science - Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science ,Computer Science - Mathematical Software ,Statistics - Machine Learning - Abstract
NoMoPy is a code for fitting, analyzing, and generating noise modeled as a hidden Markov model (HMM) or, more generally, factorial hidden Markov model (FHMM). This code, written in Python, implements approximate and exact expectation maximization (EM) algorithms for performing the parameter estimation process, model selection procedures via cross-validation, and parameter confidence region estimation. Here, we describe in detail the functionality implemented in NoMoPy and provide examples of its use and performance on example problems., Comment: 55 pages, 68 figures, citation paper
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- 2023
114. Exact lattice chiral symmetry in 2d gauge theory
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Berkowitz, Evan, Cherman, Aleksey, and Jacobson, Theodore
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High Energy Physics - Lattice ,High Energy Physics - Theory - Abstract
We construct symmetry-preserving lattice regularizations of 2d QED with one and two flavors of Dirac fermions, as well as the `3450' chiral gauge theory, by leveraging bosonization and recently-proposed modifications of Villain-type lattice actions. The internal global symmetries act just as locally on the lattice as they do in the continuum, the anomalies are reproduced at finite lattice spacing, and in each case we find a sign-problem-free dual formulation., Comment: v3: more references and small improvements to the exposition
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- 2023
115. CommonCanvas: An Open Diffusion Model Trained with Creative-Commons Images
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Gokaslan, Aaron, Cooper, A. Feder, Collins, Jasmine, Seguin, Landan, Jacobson, Austin, Patel, Mihir, Frankle, Jonathan, Stephenson, Cory, and Kuleshov, Volodymyr
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Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Computer Science - Computers and Society - Abstract
We assemble a dataset of Creative-Commons-licensed (CC) images, which we use to train a set of open diffusion models that are qualitatively competitive with Stable Diffusion 2 (SD2). This task presents two challenges: (1) high-resolution CC images lack the captions necessary to train text-to-image generative models; (2) CC images are relatively scarce. In turn, to address these challenges, we use an intuitive transfer learning technique to produce a set of high-quality synthetic captions paired with curated CC images. We then develop a data- and compute-efficient training recipe that requires as little as 3% of the LAION-2B data needed to train existing SD2 models, but obtains comparable quality. These results indicate that we have a sufficient number of CC images (~70 million) for training high-quality models. Our training recipe also implements a variety of optimizations that achieve ~3X training speed-ups, enabling rapid model iteration. We leverage this recipe to train several high-quality text-to-image models, which we dub the CommonCanvas family. Our largest model achieves comparable performance to SD2 on a human evaluation, despite being trained on our CC dataset that is significantly smaller than LAION and using synthetic captions for training. We release our models, data, and code at https://github.com/mosaicml/diffusion/blob/main/assets/common-canvas.md
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- 2023
116. Euclid preparation. TBD. Forecast impact of super-sample covariance on 3x2pt analysis with Euclid
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Euclid Collaboration, Sciotti, D., Beauchamps, S. Gouyou, Cardone, V. F., Camera, S., Tutusaus, I., Lacasa, F., Barreira, A., Gorce, A., Aubert, M., Baratta, P., Upham, R. E., Bonici, M., Carbone, C., Casas, S., Ilić, S., Martinelli, M., Sakr, Z., Schneider, A., Maoli, R., Scaramella, R., Escoffier, S., Gillard, W., Aghanim, N., Amara, A., Andreon, S., Auricchio, N., Baldi, M., Bardelli, S., Bonino, D., Branchini, E., Brescia, M., Brinchmann, J., Capobianco, V., Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Castellano, M., Cavuoti, S., Cimatti, A., Cledassou, R., Congedo, G., Conselice, C. J., Conversi, L., Copin, Y., Corcione, L., Courbin, F., Courtois, H. M., Cropper, M., Da Silva, A., Degaudenzi, H., Dinis, J., Dubath, F., Dupac, X., Dusini, S., Farina, M., Farrens, S., Fosalba, P., Frailis, M., Franceschi, E., Fumana, M., Galeotta, S., Garilli, B., Gillis, B., Giocoli, C., Grazian, A., Grupp, F., Guzzo, L., Haugan, S. V. H., Holmes, W., Hook, I., Hormuth, F., Hornstrup, A., Hudelot, P., Jahnke, K., Joachimi, B., Keihänen, E., Kermiche, S., Kiessling, A., Kunz, M., Kurki-Suonio, H., Lilje, P. B., Lindholm, V., Lloro, I., Maino, D., Mansutti, O., Marggraf, O., Markovic, K., Martinet, N., Marulli, F., Massey, R., Maurogordato, S., Medinaceli, E., Mei, S., Mellier, Y., Meneghetti, M., Meylan, G., Moresco, M., Moscardini, L., Munari, E., Niemi, S. -M., Padilla, C., Paltani, S., Pasian, F., Pedersen, K., Pettorino, V., Pires, S., Polenta, G., Poncet, M., Popa, L. A., Raison, F., Rebolo, R., Renzi, A., Rhodes, J., Riccio, G., Romelli, E., Roncarelli, M., Saglia, R., Sapone, D., Sartoris, B., Schirmer, M., Schneider, P., Secroun, A., Seidel, G., Serrano, S., Sirignano, C., Sirri, G., Stanco, L., Starck, J. -L., Tallada-Crespí, P., Taylor, A. N., Tereno, I., Toledo-Moreo, R., Torradeflot, F., Valentijn, E. A., Valenziano, L., Vassallo, T., Veropalumbo, A., Wang, Y., Weller, J., Zacchei, A., Zamorani, G., Zoubian, J., Zucca, E., Biviano, A., Boucaud, A., Bozzo, E., Colodro-Conde, C., Di Ferdinando, D., Farinelli, R., Graciá-Carpio, J., Mauri, N., Neissner, C., Scottez, V., Tenti, M., Akrami, Y., Allevato, V., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Bernardeau, F., Blanchard, A., Borgani, S., Borlaff, A. S., Burigana, C., Cabanac, R., Cappi, A., Carvalho, C. S., Castignani, G., Castro, T., {n}as-Herrera, G. Ca\, Chambers, K. C., Cooray, A. R., Coupon, J., Díaz-Sánchez, A., Davini, S., De Lucia, G., Desprez, G., Di Domizio, S., Vigo, J. A. Escartin, Ferrero, I., Finelli, F., Gabarra, L., Ganga, K., Garcia-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., Giacomini, F., Gozaliasl, G., Hildebrandt, H., Jacobson, J., Kajava, J. J. E., Kansal, V., Kirkpatrick, C. C., Legrand, L., Loureiro, A., Macias-Perez, J., Magliocchetti, M., Mainetti, G., Martins, C. J. A. P., Matthew, S., Maurin, L., Metcalf, R. B., Migliaccio, M., Monaco, P., Morgante, G., Nadathur, S., Nucita, A. A., Pöntinen, M., Patrizii, L., Popa, V., Porciani, C., Potter, D., Pourtsidou, A., Sánchez, A. G., Sefusatti, E., Sereno, M., Simon, P., Mancini, A. Spurio, Stadel, J., Steinwagner, J., Teyssier, R., Toft, S., Tucci, M., Valieri, C., Valiviita, J., and Viel, M.
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Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics - Abstract
Deviations from Gaussianity in the distribution of the fields probed by large-scale structure surveys generate additional terms in the data covariance matrix, increasing the uncertainties in the measurement of the cosmological parameters. Super-sample covariance (SSC) is among the largest of these non-Gaussian contributions, with the potential to significantly degrade constraints on some of the parameters of the cosmological model under study -- especially for weak lensing cosmic shear. We compute and validate the impact of SSC on the forecast uncertainties on the cosmological parameters for the Euclid photometric survey, obtained with a Fisher matrix analysis, both considering the Gaussian covariance alone and adding the SSC term -- computed through the public code PySSC. The photometric probes are considered in isolation and combined in the `3$\times$2pt' analysis. We find the SSC impact to be non-negligible -- halving the Figure of Merit of the dark energy parameters ($w_0$, $w_a$) in the 3$\times$2pt case and substantially increasing the uncertainties on $\Omega_{{\rm m},0}, w_0$, and $\sigma_8$ for cosmic shear; photometric galaxy clustering, on the other hand, is less affected due to the lower probe response. The relative impact of SSC does not show significant changes under variations of the redshift binning scheme, while it is smaller for weak lensing when marginalising over the multiplicative shear bias nuisance parameters, which also leads to poorer constraints on the cosmological parameters. Finally, we explore how the use of prior information on the shear and galaxy bias changes the SSC impact. Improving shear bias priors does not have a significant impact, while galaxy bias must be calibrated to sub-percent level to increase the Figure of Merit by the large amount needed to achieve the value when SSC is not included., Comment: 22 pages, 13 figures
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- 2023
117. Ejecta Evolution Following a Planned Impact into an Asteroid: The First Five Weeks
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Kareta, Theodore, Thomas, Cristina, Li, Jian-Yang, Knight, Matthew M., Moskovitz, Nicholas, Rozek, Agata, Bannister, Michele T., Ieva, Simone, Snodgrass, Colin, Pravec, Petr, Ryan, Eileen V., Ryan, William H., Fahnestock, Eugene G., Rivkin, Andrew S., Chabot, Nancy, Fitzsimmons, Alan, Osip, David, Lister, Tim, Sarid, Gal, Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, Farnham, Tony, Tancredi, Gonzalo, Michel, Patrick, Wainscoat, Richard, Weryk, Rob, Burrati, Bonnie, Pittichova, Jana, Ridden-Harper, Ryan, Tan, Nicole J., Tristram, Paul, Brown, Tyler, Bonavita, Mariangela, Burgdorf, Martin, Khalouei, Elahe, Longa, Penelope, Rabus, Markus, Sajadian, Sedighe, Jorgensen, Uffe Graae, Dominik, Martin, Kikwaya, Jean-Baptiste, Epifani, Elena Mazzotta, Dotto, Elisabetta, Deshapriya, J. D. Prasanna, Hasselmann, Pedro H., Dall'Ora, Massimo, Abe, Lyu, Guillot, Tristan, Mekarnia, Djamel, Agabi, Abdelkrim, Bendjoya, Philippe, Suarez, Olga, Triaud, Amaury, Gasparetto, Thomas, Gunther, Maximillian N., Kueppers, Michael, Merin, Bruno, Chatelain, Joseph, Gomez, Edward, Usher, Helen, Stoddard-Jones, Cai, Bartnik, Matthew, Bellaver, Michael, Chetan, Brenna, Dugan, Emma, Fallon, Tori, Fedewa, Jeremy, Gerhard, Caitlyn, Jacobson, Seth A., Painter, Shane, Peterson, David-Michael, Rodriguez, Joseph E., Smith, Cody, Sokolovsky, Kirill V., Sullivan, Hannah, Townley, Kate, Watson, Sarah, Webb, Levi, Trigo-Rodrıguez, Josep M., Llenas, Josep M., Perez-Garcıa, Ignacio, Castro-Tirado, A. J., Vincent, Jean-Baptiste, Migliorini, Alessandra, Lazzarin, Monica, La Forgia, Fiorangela, Ferrari, Fabio, Polakis, Tom, and Skiff, Brian
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Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
The impact of the DART spacecraft into Dimorphos, moon of the asteroid Didymos, changed Dimorphos' orbit substantially, largely from the ejection of material. We present results from twelve Earth-based facilities involved in a world-wide campaign to monitor the brightness and morphology of the ejecta in the first 35 days after impact. After an initial brightening of ~1.4 magnitudes, we find consistent dimming rates of 0.11-0.12 magnitudes/day in the first week, and 0.08-0.09 magnitudes/day over the entire study period. The system returned to its pre-impact brightness 24.3-25.3 days after impact through the primary ejecta tail remained. The dimming paused briefly eight days after impact, near in time to the appearance of the second tail. This was likely due to a secondary release of material after re-impact of a boulder released in the initial impact, through movement of the primary ejecta through the aperture likely played a role., Comment: 16 pages, 5 Figures, accepted in the Astrophysical Journal Letters (ApJL) on October 16, 2023
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- 2023
118. Integrating Symbolic Reasoning into Neural Generative Models for Design Generation
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Jacobson, Maxwell Joseph and Xue, Yexiang
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Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
Design generation requires tight integration of neural and symbolic reasoning, as good design must meet explicit user needs and honor implicit rules for aesthetics, utility, and convenience. Current automated design tools driven by neural networks produce appealing designs, but cannot satisfy user specifications and utility requirements. Symbolic reasoning tools, such as constraint programming, cannot perceive low-level visual information in images or capture subtle aspects such as aesthetics. We introduce the Spatial Reasoning Integrated Generator (SPRING) for design generation. SPRING embeds a neural and symbolic integrated spatial reasoning module inside the deep generative network. The spatial reasoning module decides the locations of objects to be generated in the form of bounding boxes, which are predicted by a recurrent neural network and filtered by symbolic constraint satisfaction. Embedding symbolic reasoning into neural generation guarantees that the output of SPRING satisfies user requirements. Furthermore, SPRING offers interpretability, allowing users to visualize and diagnose the generation process through the bounding boxes. SPRING is also adept at managing novel user specifications not encountered during its training, thanks to its proficiency in zero-shot constraint transfer. Quantitative evaluations and a human study reveal that SPRING outperforms baseline generative models, excelling in delivering high design quality and better meeting user specifications.
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- 2023
119. NetDiffusion: Network Data Augmentation Through Protocol-Constrained Traffic Generation
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Jiang, Xi, Liu, Shinan, Gember-Jacobson, Aaron, Bhagoji, Arjun Nitin, Schmitt, Paul, Bronzino, Francesco, and Feamster, Nick
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Computer Science - Networking and Internet Architecture - Abstract
Datasets of labeled network traces are essential for a multitude of machine learning (ML) tasks in networking, yet their availability is hindered by privacy and maintenance concerns, such as data staleness. To overcome this limitation, synthetic network traces can often augment existing datasets. Unfortunately, current synthetic trace generation methods, which typically produce only aggregated flow statistics or a few selected packet attributes, do not always suffice, especially when model training relies on having features that are only available from packet traces. This shortfall manifests in both insufficient statistical resemblance to real traces and suboptimal performance on ML tasks when employed for data augmentation. In this paper, we apply diffusion models to generate high-resolution synthetic network traffic traces. We present NetDiffusion, a tool that uses a finely-tuned, controlled variant of a Stable Diffusion model to generate synthetic network traffic that is high fidelity and conforms to protocol specifications. Our evaluation demonstrates that packet captures generated from NetDiffusion can achieve higher statistical similarity to real data and improved ML model performance than current state-of-the-art approaches (e.g., GAN-based approaches). Furthermore, our synthetic traces are compatible with common network analysis tools and support a myriad of network tasks, suggesting that NetDiffusion can serve a broader spectrum of network analysis and testing tasks, extending beyond ML-centric applications.
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- 2023
120. Ophiuchus: Scalable Modeling of Protein Structures through Hierarchical Coarse-graining SO(3)-Equivariant Autoencoders
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Costa, Allan dos Santos, Mitnikov, Ilan, Geiger, Mario, Ponnapati, Manvitha, Smidt, Tess, and Jacobson, Joseph
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Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
Three-dimensional native states of natural proteins display recurring and hierarchical patterns. Yet, traditional graph-based modeling of protein structures is often limited to operate within a single fine-grained resolution, and lacks hourglass neural architectures to learn those high-level building blocks. We narrow this gap by introducing Ophiuchus, an SO(3)-equivariant coarse-graining model that efficiently operates on all-atom protein structures. Our model departs from current approaches that employ graph modeling, instead focusing on local convolutional coarsening to model sequence-motif interactions with efficient time complexity in protein length. We measure the reconstruction capabilities of Ophiuchus across different compression rates, and compare it to existing models. We examine the learned latent space and demonstrate its utility through conformational interpolation. Finally, we leverage denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPM) in the latent space to efficiently sample protein structures. Our experiments demonstrate Ophiuchus to be a scalable basis for efficient protein modeling and generation.
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- 2023
121. OptCtrlPoints: Finding the Optimal Control Points for Biharmonic 3D Shape Deformation
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Kim, Kunho, Uy, Mikaela Angelina, Paschalidou, Despoina, Jacobson, Alec, Guibas, Leonidas J., and Sung, Minhyuk
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Computer Science - Graphics - Abstract
We propose OptCtrlPoints, a data-driven framework designed to identify the optimal sparse set of control points for reproducing target shapes using biharmonic 3D shape deformation. Control-point-based 3D deformation methods are widely utilized for interactive shape editing, and their usability is enhanced when the control points are sparse yet strategically distributed across the shape. With this objective in mind, we introduce a data-driven approach that can determine the most suitable set of control points, assuming that we have a given set of possible shape variations. The challenges associated with this task primarily stem from the computationally demanding nature of the problem. Two main factors contribute to this complexity: solving a large linear system for the biharmonic weight computation and addressing the combinatorial problem of finding the optimal subset of mesh vertices. To overcome these challenges, we propose a reformulation of the biharmonic computation that reduces the matrix size, making it dependent on the number of control points rather than the number of vertices. Additionally, we present an efficient search algorithm that significantly reduces the time complexity while still delivering a nearly optimal solution. Experiments on SMPL, SMAL, and DeformingThings4D datasets demonstrate the efficacy of our method. Our control points achieve better template-to-target fit than FPS, random search, and neural-network-based prediction. We also highlight the significant reduction in computation time from days to approximately 3 minutes., Comment: Pacific Graphics 2023 (Full Paper). Project page: https://soulmates2.github.io/publications/OptCtrlPoints/
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- 2023
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122. Neural Stochastic Screened Poisson Reconstruction
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Sellán, Silvia and Jacobson, Alec
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Computer Science - Graphics ,Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Abstract
Reconstructing a surface from a point cloud is an underdetermined problem. We use a neural network to study and quantify this reconstruction uncertainty under a Poisson smoothness prior. Our algorithm addresses the main limitations of existing work and can be fully integrated into the 3D scanning pipeline, from obtaining an initial reconstruction to deciding on the next best sensor position and updating the reconstruction upon capturing more data.
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- 2023
123. The Effect of Smoothing on the Interpretation of Time Series Data: A COVID-19 Case Study
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Stein, Oded, Jacobson, Alec, and Chevalier, Fanny
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Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ,Computer Science - Graphics ,H.1.2 ,J.4 - Abstract
We conduct a controlled crowd-sourced experiment of COVID-19 case data visualization to study if and how different plotting methods, time windows, and the nature of the data influence people's interpretation of real-world COVID-19 data and people's prediction of how the data will evolve in the future. We find that a 7-day backward average smoothed line successfully reduces the distraction of periodic data patterns compared to just unsmoothed bar data. Additionally, we find that the presence of a smoothed line helps readers form a consensus on how the data will evolve in the future. We also find that the fixed 7-day smoothing window size leads to different amounts of perceived recurring patterns in the data depending on the time period plotted -- this suggests that varying the smoothing window size together with the plot window size might be a promising strategy to influence the perception of spurious patterns in the plot., Comment: supplemental data: http://odedstein.com/projects/perception-of-smoothing/
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- 2023
124. Keck Infrared Transient Survey I: Survey Description and Data Release 1
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Tinyanont, S., Foley, R. J., Taggart, K., Davis, K. W., LeBaron, N., Andrews, J. E., Bustamante-Rosell, M. J., Camacho-Neves, Y., Chornock, R., Coulter, D. A., Galbany, L., Jha, S. W., Kilpatrick, C. D., Kwok, L. A., Larison, C., Pierel, J. R., Siebert, M. R., Aldering, G., Auchettl, K., Bloom, J. S., Dhawan, S., Filippenko, A. V., French, K. D., Gagliano, A., Grayling, M., Jacobson-Galán, W. V., Jones, D. O., Saux, X. Le, Macias, P., Mandel, K. S., McCully, C., Gonzalez, E. Padilla, Rest, A., Rojas-Bravo, C., Skrutskie, M. F., Thorp, S., Wang, Q., and Ward, S. M.
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Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies ,Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics - Abstract
We present the Keck Infrared Transient Survey (KITS), a NASA Key Strategic Mission Support program to obtain near-infrared (NIR) spectra of astrophysical transients of all types, and its first data release, consisting of 105 NIR spectra of 50 transients. Such a data set is essential as we enter a new era of IR astronomy with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman). NIR spectral templates will be essential to search JWST images for stellar explosions of the first stars and to plan an effective Roma} SN Ia cosmology survey, both key science objectives for mission success. Between 2022 February and 2023 July, we systematically obtained 274 NIR spectra of 146 astronomical transients, representing a significant increase in the number of available NIR spectra in the literature. The first data release includes data from the 2022A semester. We systematically observed three samples: a flux-limited sample that includes all transients $<$17 mag in a red optical band (usually ZTF r or ATLAS o bands); a volume-limited sample including all transients within redshift $z < 0.01$ ($D \approx 50$ Mpc); and an SN Ia sample targeting objects at phases and light-curve parameters that had scant existing NIR data in the literature. The flux-limited sample is 39% complete (60% excluding SNe Ia), while the volume-limited sample is 54% complete and is 79% complete to $z = 0.005$. All completeness numbers will rise with the inclusion of data from other telescopes in future data releases. Transient classes observed include common Type Ia and core-collapse supernovae, tidal disruption events (TDEs), luminous red novae, and the newly categorized hydrogen-free/helium-poor interacting Type Icn supernovae. We describe our observing procedures and data reduction using Pypeit, which requires minimal human interaction to ensure reproducibility.
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- 2023
125. Bayes' Rays: Uncertainty Quantification for Neural Radiance Fields
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Goli, Lily, Reading, Cody, Sellán, Silvia, Jacobson, Alec, and Tagliasacchi, Andrea
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Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Abstract
Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) have shown promise in applications like view synthesis and depth estimation, but learning from multiview images faces inherent uncertainties. Current methods to quantify them are either heuristic or computationally demanding. We introduce BayesRays, a post-hoc framework to evaluate uncertainty in any pre-trained NeRF without modifying the training process. Our method establishes a volumetric uncertainty field using spatial perturbations and a Bayesian Laplace approximation. We derive our algorithm statistically and show its superior performance in key metrics and applications. Additional results available at: https://bayesrays.github.io.
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- 2023
126. Entanglement Routing over Networks with Time Multiplexed Repeaters
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Van Milligen, Emily A, Jacobson, Eliana, Patil, Ashlesha, Vardoyan, Gayane, Towsley, Don, and Guha, Saikat
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Quantum Physics - Abstract
Quantum networks will be able to service consumers with long-distance entanglement by use of quantum repeaters that generate Bell pairs (or links) with their neighbors, iid with probability $p$ and perform Bell State Measurements (BSMs) on the links that succeed iid with probability $q$. While global link state knowledge is required to maximize the rate of entanglement generation between any two consumers, it increases the protocol latency due to the classical communication requirements and requires long quantum memory coherence times. We propose two entanglement routing protocols that require only local link state knowledge to relax the quantum memory coherence time requirements and reduce the protocol latency. These protocols utilize multi-path routing protocol and time multiplexed repeaters. The time multiplexed repeaters first generate links for $k$-time steps before performing BSMs on any pairs of links. Our two protocols differ in the decision rule used for performing BSMs at the repeater: the first being a static path based routing protocol and second a dynamic distance based routing protocol. The performance of these protocols depends on the quantum network topology and the consumers' location. We observe that the average entanglement rate and the latency increase with the time multiplexing block length, $k$, irrespective of the protocol. When a step function memory decoherence model is introduced such that qubits are held in the quantum memory for an exponentially distributed time with mean $\mu$, an optimal $k$ ($k_\text{opt}$) value appears, such that for increasing $k$ beyond $k_{\rm opt}$ hurts the entanglement rate. $k_{\rm opt}$ decreases with $p$ and increases with $\mu$. $k_{\rm opt}$ appears due to the tradeoff between benefits from time multiplexing and the increased likelihood of previously established Bell pairs decohering due to finite memory coherence times., Comment: 11 pages, 15 figures
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- 2023
127. SN 2022oqm: A Bright and Multi-peaked Calcium-rich Transient
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Yadavalli, S. Karthik, Villar, V. Ashley, Izzo, Luca, Zenati, Yossef, Foley, Ryan J., Wheeler, J. Craig, Angus, Charlotte R., Bánhidi, Dominik, Auchettl, Katie, Bíró, Barna Imre, Bódi, Attila, Bodola, Zsófia, de Boer, Thomas, Chambers, Kenneth C., Chornock, Ryan, Coulter, David A., Csányi, István, Cseh, Borbála, Dandu, Srujan, Davis, Kyle W., Dickinson, Connor Braden, Farias, Diego, Farah, Joseph, Gall, Christa, Gao, Hua, Howell, D. Andrew, Jacobson-Galan, Wynn V., Khetan, Nandita, Kilpatrick, Charles D., Könyves-Tóth, Réka, Kriskovics, Levente, LeBaron, Natalie, Loertscher, Kayla, Saux, X. K. Le, Margutti, Rafaella, Magnier, Eugene A., McCully, Curtis, McGill, Peter, Miao, Hao-Yu, Newsome, Megan, Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla, Pál, András, Pál, Boróka H., Pan, Yen-Chen, Politsch, Collin A., Ransome, Conor L., Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico, Rest, Armin, Rest, Sofia, Robinson, Olivia, Sears, Huei, Scheer, Jackson, Sódor, Ádám, Swift, Jonathan, Székely, Péter, Szakáts, Róbert, Szalai, Tamás, Taggart, Kirsty, Terreran, Giacomo, Venkatraman, Padma, Vinkó, József, Yang, Grace, and Zhou, Henry
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena - Abstract
We present the photometric and spectroscopic evolution of SN 2022oqm, a nearby multi-peaked hydrogen- and helium-weak calcium-rich transient (CaRT). SN 2022oqm was detected 13.1 kpc from its host galaxy, the face-on spiral galaxy NGC 5875. Extensive spectroscopic coverage reveals an early hot (T >= 40,000 K) continuum and carbon features observed $\sim$1~day after discovery, SN Ic-like photospheric-phase spectra, and strong forbidden calcium emission starting 38 days after discovery. SN 2022oqm has a relatively high peak luminosity (MB = -17 mag) for (CaRTs), making it an outlier in the population. We determine that three power sources are necessary to explain the light curve (LC), with each corresponding to a distinct peak. The first peak is powered by an expanding blackbody with a power law luminosity, suggesting shock cooling by circumstellar material (CSM). Subsequent LC evolution is powered by a double radioactive decay model, consistent with two sources of photons diffusing through optically thick ejecta. From the LC, we derive an ejecta mass and 56Ni mass of ~0.6 solar masses and ~0.09 solar masses. Spectroscopic modeling suggests 0.6 solar masses of ejecta, and with well-mixed Fe-peak elements throughout. We discuss several physical origins for SN 2022oqm and find either a surprisingly massive white dwarf progenitor or a peculiar stripped envelope model could explain SN 2022oqm. A stripped envelope explosion inside a dense, hydrogen- and helium-poor CSM, akin to SNe Icn, but with a large 56Ni mass and small CSM mass could explain SN 2022oqm. Alternatively, helium detonation on an unexpectedly massive white dwarf could also explain SN 2022oqm., Comment: 35 pages, 17 figures, 7 tables, Accepted for Publication in ApJ
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- 2023
128. Votemandering: Strategies and Fairness in Political Redistricting
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Deshpande, Sanyukta, Ludden, Ian G, and Jacobson, Sheldon H
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Computer Science - Computer Science and Game Theory - Abstract
Gerrymandering, the deliberate manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political advantage, is a persistent issue in U.S. redistricting cycles. This paper introduces and analyzes a new phenomenon, 'votemandering'- a strategic blend of gerrymandering and targeted political campaigning, devised to gain more seats by circumventing fairness measures. It leverages accurate demographic and socio-political data to influence voter decisions, bolstered by advancements in technology and data analytics, and executes better-informed redistricting. Votemandering is established as a Mixed Integer Program (MIP) that performs fairness-constrained gerrymandering over multiple election rounds, via unit-specific variables for campaigns. To combat votemandering, we present a computationally efficient heuristic for creating and testing district maps that more robustly preserve voter preferences. We analyze the influence of various redistricting constraints and parameters on votemandering efficacy. We explore the interconnectedness of gerrymandering, substantial campaign budgets, and strategic campaigning, illustrating their collective potential to generate biased electoral maps. A Wisconsin State Senate redistricting case study substantiates our findings on real data, demonstrating how major parties can secure additional seats through votemandering. Our findings underscore the practical implications of these manipulations, stressing the need for informed policy and regulation to safeguard democratic processes.
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- 2023
129. Neural Progressive Meshes
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Chen, Yun-Chun, Kim, Vladimir G., Aigerman, Noam, and Jacobson, Alec
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Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Graphics ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
The recent proliferation of 3D content that can be consumed on hand-held devices necessitates efficient tools for transmitting large geometric data, e.g., 3D meshes, over the Internet. Detailed high-resolution assets can pose a challenge to storage as well as transmission bandwidth, and level-of-detail techniques are often used to transmit an asset using an appropriate bandwidth budget. It is especially desirable for these methods to transmit data progressively, improving the quality of the geometry with more data. Our key insight is that the geometric details of 3D meshes often exhibit similar local patterns even across different shapes, and thus can be effectively represented with a shared learned generative space. We learn this space using a subdivision-based encoder-decoder architecture trained in advance on a large collection of surfaces. We further observe that additional residual features can be transmitted progressively between intermediate levels of subdivision that enable the client to control the tradeoff between bandwidth cost and quality of reconstruction, providing a neural progressive mesh representation. We evaluate our method on a diverse set of complex 3D shapes and demonstrate that it outperforms baselines in terms of compression ratio and reconstruction quality., Comment: SIGGRAPH 2023
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- 2023
130. An improved model of metal/silicate differentiation during Earth's accretion
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Dale, K. I., Rubie, D. C., Nakajima, M., Jacobson, S., Nathan, G., Golabek, G. J., Cambioni, S., and Morbidelli, A.
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Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Physics - Geophysics - Abstract
We improved the algorithm presented in Rubie et al. (2015) to model the chemical evolution of Earth driven by iron/silicate differentiation during the planet's accretion. The pressure at which the equilibration occurs during a giant impact is no longer a free parameter but is determined by the smooth particle hydrodynamic (SPH) simulations of Nakajima et al. (2021). Moreover, impacting planetesimals are now assumed to be too small to cause melting and differentiation and thus their materials are stored in the crystalline upper mantle of the growing planet until a hydrostatically relaxed global magma ocean forms in the aftermath of a giant impact, whose depth is also estimated from Nakajima et al. (2021). With these changes, not all dynamical simulations lead to a satisfactory reproduction of the chemical composition of the bulk silicate Earth (BSE). Thus, the latter becomes diagnostic of the success of dynamical models. In the successful cases also the BSE abundances of W and Mo can be reproduced, that were previously hard to fit (Jennings et al., 2021)., Comment: Accepted in Icarus
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- 2023
131. Prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with changes in placental gene co-expression networks
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Deyssenroth, Maya A., Williams, Randy P., Lesseur, Corina, Jacobson, Sandra W., Jacobson, Joseph L., Cheng, Haoxiang, Bose, Promita, Li, Qian, Wainwright, Helen, Meintjes, Ernesta M., Hao, Ke, Chen, Jia, and Carter, R. Colin
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- 2024
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132. Forest-goers as a heterogeneous population at high-risk for malaria: a case-control study in Aceh Province, Indonesia.
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Gallalee, Sarah, Zarlinda, Iska, Silaen, Martha, Cotter, Chris, Cueto, Carmen, Elyazar, Iqbal, Jacobson, Jerry, Gosling, Roly, Hsiang, Michelle, Bennett, Adam, Coutrier, Farah, and Smith, Jennifer
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Forest-goers ,High-risk populations ,Indonesia ,Malaria ,Malaria elimination ,Plasmodium knowlesi ,Plasmodium vivax ,Surveillance ,Male ,Humans ,Indonesia ,Case-Control Studies ,Malaria ,Malaria ,Vivax ,Forests - Abstract
BACKGROUND: A major challenge to malaria elimination is identifying and targeting populations that are harbouring residual infections and contributing to persistent transmission. In many near-elimination settings in Southeast Asia, it is known that forest-goers are at higher risk for malaria infection, but detailed information on their behaviours and exposures is not available. METHODS: In Aceh Province, Indonesia, a near-elimination setting where a growing proportion of malaria is due to Plasmodium knowlesi, a case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for symptomatic malaria, characteristics of forest-goers, and key intervention points. From April 2017 to September 2018, cases and controls were recruited and enrolled in a 1:3 ratio. Cases had confirmed malaria infection by rapid diagnostic test or microscopy detected at a health facility (HF). Gender-matched controls were recruited from passive case detection among individuals with suspected malaria who tested negative at a health facility (HF controls), and community-matched controls were recruited among those testing negative during active case detection. Multivariable logistic regression (unconditional for HF controls and conditional for community controls) was used to identify risk factors for symptomatic malaria infection. RESULTS: There were 45 cases, of which 27 were P. knowlesi, 17 were Plasmodium vivax, and one was not determined. For controls, 509 and 599 participants were recruited from health facilities and the community, respectively. Forest exposures were associated with high odds of malaria; in particular, working and sleeping in the forest (HF controls: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 21.66, 95% CI 5.09-92.26; community controls: aOR 16.78, 95% CI 2.19-128.7) and having a second residence in the forest (aOR 6.29, 95% CI 2.29-17.31 and 13.53, 95% CI 2.10-87.12). Male forest-goers were a diverse population employed in a variety of occupations including logging, farming, and mining, sleeping in settings, such as huts, tents, and barracks, and working in a wide range of group sizes. Reported use of protective measures, such as nets, hammock nets, mosquito coils, and repellents was low among forest-goers and interventions at forest residences were absent. CONCLUSIONS: Second residences in the forest and gaps in use of protective measures point to key malaria interventions to improve coverage in forest-going populations at risk for P. knowlesi and P. vivax in Aceh, Indonesia. Intensified strategies tailored to specific sub-populations will be essential to achieve elimination.
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- 2024
133. Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) of Brain Microstructure in Adolescent Cannabis and Nicotine Use
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Wallace, Alexander L, Courtney, Kelly E, Wade, Natasha E, Hatz, Laura E, Baca, Rachel, Jacobson, Aaron, Liu, Thomas T, and Jacobus, Joanna
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Biological Psychology ,Psychology ,Paediatrics ,Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences ,Cannabinoid Research ,Clinical Research ,Neurosciences ,Basic Behavioral and Social Science ,Substance Misuse ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Pediatric ,Drug Abuse (NIDA only) ,Mental health ,Good Health and Well Being ,nicotine ,cannabis ,co-use ,adolescence ,young adulthood ,white matter ,neurodevelopment ,Cognitive Sciences ,Clinical sciences ,Biological psychology ,Clinical and health psychology - Abstract
IntroductionDespite evidence suggesting deleterious effects of cannabis and nicotine tobacco product (NTP) use on white matter integrity, there have been limited studies examining white matter integrity among users of both cannabis and nicotine. Further, updated white matter methodology provides opportunities to investigate use patterns on neurite orientation dispersion and density (NODDI) indices and subtle tissue changes related to the intra- and extra-neurite compartment. We aimed to investigate how cannabis and NTP use among adolescents and young adults interacts to impact the white matter integrity microstructure.Materials and methodsA total of 221 participants between the ages of 16 and 22 completed the Customary Drinking and Drug Use Record (CDDR) to measure substance use, and underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) session. Participants were divided into NTP-control and NTP groupings and cannabis-control and cannabis groupings (≥26 NTP/cannabis uses in past 6 months). Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) and two-way between-subjects ANOVA investigated the effects of NTP use group, cannabis use group, and their interaction on fractional anisotropy (FA) and NODDI indices while controlling for age and biological sex.ResultsNTP use was associated with decreased FA values and increased orientation dispersion in the left anterior capsule. There were no significant effects of cannabis use or the interaction of NTP and cannabis use on white matter outcomes.DiscussionNTP use was associated with altered white matter integrity in an adolescent and young adult sample. Findings suggest that NTP-associated alterations may be linked to altered fiber tract geometry and dispersed neurite structures versus myelination, as well as differential effects of NTP and cannabis use on white matter structure. Future work is needed to investigate how altered white matter is related to downstream behavioral effects from NTP use.
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- 2024
134. State of the California Current Ecosystem report in 2022: a tale of two La Niñas
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Thompson, Andrew R, Swalethorp, Rasmus, Alksne, Michaela, Santora, Jarrod A, Hazen, Elliott L, Leising, Andrew, Satterthwaite, Erin, Sydeman, William J, Anderson, Clarissa R, Auth, Toby D, Baumann-Pickering, Simone, Baumgardner, Timothy, Bjorkstedt, Eric P, Bograd, Steven J, Bowlin, Noelle M, Burke, Brian J, Daly, Elizabeth A, Dewar, Heidi, Field, John C, Fisher, Jennifer L, Garfield, Newell, Gidding, Ashlyn, Goericke, Ralf, Golightly, Richard, Gómez-Ocampo, Eliana, Gomez-Valdes, Jose, Hildebrand, John A, Jacobson, Kym C, Jacox, Michael G, Jahncke, Jaime, Johns, Michael, Jones, Joshua M, Lavaniegos, Bertha, Mantua, Nate, McChesney, Gerard J, Medina, Megan E, Melin, Sharon R, Miranda, Luis Erasmo, Morgan, Cheryl A, Nickels, Catherine F, Orben, Rachael A, Porquez, Jessica M, Preti, Antonella, Robertson, Roxanne R, Rudnick, Daniel L, Sakuma, Keith M, Schacter, Carley R, Schroeder, Isaac D, Scopel, Lauren, Snodgrass, Owyn E, Thompson, Sarah Ann, Warzybok, Pete, Whitaker, Katherine, Watson, William, Weber, Edward D, and Wells, Brian
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Earth Sciences ,Oceanography ,Biological Sciences ,Ecology ,California Current ,marine heatwave ,La Nina/El Nino ,California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigation ,global warming ,Geology - Abstract
2022 marked the third consecutive La Niña and extended the longest consecutive stretch of negative Oceanic Niño Index since 1998-2001. While physical and biological conditions in winter and spring largely adhered to prior La Niña conditions, summer and fall were very different. Similar to past La Niña events, in winter and spring coastal upwelling was either average or above average, temperature average or below average, salinity generally above average. In summer and fall, however, upwelling and temperature were generally average or slightly below average, salinity was close to average and chlorophyll a was close to average. Again, as during prior La Niña events, biomass of northern/southern copepods was above/below average off Oregon in winter, and body size of North Pacific krill in northern California was above average in winter. By contrast, later in the year the abundance of northern krill dropped off Oregon while southern copepods increased and body sizes of North Pacific krill fell in northern California. Off Oregon and Washington abundances of market squid and Pacific pompano (indicators of warm, non-typical La Niña conditions) were high. In the 20th century, Northern anchovy recruitment tended to be high during cold conditions, but despite mostly warm conditions from 2015-2021 anchovy populations boomed and remained high in 2022. Resident seabird reproductive success, which tended in the past to increase during productive La Niña conditions was highly variable throughout the system as common murre and pelagic cormorant, experienced complete reproductive failure at Yaquina Head, Oregon while Brandt’s cormorant reproduction was average. At three sampling locations off central California, however, common murre reproduction was close to or above average while both pelagic and Brandt’s cormorant were above average. California sealion reproduction has been above average each year since 2016, and pup weight was also above average in 2022, likely in response not to La Niña or El Niño but continuous high abundance of anchovy. The highly variable and often unpredictable physical and biological conditions in 2022 highlight a growing recognition of disconnects between basin-scale indices and local conditions in the CCE. “July-December 2022 is the biggest outlier from individual “strong” La Niña (events) ever going back to the 50s.” – Nate Mantua
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- 2024
135. Failure rates of nonoperative management of low-grade splenic injuries with active extravasation: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter study.
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Spoor, Kristen, Cull, John, Otaibi, Banan, Hazelton, Joshua, Chipko, John, Reynolds, Jessica, Fugate, Sam, Pederson, Claire, Zier, Linda, Jacobson, Lewis, Williams, Jamie, Easterday, Thomas, Byerly, Saskya, Mentzer, Caleb, Hawke, Edward, Cullinane, Daniel, Ontengco, Julianne, Bugaev, Nikolay, LeClair, Madison, Udekwu, Pascal, Josephs, Cooper, Noorbaksh, Matthew, Babowice, James, Velopulos, Catherine, Urban, Shane, Goldenberg, Anna, Ghobrial, Gaby, Pickering, John, Quarfordt, Steven, Aunchman, Alia, LaRiccia, Aimee, Spalding, Chance, Catalano, Richard, Basham, Jordan, Edmundson, Philip, Tay, Erika, Norwood, Scott, Meadows, Katelyn, Wong, Yee, Hardman, Claire, and Nahmias, Jeffry
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abdominal injuries ,spleen ,treatment outcome - Abstract
OBJECTIVES: There is little evidence guiding the management of grade I-II traumatic splenic injuries with contrast blush (CB). We aimed to analyze the failure rate of nonoperative management (NOM) of grade I-II splenic injuries with CB in hemodynamically stable patients. METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective cohort study examining all grade I-II splenic injuries with CB was performed at 21 institutions from January 1, 2014, to October 31, 2019. Patients >18 years old with grade I or II splenic injury due to blunt trauma with CB on CT were included. The primary outcome was the failure of NOM requiring angioembolization/operation. We determined the failure rate of NOM for grade I versus grade II splenic injuries. We then performed bivariate comparisons of patients who failed NOM with those who did not. RESULTS: A total of 145 patients were included. Median Injury Severity Score was 17. The combined rate of failure for grade I-II injuries was 20.0%. There was no statistical difference in failure of NOM between grade I and II injuries with CB (18.2% vs 21.1%, p>0.05). Patients who failed NOM had an increased median hospital length of stay (p=0.024) and increased need for blood transfusion (p=0.004) and massive transfusion (p=0.030). Five patients (3.4%) died and 96 (66.2%) were discharged home, with no differences between those who failed and those who did not fail NOM (both p>0.05). CONCLUSION: NOM of grade I-II splenic injuries with CB fails in 20% of patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.
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- 2024
136. Extreme phenotype sampling and next generation sequencing to identify genetic variants associated with tacrolimus in African American kidney transplant recipients
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Mohamed, Moataz E., Guo, Bin, Wu, Baolin, Schladt, David P., Muthusamy, Amutha, Guan, Weihua, Abrahante, Juan E., Onyeaghala, Guillaume, Saqr, Abdelrahman, Pankratz, Nathan, Agarwal, Gaurav, Mannon, Roslyn B., Matas, Arthur J., Oetting, William S., Remmel, Rory P., Israni, Ajay K., Jacobson, Pamala A., and Dorr, Casey R.
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- 2024
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137. Hospital Readmissions Among Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States and Canada, 2005–2018: A Collaboration of Cohort Studies
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Davy-Mendez, Thibaut, Napravnik, Sonia, Hogan, Brenna C, Eron, Joseph J, Gebo, Kelly A, Althoff, Keri N, Moore, Richard D, Silverberg, Michael J, Horberg, Michael A, Gill, M John, Rebeiro, Peter F, Karris, Maile Y, Klein, Marina B, Kitahata, Mari M, Crane, Heidi M, Nijhawan, Ank, McGinnis, Kathleen A, Thorne, Jennifer E, Lima, Viviane D, Bosch, Ronald J, Colasanti, Jonathan A, Rabkin, Charles S, Lang, Raynell, Berry, Stephen A, Benson, Constance A, Kirk, Gregory D, Greenberg, Alan E, Castel, Amanda D, Monroe, Anne K, Marconi, Vincent, Colasanti, Jonathan, Mayer, Kenneth H, Grasso, Chris, Hogg, Robert S, Montaner, Julio SG, Salters, Kate, Buchacz, Kate, Li, Jun, Jacobson, Jeffrey, Brown, Todd, Tien, Phyllis, D'Souza, Gypsyamber, Smith, Graham, Loutfy, Mona, Gupta, Meenakshi, Rabkin, Charles, Kroch, Abigail, Burchell, Ann, Betts, Adrian, Lindsay, Joanne, Mayor, Angel M, Martin, Jeffrey N, Deeks, Steven G, Brooks, John T, Saag, Michael S, Mugavero, Michael J, Burkholder, Greer, Bamford, Laura, Karris, Maile, Sterling, Timothy R, Haas, David, Rebeiro, Peter, Turner, Megan, McGinnis, Kathleen, Justice, Amy, Gange, Stephen J, Lee, Jennifer S, Hogan, Brenna, Humes, Elizabeth, Coburn, Sally, Gerace, Lucas, and Stewart, Cameron
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Infectious Diseases ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adult ,Male ,Humans ,United States ,Patient Readmission ,HIV ,HIV Infections ,Cohort Studies ,Canada ,aging ,healthcare utilization ,hospitalization ,readmission ,North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD) of the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS ,Biological Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Microbiology ,Biological sciences ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
BackgroundHospital readmission trends for persons with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) in North America in the context of policy changes, improved antiretroviral therapy (ART), and aging are not well-known. We examined readmissions during 2005-2018 among adult PWH in NA-ACCORD.MethodsLinear risk regression estimated calendar trends in 30-day readmissions, adjusted for demographics, CD4 count, AIDS history, virologic suppression (
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- 2023
138. Physician Agency and Patient Survival
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Jacobson, MG, Chang, T, Earle, C, and Newhouse, J
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Economic Theory ,Applied Economics ,Econometrics ,Economics ,Banking ,finance and investment ,Applied economics - Abstract
We investigate the role of physician agency in determining health care sup-ply and patient outcomes. We show that an increase in health care supplydue to a change in private physician incentives has a theoretically ambiguous impact on patient welfare. The increase can reflect either induced demand for ineffective care or a reduction in prior rationing of effective care. Furthermore, physician market structure matters in determining the welfare effects of changes in private physician incentives. We then analyze a change to Medicare fees that caused physicians to increase their provision of chemotherapy. We find that this increase in treatment improved patient survival, extending median life expectancy for lung cancer patients by about 18%. Consistent with the model, we find that while the treatment response was larger in less concentrated markets, survival improvements were larger in more concentrated markets.
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- 2023
139. The Importance of Representative Sampling for Home Range Estimation in Field Primatology
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Jacobson, Odd T, Crofoot, Margaret C, Perry, Susan, Hench, Kosmas, Barrett, Brendan J, and Finerty, Genevieve
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Zoology ,Biological Sciences ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Life on Land ,Behavioral Science & Comparative Psychology - Abstract
Abstract: Understanding the amount of space required by animals to fulfill their biological needs is essential for comprehending their behavior, their ecological role within their community, and for effective conservation planning and resource management. The space-use patterns of habituated primates often are studied by using handheld GPS devices, which provide detailed movement information that can link patterns of ranging and space-use to the behavioral decisions that generate these patterns. However, these data may not accurately represent an animal’s total movements, posing challenges when the desired inference is at the home range scale. To address this problem, we used a 13-year dataset from 11 groups of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) to examine the impact of sampling elements, such as sample size, regularity, and temporal coverage, on home range estimation accuracy. We found that accurate home range estimation is feasible with relatively small absolute sample sizes and irregular sampling, as long as the data are collected over extended time periods. Also, concentrated sampling can lead to bias and overconfidence due to uncaptured variations in space use and underlying movement behaviors. Sampling protocols relying on handheld GPS for home range estimation are improved by maximizing independent location data distributed across time periods much longer than the target species’ home range crossing timescale.
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- 2023
140. Integration of Genomic Sequencing Drives Therapeutic Targeting of PDGFRA in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoblastic Lymphoma.
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Ocasio-Martinez, Nicole, Tsai, Harrison, Li, Yuting, Robichaud, Amanda, Khalid, Delan, Hatton, Charlie, Gillani, Riaz, Polonen, Petri, Dilig, Anthony, Gotti, Giacomo, Kavanagh, Julia, Adhav, Asmani, Gow, Sean, Tsai, Jonathan, Li, Yen, Ebert, Benjamin, Van Allen, Eliezer, Bledsoe, Jacob, Kim, Annette, Tasian, Sarah, Cooper, Stacy, Cooper, Todd, Hijiya, Nobuko, Sulis, Maria, Shukla, Neerav, Magee, Jeffrey, Mullighan, Charles, Burke, Michael, Luskin, Marlise, Mar, Brenton, Harris, Marian, Stegmaier, Kimberly, Place, Andrew, Pikman, Yana, Paolino, Jonathan, Dimitrov, Boris, Apsel Winger, Beth, Sandoval-Perez, Angelica, Jacobson, Matthew, and Rangarajan, Amith
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Humans ,Child ,Animals ,Mice ,Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ,Receptor ,Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha ,Mutation ,Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ,Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ,T-Lymphocytes - Abstract
PURPOSE: Patients with relapsed or refractory T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) or lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) have limited therapeutic options. Clinical use of genomic profiling provides an opportunity to identify targetable alterations to inform therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We describe a cohort of 14 pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory T-ALL enrolled on the Leukemia Precision-based Therapy (LEAP) Consortium trial (NCT02670525) and a patient with T-LBL, discovering alterations in platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRA) in 3 of these patients. We identified a novel mutation in PDGFRA, p.D842N, and used an integrated structural modeling and molecular biology approach to characterize mutations at D842 to guide therapeutic targeting. We conducted a preclinical study of avapritinib in a mouse patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of FIP1L1-PDGFRA and PDGFRA p.D842N leukemia. RESULTS: Two patients with T-ALL in the LEAP cohort (14%) had targetable genomic alterations affecting PDGFRA, a FIP1-like 1 protein/PDGFRA (FIP1L1-PDGFRA) fusion and a novel mutation in PDGFRA, p.D842N. The D842N mutation resulted in PDGFRA activation and sensitivity to tested PDGFRA inhibitors. In a T-ALL PDX model, avapritinib treatment led to decreased leukemia burden, significantly prolonged survival, and even cured a subset of mice. Avapritinib treatment was well tolerated and yielded clinical benefit in a patient with refractory T-ALL. CONCLUSIONS: Refractory T-ALL has not been fully characterized. Alterations in PDGFRA or other targetable kinases may inform therapy for patients with refractory T-ALL who otherwise have limited treatment options. Clinical genomic profiling, in real time, is needed for fully informed therapeutic decision making.
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- 2023
141. Simultaneous multimaterial operando tomography of electrochemical devices.
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Shrestha, Pranay, LaManna, Jacob, Fahy, Kieran, Kim, Pascal, Lee, ChungHyuk, Lee, Jason, Baltic, Elias, Jacobson, David, Hussey, Daniel, and Bazylak, Aimy
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The performance of electrochemical energy devices, such as fuel cells and batteries, is dictated by intricate physiochemical processes within. To better understand and rationally engineer these processes, we need robust operando characterization tools that detect and distinguish multiple interacting components/interfaces in high contrast. Here, we uniquely combine dual-modality tomography (simultaneous neutron and x-ray tomography) and advanced image processing (iterative reconstruction and metal artifact reduction) for high-contrast multimaterial imaging, with signal and contrast enhancements of up to 10 and 48 times, respectively, compared to conventional single-modality imaging. Targeted development and application of these methods to electrochemical devices allow us to resolve operando distributions of six interacting fuel cell components (including void space) with the highest reported pairwise contrast for simultaneous yet decoupled spatiotemporal characterization of component morphology and hydration. Such high-contrast tomography ushers in key gold standards for operando electrochemical characterization, with broader applicability to numerous multimaterial systems.
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- 2023
142. Safety and efficacy of inhaled interferon-β1a (SNG001) in adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19: a randomized, controlled, phase II trial
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Jagannathan, Prasanna, Chew, Kara W, Giganti, Mark J, Hughes, Michael D, Moser, Carlee, Main, Mark J, Monk, Phillip D, Javan, Arzhang Cyrus, Li, Jonathan Z, Fletcher, Courtney V, McCarthy, Caitlyn, Wohl, David A, Daar, Eric S, Eron, Joseph J, Currier, Judith S, Singh, Upinder, Smith, Davey M, Fischer, William, Team, ACTIV-2 A5401 Study, Chew, Kara, Smith, David, Daar, Eric, Wohl, David, Currier, Judith, Eron, Joseph, Hughes, Michael, Giganti, Mark, Ritz, Justin, Hosey, Lara, Roa, Jhoanna, Patel, Nilam, Colsh, Kelly, Rwakazina, Irene, Beck, Justine, Sieg, Scott, Li, Jonathan, Fletcher, Courtney, Evering, Teresa, Ignacio, Rachel Bender, Cardoso, Sandra, Corado, Katya, Jilg, Nikolaus, Perelson, Alan, Pillay, Sandy, Riviere, Cynthia, Taiwo, Babafemi, Gottesman, Joan, Newell, Matthew, Pedersen, Susan, Dragavon, Joan, Jennings, Cheryl, Greenfelder, Brian, Murtaugh, William, Kosmyna, Jan, Gapara, Morgan, Shahkolahi, Akbar, Pierone, Gerald, Elliott, Juliana, Jacobson, Jeffrey, Hojat, Leila, Pasternak, Julie, Berardi, Jonathan, Arar, Celine, Bukhman, Yevgeniy, Jain, Manish, Bukhman, Eugene, Shaik, Sadia, Hatlen, Timothy, Dooley, Kelly, Becker, Becky, Wilkins, Adaliah, Pérez, Jose, Roman, Eloy, Fernández, Heriberto, Hoover, Keila, Renfroe, James, Weldon, Mauney, Bougher, Genei, Malvestutto, Carlos, Harber, Heather, Cicarella, Robyn, Neytman, Gene, Herman, Jack, Herman, Craig, Aziz, Mariam, Swiatek, Joan, Pathak, Divya, Choudhary, Madhu, Sullivano, Jennifer, Osiyemi, Olayemi, Izquierdo, Myriam, Torna, Odelsey, Khodabakhshian, Aleen, and Fortier, Samantha
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities ,Clinical Research ,Coronaviruses ,Infectious Diseases ,Coronaviruses Therapeutics and Interventions ,Emerging Infectious Diseases ,Patient Safety ,Prevention ,Lung ,6.1 Pharmaceuticals ,5.1 Pharmaceuticals ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Inhaled interferon ,SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 ,ACTIV-2 ,Randomized clinical trial ,ACTIV-2/A5401 Study Team ,Clinical sciences ,Health services and systems ,Public health - Abstract
BackgroundWith the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants resistant to monoclonal antibody therapies and limited global access to therapeutics, the evaluation of novel therapeutics to prevent progression to severe COVID-19 remains a critical need.MethodsSafety, clinical and antiviral efficacy of inhaled interferon-β1a (SNG001) were evaluated in a phase II randomized controlled trial on the ACTIV-2/A5401 platform (ClinicalTrials.govNCT04518410). Adult outpatients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within 10 days of symptom onset were randomized and initiated either orally inhaled nebulized SNG001 given once daily for 14 days (n = 110) or blinded pooled placebo (n = 110) between February 10 and August 18, 2021.FindingsThe proportion of participants reporting premature treatment discontinuation was 9% among SNG001 and 13% among placebo participants. There were no differences between participants who received SNG001 or placebo in the primary outcomes of treatment emergent Grade 3 or higher adverse events (3.6% and 8.2%, respectively), time to symptom improvement (median 13 and 9 days, respectively), or proportion with unquantifiable nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RNA at days 3 (28% [26/93] vs. 39% [37/94], respectively), 7 (65% [60/93] vs. 66% [62/94]) and 14 (91% [86/95] vs. 91% [83/81]). There were fewer hospitalizations with SNG001 (n = 1; 1%) compared with placebo (n = 7; 6%), representing an 86% relative risk reduction (p = 0.07). There were no deaths in either arm.InterpretationIn this trial, SNG001 was safe and associated with a non-statistically significant decrease in hospitalization for COVID-19 pneumonia.FundingThe ACTIV-2 platform study is funded by the NIH. Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number UM1 AI068634, UM1 AI068636 and UM1 AI106701. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
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- 2023
143. Understanding the impact of pandemics on long-term medication adherence: directly observed therapy in a tuberculosis treatment cohort pre- and post-COVID-19 lockdowns
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Victoria Overbeck, Samantha Malatesta, Tara Carney, Bronwyn Myers, Charles D.H. Parry, Charles R. Horsburgh, Danie Theron, Laura F. White, Robin M. Warren, Karen R. Jacobson, and Tara C. Bouton
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SARS-CoV-2 ,Adherence ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis ,Drug-susceptible TB ,South Africa ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted tuberculosis (TB) treatment services, including directly observed therapy (DOT) programs used to promote medication adherence. We compared DOT adherence embedded in a research study before and after COVID-19 lockdowns in South Africa. Methods We analyzed data from 263 observational study participants undergoing drug susceptible (DS)-TB DOT between May 2017 to March 2022. Participants enrolled before October 2019 were considered ‘pre-COVID-19’ and those enrolled after September 2020 were considered ‘post-COVID-19 lockdown groups. Negative binomial regression models were used to compare DOT non-adherence rates between the two lockdown groups. We then conducted a sensitivity analysis which only included participants enrolled in the immediate period following the first COVID-19 lockdown. Results DOT non-adherence rate was higher in the post-COVID-19 lockdown group (aIRR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.04–1.96; p = 0.028) compared to pre-COVID-19 lockdown period, adjusting for age, sex, employment status, household hunger, depression risk, and smoked substance use. DOT non-adherence was highest immediately following the initial lockdown (aIRR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.17–2.67; p = 0.006). Conclusion The COVID-19 lockdowns adversely effected adherence to TB DOT in the period after lockdowns were lifted. The change in DOT adherence persisted even after adjusting for socioeconomic and behavioral variables. We need a better understanding of what treatment adherence barriers were exacerbated by COVID-19 lockdowns to improve outcomes in post-pandemic times. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Registration Number: NCT02840877. Registered on 19 July 2016.
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- 2024
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144. Diagnostic sensitivity of fine-needle aspiration cytology in thyroid cancer
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Patrik Lind, Anton Jacobson, Erik Nordenström, Lars Johansson, Göran Wallin, and Kosmas Daskalakis
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Diagnostic sensitivity ,Fine-needle aspiration cytology ,Thyroid cancer ,Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Introduction Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an effective tool in the diagnostic work-up of patients with thyroid nodules. The aim of our study was to assess the diagnostic sensitivity of FNAC in thyroid cancer (TC) in Sweden by correlating the findings of preoperative FNAC with those obtained through final histology of the surgical specimen. Methods A Swedish nationwide cohort of patients having surgery for TC (n = 2519) from the Scandinavian Quality Register for Thyroid, Parathyroid and Adrenal surgery between 2004 and 2013 was obtained. Data was validated through scrutinizing patient FNAC and histology reports. Results Among the 2519 cases operated with a final diagnosis of TC, the diagnosis was substantiated and validated through the histology report in 2332 cases (92.6%), included in the present study. Among these, 1679 patients (72%) were female and the median age at TC diagnosis was 52.3 years (range 18-94.6). In 353 cases (15.1%) FNAC was not performed at all; whereas in the remaining 1965 cases, the diagnostic sensitivity of FNAC was 81.6%. In lesions > 1 cm, FNAC diagnostic sensitivity reached 86.5%, whereas in lesions 1 cm, the diagnostic sensitivity of US-guided FNAC (n = 1504) was 86.9% as compared to 76.9% in clinically applied FNAC without US utilization (n = 118). Conclusions FNAC is performed in most patients operated for TC in Sweden (85%) and retains its value as a tool in TC diagnostic work-up with an overall sensitivity of 82%, reaching 87% in lesions > 1 cm, that harbor clinically relevant TC.
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- 2024
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145. Efficacy of Brodalumab in Patients with Psoriasis and Risk Factors for Treatment Failure: A Review of Post Hoc Analyses
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Mark G. Lebwohl, April W. Armstrong, Andrew F. Alexis, Edward L. Lain, and Abby A. Jacobson
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Alcohol ,Biologic therapy ,IL-17 receptor A inhibitor ,Obesity ,Plaque psoriasis ,Tobacco ,Dermatology ,RL1-803 - Abstract
Abstract Factors such as obesity, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use are associated with both increased psoriasis severity and inadequate response to systemic and biologic therapies. Obesity is linked to chronic inflammation, which can contribute to psoriasis pathogenesis. Fixed-dose therapies may have reduced efficacy in patients with a higher body mass index, while weight-based dosing can increase the burden of drug-specific side effects. Alcohol and nicotine from tobacco have also been shown to stimulate keratinocyte and immune cell proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines. While these risk factors are prevalent among patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis, their influence on treatment outcomes may be overlooked when evaluating therapeutic options. Brodalumab is a fully human interleukin-17 receptor A antagonist approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. In this review, we describe the lifestyle-related risk factors associated with decreased response to treatment. We further summarize the post hoc analyses of brodalumab in participant subgroups with moderate-to-severe psoriasis and a history of prior biologic failure, obesity, and alcohol or tobacco use from two phase 3 clinical trials (AMAGINE-2 and AMAGINE-3; ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT01708603 and NCT01708629, respectively). Our review of clinical trial and real-world data suggests that brodalumab is an efficacious and safe treatment option for patients with lifestyle factors that increase the likelihood of treatment failure, allowing them to achieve skin clearance and improve quality of life.
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- 2024
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146. Evaluating a mobile app’s effects on depression and anxiety in medication-treated opioid use disorder
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Michael V. Heinz, Damien Lekkas, Veronica Abreu, Camilla Lee, Lisa A. Marsch, and Nicholas C. Jacobson
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Therapeutics. Psychotherapy ,RC475-489 - Abstract
Abstract Depression and anxiety frequently co-occur with opioid use disorder (OUD) yet are often overlooked in standard OUD treatments. This study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of a mobile application designed to address these symptoms in individuals receiving medications for OUD (MOUD). A randomized controlled trial recruited N = 63 adults with OUD who received MOUD and screened positive for moderate depression or generalized anxiety. Participants were randomized to an app-based digital intervention or treatment-as-usual for 4 weeks, and completed follow-ups at 4 and 8 weeks. Primary outcomes were self-reported severity measures for depression and generalized anxiety, and urine drug screens (UDS). Secondary outcomes included self-reported OUD severity, craving intensity, and digital biomarkers derived from passive smartphone sensors. The application was well-received (median app rating = 4/5 stars). The intervention group showed significant reductions in depressive and generalized anxiety symptoms post-intervention and at 8 weeks follow-up (d > 0.70), with large (d = 0.78) and moderate (d = 0.38) effect sizes, respectively, compared to controls. Both groups exhibited substantial decreases in self-reported severity of opioid use symptoms (d > 2.50). UDS suggested similar between-group adherence to MOUD, with a marginal decrease in opioid (MOP) use in the intervention group and increase in controls, yielding medium between group effect sizes (d = 0.44). Passive sensor data suggested significant increases in social connectedness in the intervention group, evidenced by a significant rise in incoming and outgoing calls and text connections. Initial evidence supports the feasibility and acceptability of a digital intervention for treating anxiety and depressive symptoms in persons receiving MOUD. While underpowered to confidently determine statistical significance beyond directionality, the intervention showed promise in reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms, suggesting its potential as a cost-effective and scalable adjunctive therapy alongside standard OUD treatment. Due to the preliminary nature of this pilot study, further research with sample sizes permitting greater statistical power is needed to confirm findings and explore long-term effects.
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- 2024
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147. Detecting Longitudinal Trends between Passively Collected Phone Use and Anxiety among College Students
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Joseph A. Gyorda, Damien Lekkas, and Nicholas C. Jacobson
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anxiety ,phone use ,location ,longitudinal trends ,college students ,passive sensing ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Introduction: Existing theories and empirical works link phone use with anxiety; however, most leverage subjective self-reports of phone use (e.g., validated questionnaires) that may not correspond well with true behavior. Moreover, most works linking phone use with anxiety do not interrogate associations within a temporal framework. Accordingly, the present study sought to investigate the utility of passively sensed phone use as a longitudinal predictor of anxiety symptomatology within a population particularly vulnerable to experiencing anxiety. Methods: Using data from the GLOBEM study, which continuously collected longitudinal behavioral data from a college cohort of N = 330 students, weekly PHQ-4 anxiety subscale scores across 3 years (2019–2021) were paired with median daily phone use records from the 2 weeks prior to anxiety self-report completion. Phone use was operationalized through unlock duration which was passively curated via Apple’s “Screen Time” feature. GPS-tracked location data was further utilized to specify whether an individual’s phone use was at home or away from home. Within-individual and temporal associations between phone use and anxiety were modeled within an ordinal mixed-effects logistic regression framework. Results: While there was no significant association between anxiety levels and either median total phone use or median phone use at home, participants in the top quartile of median phone use away from home were predicted to exhibit clinically significant anxiety levels 20% more frequently than participants in the bottom quartile during the first study year; however, this association weakened across successive years. Importantly, these associations remained after controlling for age, physical activity, sleep, and baseline anxiety levels and were not recapitulated when operationalizing phone use with unlock frequency. Conclusions: These findings suggest that phone use may be leveraged as a means of mitigating or coping with anxiety in social situations outside the home, while pandemic-related developments may also have attenuated this behavior later in the study. Nevertheless, the present results suggest promise in interrogating a larger suite of objectively measured phone use behaviors within the context of social anxiety.
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- 2024
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148. Contribution of agroforestry practices to income and poverty status of households in Northwestern Ethiopia
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Mekuanent Tebkew, Zebene Asfaw, Adefires Worku, and Mikael Jacobson
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Agroforestry income ,Determinants of agroforestry income ,Income inequality ,Northwestern Ethiopia ,Poverty status ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Abstract Agroforestry practices (AFPs) play a critical role in enhancing income and reducing poverty. This study assessed the effect of AFPs on income and poverty status of farmers in Lay Armachiho (LA), Bahir Dar Zuria (BDR), and Banja districts of Northwestern Ethiopia. 387 households, and 63 key informants were interviewed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, FGT index, Gini coefficient, and multiple linear regression. About 49.35% of the respondents are categorized poor with a poverty gap of 18.93 and a poverty severity level of 9.7. Banja was the greatest with persons below poverty level (59.2%), followed by BDR (49.72%). Agroforestry practices contribute 28.43% to household income. Income from AFPs lowered the poverty ratio, poverty gap index, and poverty severity level of households by 13%, 9%, and 7%, respectively. Income from AFPs lowered the area between the line of equality and the Lorenz curve, as well as the Gini coefficient, by 7.97%. AFPs also lowered the income disparity of households in all districts. Age, AFPs land size, road accessibility, irrigation, AFPs experience, and AFPs types affect households AFPs income positively. Family size and membership to credit institutions had a negative effect. Thus, in order to lower poverty and raise household income, labor productivity, the credit service system, the road and irrigation infrastructure, and AFPs all need to be improved and scaled up.
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- 2024
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149. Breaking the silence: leveraging social interaction data to identify high-risk suicide users online using network analysis and machine learning
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Damien Lekkas and Nicholas C. Jacobson
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Suicidal thought and behavior (STB) is highly stigmatized and taboo. Prone to censorship, yet pervasive online, STB risk detection may be improved through development of uniquely insightful digital markers. Focusing on Sanctioned Suicide, an online pro-choice suicide forum, this work derived 17 egocentric network features to capture dynamics of social interaction and engagement within this uniquely uncensored community. Using network data generated from over 3.2 million unique interactions of N = 192 individuals, n = 48 of which were determined to be highest risk users (HRUs), a machine learning classification model was trained, validated, and tested to predict HRU status. Model prediction dynamics were analyzed using introspection techniques to uncover patterns in feature influence and highlight social phenomena. The model achieved a test AUC = 0.73 ([0.61, 0.85], 95% CI), suggesting that network-based socio-behavioral patterns of online interaction can signal for heightened suicide risk. Transitivity, density, and in-degree centrality were among the most important features driving this performance. Moreover, predicted HRUs tended to be targets of social exchanges with lesser frequency and possessed egocentric networks with “small world” network properties. Through the implementation of an underutilized method on an unlikely data source, findings support future incorporation of network-based social interaction features in descriptive, predictive, and preventative STB research.
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- 2024
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150. Patient and provider perceptions of the relationship between alcohol use and TB and readiness for treatment: a qualitative study in South Africa
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Suchitra Kulkarni, Sarah E. Weber, Chané Buys, Tersius Lambrechts, Bronwyn Myers, Mari-Lynn Drainoni, Karen R. Jacobson, Danie Theron, and Tara Carney
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Alcohol ,Tuberculosis ,South Africa ,Healthcare systems ,Behavior change ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Unhealthy alcohol use is widespread in South Africa and has been linked to tuberculosis (TB) disease and poor treatment outcomes. This study used qualitative methods to explore the relationship between TB and alcohol use during TB treatment. Methods Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with 34 participants who had previous or current drug-susceptible TB and self-reported current alcohol use. Eight interviews were conducted with healthcare workers who provide TB services in Worcester, South Africa. Results In this rural setting, heavy episodic drinking is normalized and perceived to be related to TB transmission and decreased adherence to TB medication. Both healthcare workers and FGD participants recommended the introduction of universal screening, brief interventions, and referral to specialized care for unhealthy alcohol use. However, participants also discussed barriers to the provision of these services, such as limited awareness of the link between alcohol and TB. Healthcare workers also specified resource constraints, while FGD participants or patients mentioned widespread stigma towards people with alcohol concerns. Both FGD participants and health providers would benefit from education on the relationship between TB and unhealthy alcohol use and had specific recommendations about interventions for alcohol use reduction. Healthcare workers also suggested that community health worker-delivered interventions could support access to and engagement in both TB and alcohol-related services. Conclusion Findings support strengthening accessible, specialized services for the identification and provision of interventions and psychosocial services for unhealthy alcohol use among those with TB.
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- 2024
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