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In the present study, a novel peroxidase was purified and characterized from the jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus Tuberosus L.) using an efficient one‐step purification method. The purification factor for the jerusalem artichoke peroxidase (POD) was 87.17‐fold (with a yield of 13.28 %). Molecular mass and POD purity were controlled with the SDS‐PAGE and seen a single band at approximately 47.8 kDa. The optimum parameters (pH, ionic strength, and temperature) for POD activity were investigated and determined as pH 6.5, 0.7 M in phosphate buffer, and 40 °C, respectively. The KM and Vmax values of the jerusalem artichoke POD were calculated to be 94.33 mM and 12.74 EU/mL.min for guaiacol, and 0.208 mM and 1.481 EU/mL.min for hydrogen peroxide, respectively. Furthermore, the 4‐aminobenzohydrazide was shown to act as a competitive inhibitor of the jerusalem artichoke POD. Finally, molecular docking studies of the 4‐aminobenzohydrazide were performed, and the estimated binding energy value was calculated to be −3.79 kcal/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

JA (Jerusalem artichoke) cultivars react differently to mineral fertilization. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of mineral fertilization on the yield and yield structure of this species in terms of its aboveground biomass. The research was based on a field experiment carried out in 2016–2018 in Central and Eastern Poland using the randomized subblock method, in a split-split-plot-dependent system. The factors of the first-order experiment were the cultivars of Jerusalem artichoke (JA) ('Albik', 'Rubik' and 'Violet de Renes'), while the second-order factors were differentiated mineral fertilizers (N0P0K0 as a control object and P43, K124, N100, P43K124, N50P43K124m N100P43K124, and N150P43K124) converted to their elemental forms compared with the full dose of manure. The third-order factors were nitrogen forms, including ammonium nitrate and amide. The aboveground biomass yield and its structure were determined. The tested cultivars did not differ significantly in yield, but had different yield structures. The use of mineral fertilization brought measurable effects in the form of an increase in the yield of aboveground biomass. The 'Albik' cultivar responded best to mineral fertilization, with the highest yield of aboveground biomass being obtained after applying 150 kg N ha−1 in the form of ammonium nitrate against the background of constant phosphorus–potassium fertilization. The 'Rubik' cultivar responded most favorably to the addition of 50 kg N ha−1 in the amide form against the background of phosphorus–potassium fertilization, while the 'Violet de Renes' cultivar produced the highest yield of aboveground biomass after the application of 100 kg N ha−1 in the amide form, including PK fertilization. It was found that it was advantageous to use a combination of nitrogen and phosphorus–potassium fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcrystalline celluloses were isolated from four agricultural residues, including sweet sorghum stalk, Jerusalem artichoke stalk, grains stillage, and Chinese herb residue, and characterized in terms of physicochemical and structural properties. The obtained microcrystalline celluloses were composited with polylactic acid as a packing film for the preservation of Lanzhou lily. All the agricultural residues-derived microcrystalline celluloses were in cellulose I β structure with high purity and good thermal stability. Microcrystalline celluloses from sweet sorghum stalk had a higher degree of polymerization (327) and crystallinity (70.52 %) than others. The preservation effect of lily bulbs packaged by films were significantly improved indicated by the lessened weight loss rate and the meliorative hardness and whiteness, which ascribe to the repressed oxidation reactions. Polylactic acid/microcrystalline cellulose composite films prepared from sweet sorghum straw have been proved the most effective. This work could offer a value-added outlet for agricultural residues to produce microcrystalline celluloses-based biocompatible films for preservation of Lanzhou lily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work assessed the responses of Jerusalem artichoke (JA) genotypes experienced to different durations of terminal drought for relative water content (RWC), SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR), stomatal conductance (SC), leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA), investigated the significant contributor of physiological traits to yield and yield reduction and diversity of physiological traits in terminal drought tolerance genotypes. Field research was conducted during the late‐rainy season for 2 years using a split‐plot design with four replications. The three irrigation treatments involved no‐drought (SD0), short (SD1) and long (SD2) durations of terminal drought were arranged as main plots, and sub‐plots were six genotypes of JA. The current study revealed that RWC, SC, LA, and SLA, were drastically reduced whilst SCMR values slightly increased under SD1 and SD2 compared to SD0. According to multiple linear regression indicated that SLA (SD0), and RWC (SD1 and SD2) had high contributions to tuber fresh weight (TFW), whereas SC had a high contribution to TFW reduction under terminal drought. Principal component analysis also confirmed that the diversity of LA, RWC, and SLA had maximized contributing traits, followed by HI, SCMR and SC in these breeding materials of JA under three irrigation treatments. Our finding emphasized that JA125 (low SLA), HEL256 and JA37 (high SLA) lead to the high performance of TFW under SD0, and they exhibited high TFW under SD1 by performing medium RWC. Likewise, JA4 and JA37 had high TFW under SD2 caused by medium RWC. HEL253 and JA60 were identified as terminal drought‐tolerant genotypes because of performed medium SC, which contributed to a low reduction in TFW. Our promising results are the basis for further studies, SLA, RWC and SC are an important keys for screening drought tolerance (low economic yield reduction) and these genotypes studied could be used for parental lines to improved drought tolerance progenies through breeding programs under different durations of terminal drought‐prone areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jerusalem artichoke (JA) is a nutritional vegetable for human diet depending on its natural structure, especially high inulin content and it is the second inulin source for commercial production in the world, after chicory. It was aimed to investigate the inulinase production capability of Galactomyces geotrichum TS61 (GenBank accession: MN749818) using JA as an economical and effective substrate comparing with the pure chicory inulin and to optimize the fermentation using Taguchi design of experiment (DOE) in this study. Besides, the effects of sucrose on inulinase production either combined with JA or in its absence were also studied. Taguchi L16 orthogonal array was employed for optimization. Both of inulinase activities obtained from JA and pure inulin gave the maximum result at the 10th experimental run as 40.21 U/mL and 57.35 U/mL, respectively. The optimum levels were detected for each factor as, 30 g/L JA, 30 g/L sucrose, pH 5.5, and four days for time. The predicted value was found as 41.63 U/mL that was similar to the obtained result as 41.17 U/mL. Finally, inulinase activity was increased approximately 8-folds after optimization. The sucrose-free medium had similar effects with higher concentrations of JA at long incubation time. This is the first investigation about inulinase production by G. geotrichum. Low-cost inulinase production was achieved using an economical substrate Sucrose effects were investigated in detail on inulinase production Use of Taguchi DOE supported effective enzyme production [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most scenarios of climate change in Poland predict an increase in air temperature in the coming years. However, no significant increase in precipitation is forecast. Therefore, an increase in the water needs of plants should be expected, which requires the development of irrigation systems. To precisely determine the schedule of crop irrigation, it is necessary to investigate the water needs of plants and to estimate the prospects of changes in the future. This research aimed to estimate the water needs of Jerusalem artichoke in the period 2021–2050 in the Kuyavia region located in central Poland, where the need for supplementary irrigation is the highest. Based on the calculations, it was found that, in the growing season (21 May–30 September), an increase in the water needs of Jerusalem artichoke, of 26 mm, i.e., 9%, should be expected. The highest increase of 10 mm (i.e., by 16%) is expected in August. The results of our studies are utilitarian in character and can be used for the preparation of a strategy for the development of irrigation systems for Jerusalem artichoke cultivation in central Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jerusalem artichoke is grown in different regions and is widely consumed as food. It has a distinct flavor, and, it is an excellent source of inulin, plant, phytochemicals, and some functional nutritional ingredients including dietary fiber and minerals. This study was conducted to assess the effect of varieties and harvest time at 240 and 270 days after planting (December 15 and January 15) respectively, on the total yield of tubers ton/fed as well as kg/plant, average tubers weight, and chemical composition. Also, to test the possibility of producing chips from two varieties of Jerusalem artichoke at two harvest times, frying at different temperatures degrees (170°C, 180°C) and using some technological treatments. The chemical composition of raw materials, processed chips, organoleptic changes, color parameters, and hardness values of the final product were studied. The obtained results showed that the Fuseau variety and the second harvest time were better in terms of the total yield of tubers, the average tuber weight, chemical components, and the production of chips than the Balady variety. It can also be concluded that treatment No. 4 (in which the slices were soaked in a solution containing 2% acetic acid and 1% citric acid), especially, at a temperature of 180 °C, was the best in preserving many important components, as well as imparting distinctive color properties. In addition, this treatment led to improve sensory quality characteristics based on the sensory evaluation of the majority of panelists. Hence, Jerusalem artichoke chips are recommended as snack foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is very important to understand, quantify and mitigate the physiological impact of heat stress in pigs. For pigs, the thermal comfort zone temperature ranges between 18 and 25°C. Thermal stress negatively affects the function of the intestinal barrier, inflammatory response, postabsorptive metabolism, directly affecting growth performance and carcass quality causing a serious acid-base imbalance, poor feed conversion, low nutrient intake and high mortality. Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) is a valuable plant resource due to its yield (10-15 t/ha of tuber production), and a functional food ingredient with nutraceutical properties due to its chemical composition, mineral and vitamin profile, and antioxidant activity. It is a highly productive and easily grown crop that can last for years into soil. It is also a beneficial prebiotic source with a high inulin content (75% of the carbohydrate complex). Jerusalem artichoke tubers can be administered fresh or powdered with positive effects on intestinal microflora. Jerusalem Artichoke improves the microbial content and the defense and regeneration process of the gut. This study aims to achieve a comprehensive analysis of the importance and need of using Jerusalem artichoke as a beneficial and affordable feed ingredient in combating the negative effects of heat stress on pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of production of peanut paste with blended fruit and vegetable semi-finished products of high degree of readiness based on Jerusalem artichoke and cranberry obtained under conditions of low-temperature concentration has been improved. The production method is characterized by the process of concentration in a rotary-film apparatus at a temperature of 45...50 °C to a content of 28...30 % of dry substances within 1.75...2.00 minutes. The organoleptic evaluation of various recipe ratios of the selected raw materials revealed its optimal content in the semi-finished product (Jerusalem artichoke 65 %, cranberry 35 %), which has a uniform structure, a pleasant aroma of cranberry and Jerusalem artichoke, and its color is red-orange. The obtained fruit and vegetable semi-finished product of a high degree of readiness can be used as a base or additive in various food products of special purpose to increase their nutritional value and provide the products with a health-improving effect. For the production of health-prophylactic peanut paste, a technological manufacturing scheme is proposed with the addition of Jerusalem artichoke and cranberry fruit and vegetable paste to its composition, which will further increase the health-prophylactic properties of the finished product, eliminate the use of sugar and other synthetic stabilizers in comparison with classical technology. The organoleptic evaluation of the received samples of peanut paste with blended fruit and vegetable semi-finished product of a high degree of readiness revealed a rational amount of the semi-finished product at the level of 25 %, while the product has a structured, homogeneous consistency and a pleasant yellow-orange color. The obtained product can be recommended for therapeutic and preventive purposes, as a cholesterol-lowering and immunomodulating agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fructans are important polysaccharides synthesized from sucrose which are present in about 12–15% of angiosperms. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is considered a non-fructan bearing plant even though its close relative, Helianthus tuberosus , accumulates the inulin type of the polymer in large amounts. Previous work suggested that putative fructan-synthesizing enzymes may be expressed in sunflower, but only very limited amounts of the trisaccharide isokestose were found in stems of plants storing high levels of sucrose due to capitulum removal. The present work is aimed at investigating whether intact sunflower plants may indeed synthesize fructans in any of its parts when grown in conditions that favor sucrose availability. Plants were grown in the field at a low density, resulting in a high light availability and low competition for resources, in comparison with controls (usual crop planting density). Plants were harvested at anthesis. Thinned treatment led to an increase in carbohydrates level especially in the capitulum. Carbohydrates analysis of this tissue in thinned plants revealed, for the first time in this species, the presence of inulin-type fructans. The amount of each member of the series appeared to decline starting from isokestose, being DP = 15 the longest fructan detected. Results suggest that, in sunflower, fructans could be synthesized only when sucrose availability exceeds a high threshold, which may not be attained under usual growing conditions. Given the relationship between fructans and tolerance to abiotic stresses including drought, the present finding opens a new perspective for breeding and management of this crop. • Sunflower capitulum was the main site of carbohydrate accumulation at anthesis. • Inulin-type fructan were found in sunflower capitulum under high irradiance conditions. • A certain amount of carbohydrates should be attained to trigger the induction of fructan synthesis. • Fructan synthesis in sunflower opens a new perspective for breeding and management of this crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plant & Soil Science is the property of National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is emerging as one of the energy plants considered for biofuel production. Alkali and alkali-involved pretreatment methods have been widely used for the bioconversion of cellulosic materials due to their high sugar yield and low inhibitor release. However, the recovery and treatment of wastewater (black liquor) have been poorly studied. Here, we present a novel two-stage pretreatment process design for recycling black liquor. Jerusalem artichoke stalk (JAS) was first treated with 2% (w/v) NaOH, after which lignin was recovered by H2SO4 at pH 2.0 from the black liquor. The recycled solutions were subsequently used to treat the NaOH-pretreated JAS for the second time to dissolve hemicellulose. CO-pretreated JAS, hydrolysates, and acid-insoluble lignin were obtained after the above-mentioned two-stage pretreatment. A reducing sugar yield of 809.98 mg/g Co-pretreated JAS was achieved after 48 h at 5% substrate concentration using a cellulase dosage of 25 FPU/g substrate. In addition, hydrolysates containing xylose and acid-insoluble lignin were obtained as byproducts. The pretreatment strategy described here using alkali and acid combined with wastewater recycling provides an alternative approach for cellulosic biorefinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the current sharp rise in energy prices and frequent weather anomalies caused by climate change, humankind faces two major problems: food supply and energy security, which compels us to look for alternative ways of solving these problems, including the reduction of the dependence on fossil fuels and the development of new technological processes for renewable energy production. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate some agrobiological peculiarities and the quality of harvested biomass from local cultivars: 'Solar' Helianthus tuberosus, 'Ileana' Inula helenium, 'Vital' Silphium perfoliatum, 'Energo' Sida hermaphrodita, 'Vigor' Astragalus galegiformis, 'Titan' Miscanthus giganteus, 'Argentina' Sorghum almum, 'Gigant' Polygonum sachalinense and the prospects of using their biomass as feedstock for renewable energy production. It was found that the studied cultivars, in the second and following growing seasons, were characterised by optimal growth rate and moderate regenerative capacity after being mowed, making it possible to cut by 1-3 times per season, obtaining 4.61-14.25 kg/m2 green mass, which may be used for anaerobic digestion in biogas plants, with biochemical methane potential of 297-336 litre/kg organic matter. Besides, digestate and fugate are believed to be good fertilizers, being rich in plant available nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate and potash, and could serve as a replacement for fossil based mineral fertilizers in organic farming. The stems of the studied cultivars quickly dehydrate in the autumn-winter period, and can be chopped, milled and used as feedstock for the production by cellulosic ethanol and solid bio fuel. The analysis of lignocellulose composition showed that the dry matter contained 375-517 g/kg cellulose, 211-305 g/kg hemicellulose, 68-134 g/kg acid detergent lignin. The estimated theoretical ethanol yield from cell wall carbohydrates averaged 408-591 L/t. The gross calorific value of stem biomass was 18.63-19.50 MJ/kg. The specific density of densified solid fuel pellets and briquettes meet the quality standard requirements. The obtained results indicate the possibility of using the local cultivars for the creation of energy plantations in the Republic of Moldova. The cultivation and harvesting of these cultivars do not require sophisticated mechanisms and specific equipment like as in forest exploitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial fructans (inulin and oligofructose) are generally obtained from crops such as chicory, Jerusalem artichoke or agave. However, there are agricultural by-products, namely asparagus roots, which could be considered potential sources of fructans. In this work, the fructans extracted from asparagus roots and three commercial ones from chicory and agave were studied in order to compare their composition, physicochemical characteristics, and potential health effects. Asparagus fructans had similar chemical composition to the others, especially in moisture, simple sugars and total fructan contents. However, its contents of ash, protein and phenolic compounds were higher. FTIR analysis confirmed these differences in composition. Orafti®GR showed the highest degree of polymerization (DP) of up to 40, with asparagus fructans (up to 25) falling between Orafti®GR and the others (DP 10–11). Although asparagus fructan powder had a lower fructan content and lower DP than Orafti®GR, its viscosity was higher, probably due to the presence of proteins. The existence of phenolic compounds lent antioxidant activity to asparagus fructans. The prebiotic activity in vitro of the four samples was similar and, in preliminary assays, asparagus fructan extract presented health effects related to infertility and diabetes diseases. All these characteristics confer a great potential for asparagus fructans to be included in the prebiotics market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contains our own data and observations issued from the scientifical papers, published between 1970 and 2020. Although, at a first approach, the flora of wet zones in the Romanian Banat region does not seem spectacular, our analysis shows the presence of several hundreds of species. In the past 50 years, many authors have studied these wet zones habitats bringing important contributions (floristic inventories, the study of rare or invasive species, general observations on the flora). Compared to the first part of the reference period, many species, considered common in the past, have become less frequent, some of them with uncertain spontaneous presence or extinct from the Romanian Banat: Hippuris vulgaris, Ludwigia palustris, Stratiotes aloides, Hottonia palustris, Lysimachia punctata, Potamogeton lucens, Zannichellia palustris, Marsilea quadrifolia. Significant changes are also noticed in cormoflora structure in terms of life forms and geo-elements. Reducing and degrading habitats and direct human pressures, the presence of invasive species (Amorpha fruticosa, Echinocystis lobata, Reynoutria japonica, Helianthus tuberosus, Asclepias syriaca, Lindernia dubia) are serious threats to wet zones cormoflora, including that of the protected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Helianthus Asteraceae family comprising 71 species of annual and perennial plants, most of them native to North America and Central America. The species Helianthus annuus, Helianthus mollis, Helianthus strumosus Helianthus tuberosus, which grow in the "Alexandru Ciubotaru" National Botanical Garden (Institute), Chisinau, Republic of Moldova served as research subjects. It was found that the researched species had different growth and development rates, which affected the accumulation of biomass and nutrients. The harvested green mass of the studied Helianthus species contained 78-121 g/kg CP, 67-103 g/kg ash, 251-382 g/kg CF, 288-404 g/kg ADF, 456-604 g/kg NDF, 41-71 g/kg ADL, 40-186 g/kg TSS, 239-332g/kg Cel, 164-209 g/kg HC with nutritive and energy value 415-681 g/kg DDM, 376-679 g/kg DOM, RFV = 89-135, 11.43-13.03 MJ/kg DE, 9.38-10.66 MJ/kg ME and 5.40-6.72 MJ/kg NEl. The biochemical methane potential of green mass substrates varied from 282 to 333 l/kg VS. The dehydrated stems of studied Helianthus species contained 474-511 g/kg cellulose, 237-263 g/kg hemicellulose and 102-121 g/kg acid detergent lignin with estimated theoretical ethanol potential 523-559 L/tone. The energy biomass from Helianthus species is characterized by 46.30-47.04% C, 5.19-5.58% H, 0.25-0.48% N, 0.05-0.06% S, 0.03-0.04% Cl, 1.56-3.18% ash with calorific value 18.05-18.65 MJ/kg GCV and 16.93-17.45 MJ/kg NCV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Central European Agriculture is the property of Journal of Central European Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Most drying methods combine convective, conductive and radiation heat transfer processes. The share of each type of heat transfer may vary depending on the type and mode of drying, type of product, etc. In this study, the problem of determining the heat transfer mechanism of vacuum drying of solidmoist and liquid-viscous materials is solved. The objects of the study are Jerusalem artichoke tubers, camel and mare milk. The numerical values of the heat transfer components are found experimentally and their shares in the total heat flux are determined. During vacuum drying of Jerusalem artichoke at a medium pressure of 4 kPa and a temperature of 55 °C (with a layer height of 0.01 and 0.02 m), the convective component predominates (58.55 and 67.65 %). The share of thermal conduction (18.96 and 29.39 %) and radiation (13.39 and 12.05 %) is much lower. The mechanism of thermal conduction begins to prevail with an increase in the height of the material layer (0.03 and 0.04 m). The convective component is also dominant for vacuum drying of milk: at medium pressures of 6÷10 kPa and a temperature of 40 °C, its value for mare milk reaches 78.21 %, for camel milk - 73.33 %. The second most important is the share of radiation (19.45 and 22.58 %). Conductive heat transfer has the minimum indicators (5.66 and 6.17 %). The large values of the share of thermal conduction during drying of Jerusalem artichoke compared to milk are explained by the fact that heat transfer occurs inside the tubers due to conduction, and inside milk - due to convection. Insignificant shares of radiation are explained by low and medium vacuum values in the chamber. In the studied range, heat and mass transfer occurs due to molecular diffusion and convection. The results obtained can be used to formulate criterion heat transfer equations, in engineering calculations, and optimization of the vacuum dryer operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Jerusalem artichoke genotypes which are able to maintain a high net photosynthesis rate under long terminal drought conditions led them to high inulin yield. • SPAD chlorophyll meter reading traits mainly contribute to high inulin content under short terminal drought conditions in HEL256, JA37, JA60, and JA125. • Jerusalem artichoke genotypes with performing high inulin content would be positive for sustainable improvement of drought tolerance under different durations of terminal drought.. Different terminal drought durations might impact inulin traits of Jerusalem artichoke (JA) and some physiological traits are expected to be relevant to their genotype response. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the effect of different durations of terminal drought on inulin content and inulin yield as well as the associations among inulin traits, net photosynthesis rate (P n), and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) in JA genotypes. The field experiment was designed as a split-plot design with four replications during the late-rainy seasons over two years (2017/18 and 2018/19). The main plots were three water levels composed of optimal conditions (SD0), short (SD1), and long (SD2) durations of terminal drought. Six JA genotypes (HEL256, JA37, HEL253, JA4, JA60, and JA125) were arranged in subplots. All genotypes showed that inulin content in tubers was clearly significantly increased, whilst inulin yield drastically decreased under different terminal drought durations in comparison with optimal conditions. Among six genotypes, only HEL256, JA37, JA60, and JA125 had high inulin content coupled with high P n under SD0, and they had high inulin content under SD1, mainly due to high SCMR. JA37, JA4, JA60, and JA125 had a high inulin yield under SD2, might be they had high P n , indicating that these genotypes could be used as potential parental lines through plant breeding programs for the improvement of new varieties suitable for growing in terminal drought prone-areas. Based on data for two years, inulin content had significant positive associations with P n (p < 0.01) and SCMR (p < 0.05) under SD0 and SD1, respectively. Inulin yield showed significantly (p < 0.05 for 2017/18 and p < 0.01 for 2018/19) positive associations with P n under SD2, these results indicated that selection genotypes with high P n and SCMR could be effective as an indirect selection in acquiring high inulin traits simultaneously. Finally, our results suggest that SCMR could be used as a surrogate trait as it is a simple tool for drought-tolerant genotype screening in JA in order to identify high inulin content in tubers under short terminal drought durations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This field experiment was carried out during the two successive seasons of 2019 and 2020 at the experimental farm of the National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt, to evaluate the effect of low gamma irradiation doses (0, 2.5, 5 and10 Gray) on growth, yield and chemical constituents of Jerusalem artichoke tubers as one of the non-traditional vegetable crops which had a high nutritional and medicinal value. Results The obtained results show that gamma irradiation at dose rate 5 Gy gave the best results of plant height, number of branches, shoot fresh and dry weight compared with treatments exposed to gamma irradiation at dose rate 2.5 and 10 Gy and also higher photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a, b, a + b and carotenoids than un-irradiated tubers. Same stimulative dose (5 Gy) yielded the highest total yield per feddan, plant yield, tuber fresh weight and dry matter percentage of tubers. Regarding chemical constituents of tubers, it was observed that gamma irradiation at dose 5 Gy scored higher percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total carbohydrates and inulin than other doses. From another point, the highest concentration of total soluble phenols and flavonoids was correlated with 5 and 10 Gy of gamma irradiation. Conclusions The moderate dose of gamma irradiation 5 Gy has a stimulative effect on growth of Jerusalem artichoke which reflects on tubers yield and their chemical constituents.

Since the second half of the twentieth century, the popularity and accumulation of research on various methods of improving sausage products has been growing, which necessitates the systematisation of available information, especially regarding the use of non-traditional functional components such as inulin-containing raw materials. The purpose of the study was to analyse the scope of the research and systematise the available information on methods of improving the quality and nutritional value of sausage products, and to determine the prospects and feasibility of using inulin-containing raw materials in the formulation of sausage products to increase their consumer benefits and improve nutritional characteristics. The method of meta-analysis of evidence was applied, based on the search of literature data for the period 2001-2022 using the international scientific platform Research4Life, which includes publications indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, etc. The study used statistical data from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, etc. A total of 64 articles related to the use of inulin in the composition of inulin-containing raw materials in sausage products were found, four of them about sausage with chicory, six – about sausage with Jerusalem artichoke. The article also presents statistical data on meat consumption in Ukraine and in the world, the distribution of consumer purchasing and taste preferences, and systematises the ways to improve the quality of sausages. As a result of the research, a low tendency towards an increase in demand for meat products was noted, it was found that the most promising, in terms of improving health qualities, meat products are boiled sausages, as they are in great demand among Ukrainian consumers. The most common methods of improving the quality of sausage products are fat correction and calorie reduction. research of technology of sausage products with inulin-containing raw materials. Systematization and structuring of the available array of information on the use of inulin-containing raw materials in the technology of sausage products will facilitate the establishment of the feasibility and necessity of practical application of this method of improving the quality of this segment of food products

Background and Aim: The use of antibiotics in animals for disease prevention and productivity has been banned in the European Union since 2006. Possible alternatives can be used prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. These compounds can improve feed digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract with identical nutrient uptake, while imparting the feeling of satiety, which reduces the activity of ghrelin-immunoreactive (IR) cells. The number of studies performed on the activity of ghrelin-IR cells in ruminants is insufficient. In particular, there are few such studies in calves during the transition period from being a relatively monogastric animal to a ruminant. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Jerusalem artichoke flour (containing ∼50% prebiotic inulin) and a new, commercially unavailable synbiotic (combination of Jerusalem artichoke flour and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1026) on the amount of ghrelin-IR cells in the abomasum and intestines of 13-14-week-old calves. Materials and Methods: Fifteen crossbreed, Holstein Friesian and Red Holstein calves (Bos taurus) (32±4 days, 72.1±11.34 kg) were used. Calves were allocated into three groups: Control group (CoG, n=5) received the standard diet, prebiotic group (PreG, n=5) received 12 g of flour of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) per head containing 6 g of prebiotic inulin in addition to the standard diet, and synbiotic group (SynG, n=5) received a synbiotic in addition to the standard diet which consisted of two different products: 12 g of flour of Jerusalem artichoke per head containing 6 g of prebiotic inulin and probiotic 5 g of a yeast S. cerevisiae strain 1026. Feed additives were added to the concentrate once a day for 56 days. On days 1, 28, and 56, the live weight of the calves was determined. On day 56 of the experiment, three calves from each group were slaughtered. Histological samples were collected from the two parts of each calf abomasum: Pars pylorica and pars fundalis and the middle part of the duodenum and jejunum. Immunohistochemical tissue staining methods were used to detect ghrelin-IR cells. Results: The live weight of the slaughtered calves on day 56 was 115.3±21.73 kg in CoG, 130.0±17.32 kg in PreG, and 119.0±7.94 kg in SynG. Ghrelin-IR cells were more abundantly localized in the cytoplasm of the abomasum muscle gland cells in pars fundalis and pars pylorica, and to a lesser extent in the duodenum and jejunum. The number of ghrelin-IR cells in the abomasal fundic gland area was significantly higher in the CoG, than in the PreG and SynG (p=0.0001), while the difference between the PreG and SynG was not significant (p=0.700). Conclusion: The addition of Jerusalem artichoke flour and its combination with the yeast S.cerevisiae stain 1026 in calves resulted in a lower number of ghrelin-IR cells in the abomasum, duodenum, and jejunum and, although insignificantly, increased live weight (p=0.491), suggesting that calves in these groups with the same feed intake as the CoG had a better breakdown of nutrients, thus having a longer feeling of satiety.

This study investigates the potential of using Jerusalem artichoke (JA) and bakery waste (BW) for biogas and biohydrogen production through dark fermentation. The experiment included four series with different ratios of JA to BW (100:0, 0:100, 50:50, 75:25) under mesophilic conditions at 39 °C. The highest biogas (1.46 L/L.d) and hydrogen production (0.508 L/L.d) was achieved with BW alone. A synergistic effect was observed with the 50:50 mixture, resulting in the highest production of volatile fatty acids (VFA), which reached up to 22252 mg/L. This shows the advantages of combining these substrates for optimized energy production. Spearman rank correlation analysis identified ammonium-nitrogen (N-NH 4) as the most influential factor and showed a strong positive correlation with butyric acid/acetic acid (B/A) ratio (ρ = 0.85, p < 0.001). This indicates that maintaining optimal ammonium-nitrogen levels is critical for maximizing yields. In addition, total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS) showed moderate positive correlations with specific VFAs, indicating their significant role in VFA dynamics. These results highlight the importance of substrate optimization and maintaining stable fermentation conditions for sustainable and efficient energy production. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the feasibility of the mixed addition of iron filings and biochar in the anaerobic digestion of Jerusalem artichoke straw (JAS), using iron filings and biochar as mixed additives for mid-temperature batch anaerobic digestion experiments, and applied response surface methodology to investigate the interactive effects of different ratios of iron filings and biochar (FE/BC), solid content, and initial pH on the cumulative methane production from JAS. The results showed that the optimal conditions for methane production were an FE/BC of 2.45:7.55, an initial pH of 7.59, and a solid content of 8.80 %. Under these conditions, the cumulative methane production was 278.11 mL g−1 volatile solid (VS) contents, which was very close to the predicted value (286.42 mL g−1 VS), with a relative error of less than 5 %, indicating the effectiveness of the model. The optimized conditions with mixed addition (HB) exhibited good synergistic promotion, increasing cumulative methane production by 48.69 % compared to the control without additives and by 22.29 % and 29.57 % compared to the single addition of iron filings and biochar, respectively. Moreover, the HB treatment under optimized conditions achieved good economic benefits. Metagenomic analysis showed that the relative abundances of bacterial taxa including Fermentimonas , DMER64, Bacteroidetes_VadinHA17, unclassified Synergistaceae, Clostridium , Ruminiclostridium , and unclassified Anaerolineaceae were higher in HB samples, and Methanothrix was also enriched. Methane metabolism pathway analysis indicated that the anaerobic digestion of JAS with the mixed addition of iron filings and biochar enhanced the acetoclastic methane production pathway, thereby increasing methane production. • Response surface methodology can optimize the AD process conditions of JAS. • Mixed addition treatment obtained the cumulative methane yield was 278.11 mL g−1 VS. • Mixed addition enriched hydrolytic acidification and acetate trophic microorganisms. • Mixed addition treatment strengthened the acetoclastic methane production pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radioprotectors help to protect the body or at least minimize the negative consequences of radiation exposure. The present study aimed to assess the radioprotective potential of Helianthus tuberosus L. polysaccharide (HTLP) in vitality and micronuclei tests. To assess the cytotoxic effects of HTLP, both vitality and MTT reductase assays were conducted. RAW 264.7 cells viability was assessed 24 h after adding 200 μg/ml HTLP solution by staining cell cultures with propidium iodide and bis-benzimide to detect the nuclei of dead cells and the total number of cells in culture. To assess cell viability via cellular metabolic activity MTT test was used. In this work outbred 24–30 g 5-months old SHK mice have been used. Irradiation was provided with proton beams with an energy of 660 MeV at a dose rate of 80 Gy with doses 1.5 Gy for micronuclei test and 8.5 Gy for survival test. Whole body X-ray irradiation was conducted using the RUT-15 therapeutic X-ray unit with doses of 1.5 Gy for MN test and 6.5 Gy for survival. The HTLP sterile solution in dose 100 μg/animal was injected into the tail vein 15 min before X-ray or proton irradiation. s: Vitality test showed no significant differences between the control group and cells treated with 200 μl of 200 μg/ml HTLP solution, though a greater variability was noted. In contrast, the MTT assay indicated enhanced cell viability in the HTLP-treated cells. HTLP does not exert any toxic effects in cell culture. Moreover, results of MTT reductase assay shows, that HTLP may enhance the cells' metabolic activity. Animals pre-treated with HTLP displayed a significant reduction in micronuclei formation, showing five times fewer micronuclei in bone marrow cells compared to the non-treated group. This comparison highlights HTLP's potential protective effect against radiation-induced chromosomal damage. HTLP treatment demonstrates a significant reduction in hazard compared to the control, indicating its protective effects against irradiation. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of HTLP increases the likelihood of animal survival under the ionizing effects of X-rays and protons. The survival analysis reveals that the HTLP-treated groups exhibit a higher survival rate compared to both the control and Cysteamine-treated groups, suggesting a significant protective effect of HTLP against irradiation, regardless of the type of irradiation (proton or X-ray) with p < 0.0001. [Display omitted] • Helianthus tuberosus L. polysaccharide (HTLP) does not exhibit cytotoxic activity. • HTLP reduces hazards, has a protective effect against photon and x-ray irradiation. • HTLP provides a higher survival rate compared to the control and cysteamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feasible fermentation process for the production of lactic acid (LA), one of the most important food additives, from non-crop feedstocks would help alleviate the challenges of food safety. In this study, 215 g/L inulin-rich Jerusalem artichoke powder (JAP) were directly converted into LA without exogenous nitrogen addition under non-sterile conditions via selected Lacticaseibacillus paracasei NJ. The LA concentration, yield, and average productivity reached 144.08 g/L, 0.67 g/g, and 4.37 g/L/h, respectively, which can be scalable from 5 L to 50 L bioreactors. The viable counts of Lacticaseibacillus reached to 142.30–301.50 × 108 CFU/mL, allowing the products a promising probiotic in food additives. Transcriptional analysis revealed that strain NJ utilized inulin mainly via extracellular β -fructosidase and fructose transporters encoded by the fosRABCDXE operon, and the gene expression within the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS), pyruvate metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis was significantly altered. For strain NJ grown on JAP, the expressions of genes related to amino acid biosynthesis and peptide/amino acid relevant ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport system were upregulated to fit nitrogen limitation. We found the availability of L. paracasei NJ for high-yield lactic acid from raw JAP and explores the inner changes of gene expression by utilizing inulin, which provide both promising food additives and new perspectives on the understanding of inulin metabolism in Lacticaseibacillus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has facilitated the rapid spread of invasive plant species, presenting a huge challenge in maintaining ecological balance within “emerging” ecosystems. Is the key to ecosystem balance and biodiversity conservation in the use of invasive species? Can invasive species be a source of valuable bioactive phytochemicals? How to make the best use of invasive species as providers of new ecosystem services? The research project "NATURe as an ALLY: Alien invasive plants as phytopharmaceuticals – NATURALLY" (IP-2020-02-6899), funded by the Croatian Science Foundation, seeks to address these inquiries. The investigation of four invasive alien plant species (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Robinia pseudoacacia L., Helianthus tuberosus L., and Solidago canadensis L.) in the Istria region (Croatia) aims to elucidate their potential as sources of phytopharmaceuticals. This lecture will unveil the results of phytochemical research conducted on leaf and flower extracts of these species, encompassing LC-MS phytochemical screening, spectrophotometric analysis of phenolic content, and evaluation of biological activity. The research aims to contribute to the sustainable management of invasive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation within the green biorefinery focused on value-measuring properties of by-products derived from leaf protein concentrate production, particularly from Jerusalem artichokes. Results showed fiber fractions ranged from 17 to 28 % per 1 kg of fresh biomass, while brown juice fractions ranged from 57 to 68 %. Protein content varied from 7 to 14 m/m% for fiber and 0.3–1.4 m/m% for brown juice, with Rubik and Piri varieties exhibiting minimal differences in crude protein content between harvests. Amino acid analysis revealed significant amounts of leucine and lysine in both fractions. Phenolic compounds, notably hydroxy-methoxy flavones, were abundant in brown juice, with Rubik variety showing promising total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Qualitative determination identified chlorogenic acid and two isomers among cinnamic acid derivatives, suggesting potential medicine candidates. Brown juice fractions, especially from Rubik variety, hold promise for applications such as biostimulants. Further exploration of phenolic components in brown juice could yield valuable insights. • Investigation of by-products from green biorefinery reveals versatile distribution of Jerusalem artichokes. • Phenolic components, are abundant in brown juice, suggesting potential applications in biostimulants. • Qualitative analysis unveils higher phenolic diversity in brown juice, including promising cinnamic acid derivatives. • Leucine and lysine are found in significant amounts in both fractions, highlighting their nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been significant attention toward the incorporation of alternative functional feed ingredients in monogastric diets. The objective is to improve sustainability and optimize animal performance both under normal conditions and in heat stress situations. Among these alternatives, Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) has emerged as a promising candidate due to its nutritional composition and potential health benefits. This review aims to investigate the potential utilization of Jerusalem artichoke in monogastric diets and the impact on productive performance parameters. Moreover, the potential prebiotic effects of Jerusalem artichoke on the composition and activity of monogastric gut microbiota are revealed, showing its implications for gut health and reduction in pathogenic bacteria. The incorporation of Jerusalem artichoke in monogastric diets poses several challenges, such as limitation of the dietary inclusion rate. However, there are also future perspectives to consider, such as optimizing processing techniques, evaluating the effects of different cultivars, and exploring potential synergies with other dietary feed ingredients. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the key findings and unique perspectives on the utilization of Jerusalem artichoke in monogastric diets, highlighting its potential as a valuable feed ingredient.

Inulin is a molecule, namely, a functional dietary fiber from non-digestible carbohydrates, and is generally utilized in pasta production at concentrations or replacement ratios of 0.5–20%. As highlighted in this study, the optimum cooking time and swelling index of inulin-added pasta ranged between 5.0–14.0 min and 1.5–2.6 g/g, respectively. The protein content generally decreased, whereas dietary fiber increased with the addition of inulin to pasta formulations. Therefore, lower starch hydrolysis and glycemic index could be achieved with inulin enrichment in pasta. However, more in vitro and in vivo digestion studies are still needed to evaluate its beneficial effects on human health.

The artichoke tuber is full of nutrients, inulin, and phytochemicals. It has been used to treat illnesses including diabetes and colon cancer, as well as in food product formulation, but limited information on the Jerusalem artichoke tuber (JAT) powder characterization exists in the literature, hence in this paper, JAT was freeze and oven-dried. It was powdered into JAT-freeze-dried-(FD)-powder and oven-dried (OD)-powder. This enabled the JAT powder's functional and physical properties to be studied. As a result, JAT powder's morphology, microstructure, and functional groups, as well as the powder foaming, swelling, solubility, antioxidant, color pasting, bulk, packed, and particle distribution properties were studied. Results indicated that the average particle distribution size at Dx90 and Dx80 displayed a distinct difference at p ≤ 0.05, while the bulk (0.39 g/cm−3) and packed (0.48 g/cm−3) densities recorded a lower value for FD powder. The FD powder's foaming capacity (24.0%) was significantly distinct (p ≤ 0.05) from the OD powder. Also, the solubility of FD powder was 6.2 g/g at 50 °C, and that of OD powder was recorded as 2.3 g/g. Again, the FD powder had a higher ABTS+ (34.3 mM (TE)/g dw) and CUPRAC (94.61 mM (TE)/g dw) capacity. Besides, a significant (p ≤ 0.05) dissimilarity among the powder color parameters (L∗, a∗, b∗, C∗, and whiteness) was observed. More so, the XRD and FT-IR characterization established a semi-crystalline or amorphous nature of the powder containing polysaccharides, and a broad halo pattern 2θ at an angle 19.3° and 20 ° for FD powder and OD powder respectively. The FD powder particles were more agglomerated than those of OD powder. This was seen as a microscopic image, again FD powder revealed a higher pasting temperature and a drop in peak viscosity. Based on the results obtained, JAT (FD and OD) powder has all the quality attributes required of a powder for culinary product formulation.

Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), also called wild sunflower, belongs to the Asteraceae family and is cultivated widely across the temperate zone for its nutritious tuber, which is used as a root vegetable. In this study, the Jerusalem artichoke (JA) was used as a supplementary additive for producing a functional yogurt, with enhanced health benefits and improving the microbiological, rheological, and sensorial quality characteristics of the product. The effects of the three different concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3%, w/w) of JA on the physicochemical properties, bacterial counts, sensorial properties, and organic acid profiles of yogurts were determined after 1, 7, 14, and 21 days of storage at ±4 °C. The results obtained revealed that with the addition of different concentrations of JA the overall parameters were statistically significant (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) except for apparent viscosity, Streptococcus thermophilus, yeast and mold count, pyruvic ratios, and scores of flavor. Similarly, some parameters (fat ratio, yeast and mold count, concentrations of propionic, acetic, pyruvic, orotic, and lactic acids, and scores of appearance, consistency, and odor) changed depending on the storage time, while some did not show any changes regarding storage time. There was a relationship found between the concentration of JA and organic acid ratio (except for pyruvic acid) concentration in the yogurt samples. In conclusion, the research revealed the effect of JA in yogurt production as a thickener, flavor enhancer, prebiotic agent, and source of organic acids and bioactive compounds. The results indicate that JA has a good potential for enhancing the nutritional and physicochemical properties of the studied yogurt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research of new input raw materials for biogas plants is a very actual topic. There are only a very few studies dealing with the possibility of using silage prepared from the above-ground parts of the Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) and maize (Zea mayse L.) for methane production. This study deals with the determination of methane production and methane content in biogas during the fermentation of maize silage with dissimilar additions of the biomass of the Jerusalem artichoke (JA). Except for the effect of the JA's addition on the yield of methane, we also studied its potential influence on the inhibition of the process of anaerobic digestion and the bacterial and methanogenic archaeal composition of anaerobic digestate. There were five model silages prepared; two of them contained only maize or JAs, and the remaining three were mixtures of maize and JA silages (30%wt; 50%wt and 70%wt). The fermentation tests showed that the JA addition (from 30 to 70%wt) resulted in the production of biogas decreasing, on average, by 15%. Based on the performed metagenomic analysis, we cannot confirm an essential influence of JA biomass addition on the composition of the community of microorganisms during fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring invasive species is required, but ground field-based assessment is often impractical, time-consuming and expensive. In the present paper, we compare standard ground and drone mapping methods to estimate the distribution and abundances of Helianthus tuberosus and Solidago canadensis across a 1.9 km long river bank area in Croatia. We describe beneficial factors and limitations researchers should consider for planning aerial drone surveys. The criteria used include time, precision, cost, and other indicators of the value of each method based on its long term potential. We utilised the Mavic 2 Enterprise Dual model of a drone equipped with an M2ED Visual Camera. Among tested drone modes, the best was the video recording mode at a height of 15 m and speed of 1.2 m/sec, for which we developed a protocol. Obtained data can be useful in adding information on vegetation distribution but also contribute to an effective management plan for invasive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The rheological properties of six formulated walnut semi-solid pastes with 0.5, 1.5, and 2.0% w/w xanthan gum, maple syrup, and Jerusalem artichoke powder were characterized using the Mars 40 rheometer (Thermo Haake, Karlsruhe, Germany). The butter samples' textural behavior and color parameters (CIE L*, a*, and b*) were analyzed. Sensory evaluation and consumer acceptance were also analyzed. Walnut kernels were roasted at an optimized temperature (120 °C) and time (30 min) and subsequently made into walnut butter (WB). Maple syrup has an appreciable influence on the rheological properties of walnut butter. The prepared butter exhibited non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior and showed excellent stability. The results showed that sample S3 (3% maple syrup and 2% xanthan gum) had a bright color with the highest L* values (47.31 ± 0.32), the lowest a* values (2.72 ± 0.04) and the highest b* values (20.54 ± 0.08). In comparison, sample S6 (5% Jerusalem artichoke powder and 2.0% xanthan gum) had a darker color, with the following mean values obtained: 44.67 ± 0.05 for L*, 6.70 ± 0.09 for a* and 18.34 ± 0.07 for b*. The addition of maple syrup even in combination with xanthan gum (2%) S3 to the walnut butter led to a decrease in the viscosity of the butter samples. The hardness and firmness of the walnut butter samples were affected by the type of sweetener used; thus, the nut butter with xanthan gum and Jerusalem artichoke powder had significantly higher hardness values than the samples with added maple syrup. Therefore, based on consumer preferences, we obtained new formulations of walnut butter with a high sensory quality, suitable for those with allergies to peanut butter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to different functions of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), their potential synergistic effects on enhancing plant growth and yield are worth investigating, especially under adverse conditions. This work focused on the isolation of PSB and characterization for their plant growth promoting properties under drought. The most efficient P solubilizing bacterium was isolated and identified as Burkholderia vietnamiensis strain KKUT8-1. Then, a factorial experiment on the performance of sunchoke (Helianthus tuberosus) was set up with four factors, viz., PSB (presence or absence of KKUT8-1), AMF (presence or absence of Rhizophagus aggregatus), rock phosphate (RP; added or not) and moisture (well-watered (WW) or drought (DS) conditions). Sunchoke performance was enhanced by the presence of AMF, whereas addition of PSB had a positive effect on SPAD values and inulin concentration. Drought reduced plant performance, while addition of RP reduced photosynthetic rate. There was little evidence for synergistic effects between PSB and AMF, except for SPAD values and inulin concentration. Plants that were co-inoculated with AMF and PSB had highest SPAD value, shoot diameter, leaf area, leaf number, chlorophyll concentration, plant biomass, tuber production, root growth and total soluble sugar concentration. Co-inoculated plants also had increased plant water status, reduced electrolyte leakage, and reduced malondialdehyde and proline concentration. Strain KKUT8-1 is the first strain of B. vietnamiensis capable of promoting growth and yield of sunchoke. Enhanced production of sunchoke by a combination of AMF and PSB was much better than the application of RP. Our finding offers an opportunity to develop combinations of biological inoculants for increasing the growth and production of sunchoke under drought in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Factors such as changes in water quality, the transport and handling of the fish, the presence of pollutants, and the high densities used in intensive farming of red tilapia, among others, can cause oxidative stress in fish, which can lead to immune system suppression and increase the risk of opportunistic infections. The use of Jerusalem artichoke (JA) as an oligofructose-rich prebiotic dietary supplement in fish feed could enhance growth performance, hematological and immunological parameters, as well as disease resistance. However, the effect of JA in diets for red tilapia is poorly reported. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of a Jerusalem artichoke-supplemented diet on the blood chemistry, growth performance, intestinal morphology, expression of antioxidant-related genes, and disease resistance against Aeromonas veronii challenge in juvenile red tilapia. The results of JA-supplemented (JA5 and JA10) diets showed beneficial effects in terms of growth performance, blood chemistry, and intestinal morphology. Importantly, the prebiotic diets (JA5 and JA10) were associated with a significant increase in the expression of gpx1 and gst antioxidant-related genes and disease resistance against A.veronii. In conclusion, prebiotic diets have the potential to be employed as prospective supplements in sustainable red tilapia farming. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a Jerusalem artichoke-supplemented diet on the blood chemistry, growth performance, intestinal morphology, expression of antioxidant-related genes, and disease resistance against Aeromonas veronii challenge in juvenile red tilapia. A completely randomized design (CRD) was followed to feed red tilapias with three experimental diets: control, 5.0 g/kg JA-supplemented (JA5), or 10.0 g/kg JA-supplemented (JA10) diets in triplicates for 4 weeks. The results revealed that the growth performance, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and average daily gain (ADG) of fish fed diets JA5 and JA10 were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of fish fed the control diet. Fish fed the control diet had significantly higher T-bilirubin, D-bilirubin, and ALT in blood serum than fish fed JA5 and JA10, as well as higher BUN than fish fed JA5. The number of goblet cells in the proximal and distal parts of the intestine revealed that the number of acid, neutral, and double-staining mucous cells of fish fed diets JA5 and JA10 was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in fish fed the control diet. The diets including the prebiotic (JA5 and JA10) were associated with a significant increase in the expression of gpx1 and gst antioxidant-related genes and disease resistance against A. veronii in juvenile red tilapia. Therefore, JA5 and JA10 can be employed as promising prebiotics for sustainable red tilapia farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to develop instant mushroom soup fortified with mixed Jerusalem artichoke and Cauliflower powders (JACF) instead of wheat flour at different levels (5, 10, 15, and 20%) based on dry weight as natural sources of protein, ash, fiber, inulin, and bioactive components. Based on the proximate analysis, adding JACF with 20% recorded the highest contents of protein, ash, fibers, and inulin as 24.73, 3.67, 9.67, and 9.17%, respectively. In the same line, macro- and microelements and essential amino acids showed a significant increase during fortification with 5–20% JACF compared to the control. In contrast, the total carbohydrate content and caloric values were decreased with the raised JACF concentration in the soup. The highest content of total phenolic acids, flavonoids, glucosinolates, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid was detected in mushroom soup with a 20% JACF mixture, which coincides with the highest antioxidant activity. Gallic (20.81–94.34 mg/100 g DW) and protocatechuic (13.63–58.53 mg/100 g) acids predominated among the phenolic acids identified in the mushroom-JACF soup samples, while rutin was the main flavonoid (7.52–18.2 mg/100 g). The increase of the JACF mixture in the soup significantly enhanced the rehydration ratio, total soluble solids, color parameters, and the sensory properties of the samples. In conclusion, using JACF in mushroom soup is necessary to improve the physicochemical characteristics and nutritional impact by containing phytochemicals and enhancing the organoleptic properties of the food product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of thе article is to study the safety indicators of the curd product, which includes cottage cheese prepared with a starter culture of direct application "Evitalia," consisting of bacteria of the genus Lactococcus (L. acidophilius), Streptococcus (Streptococcus thermophilius) and propionobacteria. Other ingredients are crushed mass from green buckwheat, candied pumpkin, cooked Jerusalem artichoke sirup, and fat emulsion based on coconut oil. The sweetness of the curd product is provided by Jerusalem artichoke sirup, whereas fat emulsion based on coconut oil enriches the product with unsaturated fatty acids and gives plasticity and uniformity of structure. The results of the study showed that the formulation with the following ingredients: 40% of cottage cheese, 40% of crushed mass from green buckwheat, 10% of candied pumpkin, 10% of coconut oil emulsion—has the best organoleptic, physico-chemical, structural and plastic properties. The ratio of milk protein of cottage cheese and vegetable protein of green buckwheat is 1:1. This allowed to obtain the chemical composition of the product: proteins—29%, fats—9%, carbohydrates—59%, ash—3%. The obtained research and technological solutions can be used at dairy industry enterprises in the production of combined dairy and vegetable products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial niobium and synthesized zirconium phosphates were tested as water-tolerant heterogeneous acid catalysts in the hydrothermal conversion of different bio-based substrates. Different acid-catalyzed reactions were performed using biomass-derived model compounds and more complex real lignocellulosic biomasses as the substrate. The conversion of glucose and cellulose was preliminarily investigated. Then, a wide plethora of raw lignocellulosic biomasses, such as conifer wood sawdust, Jerusalem artichoke, sorghum, miscanthus, foxtail millet, hemp and Arundo donax, were valorized towards the production of water-soluble saccharides, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), levulinic acid (LA) and furfural. The different catalytic performances of the two phosphates were explained on the basis of their acid features, total acidity, Brønsted/Lewis acid sites ratio and strength. Moreover, a better insight into their structure–acidity relationship was proposed. The different acid properties of niobium and zirconium phosphates enabled us to tune the reaction towards target products, achieving from glucose maximum HMF and LA yields of 24.4 and 24.0 mol%, respectively. Remarkably, when real Jerusalem artichoke biomass was adopted in the presence of niobium and zirconium phosphate, maximum yields of furanic compounds and cellulose-derived sugars of 12.7 and 50.0 mol%, respectively, were obtained, after only 1 h of reaction. The synthesized hydrolysates, which were found to be rich in C5 and C6 carbohydrates, can be better exploited for the cascade production of more added-value bio-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of sewage sludge as a fertilizer in podzols soil ambiguously affects the peculiarities of the accumulation of certain chemical elements in various organs of the Jerusalem artichoke plants. Experimental factors in the study were different doses of sewage sludge from sludge maps of wastewater treatment plants and its compost with cereal straw, included together with the compensatory dose of mineral fertilizers to the norm N90P90K90 in the Jerusalem artichoke plantation. Determination of the content of chemical elements in soil and plants was carried out by X-ray fluorescence analysis. According to the results of research, it was established that the change of mineral nutrition conditions of Jerusalem artichoke causes significant changes in the chemical composition of its tubers and vegetative mass. Studies have shown a clear positive effect of increasing doses of SS on increasing the content in tubers: K - to 7.9%, Ca - to 1.9, Fe - to 1.9, in green mass: O - to 31.8%, K - to 31.6, Ca - to 24.9, Mg - to 5.9, Mn - to 0.7, Fe - to 0.4 and K - to 34.5%. The coefficients of biological absorption for most chemical elements are more than 1, but for O, Al, Si, Fe, these figures were less than 1. Regression models of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium content in the vegetative mass of Jerusalem artichoke indicate a high and moderate dependence of these indicators on their content in Jerusalem artichoke tubers and soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytic bacteria refer to bacteria which promote plant growth via direct and indirect mechanisms. Three endophytic bacteria isolated from Jerusalem artichoke exhibited plant growth induction and inulin production. These bacteria had functions of fructan degradation and synthesis from inulinase and levansucrase, respectively. Rossellomorea aquimaris 3.13 and Priestia megaterium 3.5 obtained inulinase/levanase enzyme with inulin and levan as substrates; enzyme production showed the optimum conditions in 1% inulin medium of 35 °C, pH 7.0. Bacillus velezensis 5.18 and Priestia megaterium 3.5 had inulosucrase/levansucrase enzyme with sucrose as a major carbon source; the enzyme had optimum temperature and pH conditions of 30 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. A combination of carbon sources had effect on decreasing enzyme activity; in addition, co-inoculation of bacteria showed a slight difference in enzyme production compared with single inoculation. The inulosucrase/levansucrase was produced earlier in co-culture containing bacteria with inulinase activity. Plant fructan synthesis was involved in 1-SST and 1-FFT, while 1-FEH encoded inulin degradation; these genes were evaluated in Jerusalem artichoke inoculated with the endophytic bacteria to quantify gene expression level using qPCR. All genes expressed in low levels at early stage of growth, responding to all endophytic bacteria. Significantly, Bacillus velezensis 5.18 induced all genes of the plant at 65 days of inoculation; Rossellomorea aquimaris 3.13 induced 1-FFT while Priestia megaterium 3.5 induced 1-SST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jerusalem artichoke (JA) is a fructan-accumulating crop that has gained popularity in recent years. The objective of the present study was to determine the dynamics of the JA-microbiome during storage. The microbial population on the surface of the JA tuber was determined by next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons. Subsequently, the changes in carbohydrate and degree of polymerization of fructan in tubers during storage were measured. Among different genotypes of JA varieties, intergeneric differences were observed in the diversity and abundance of bacterial communities distributed on the surface of tubers. Additionally, bacterial diversity was significantly higher in storage-tolerant varieties relative to the storage-intolerant varieties. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and the correlation matrix indicated a relationship between changes in the carbohydrates and microbial community succession during tuber storage. The tuber decay rate correlated positively with the degree of polymerization of fructan. Moreover, Dysgonomonas and Acinetobacter in perishable varieties correlated significantly with the decay rate. Therefore, the bacteria associated with the decay rate may be involved in the degradation of the degree of polymerization of fructan. Furthermore, Serratia showed a significant positive correlation with inulin during storage but a negative correlation with the decay rate, suggesting its antagonistic role against pathogenic bacteria on the surface of JA tubers. However, the above correlation was not observed in the storage-tolerant varieties. Functional annotation analysis revealed that storage-tolerant JA varieties maintain tuber quality through enrichment of biocontrol bacteria, including Flavobacterium, Sphingobacterium, and Staphylococcus to resist pathogens. These results suggested that crop genotype and the structural composition of carbohydrates may result in differential selective enrichment effects of microbial communities on the surface of JA varieties. In this study, the relationship between microbial community succession and changes in tuber carbohydrates during JA storage was revealed for the first time through the combination of high-throughput sequencing, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and highperformance ion-exchange chromatography (HPIC). Overall, the findings of this study are expected to provide new insights into the dynamics of microbialcrop interactions during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop wild relative (CWR) conservation planning has started in many European countries with some of them having developed national CWR conservation strategies. The development of the European PGRFA In Situ Conservation Network has been implemented through the H2020 "Farmer's Pride" project but it did not have sufficient funds to include all European countries. Funding is required to ensure those countries currently uninvolved are able to identify populations and sites, and prepare applications to join the European in situ PGRFA conservation network. The project "Inclusion of CWR sites in European in situ network" was approved for financing under ECPGR Activity Grant Scheme (Phase X) First Call for proposals. The aim is to improve national capacities for in situ PGRFA management in Lithuania, Cyprus, Albania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Latvia, Romania, Croatia and Serbia. The joint effort from the ECPGR Working Group "Wild Species Conservation in Genetic Reserves" and the "Farmer's Pride" Project contributed to the development of European strategy for CWR conservation, National and European MAWP selection and thus biodiversity conservation. Mountain Fruška gora has been proposed for inclusion as the MAWP site, while wild garlic - Allium ursinum and a sunflower CWR - Helianthus tuberosus have been proposed as the MAWP populations from Serbia for the European CWR in situ Network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Fructans are water soluble, non‐digestible fructose polymers found as storage polysaccharides in certain plants. They are classified as inulin‐type, graminan‐type and branched‐type, while the former being the most extensively researched fructan type. Inulin fructans vary in different plants, with respect to the chain length, degree of polymerisation and molecular weight. Being one of the most versatile functional food ingredients, inulin fructans are well known for their unique bifidogenic and prebiotic properties as well as techno‐functional properties including fibre enhancing, fat and sugar replacing and viscosity and texture modifying attributes in food systems. Therefore, incorporation of inulin fructans into more frequently consumed dairy and non‐dairy products has become an emerging trend in the food industry. Despite the commercial manufacture of inulin fructans from chicory, a growing interest has emerged to extract this functional ingredient from inulin‐rich alternative plant sources including jerusalem artichoke, globe artichoke, yacon, burdock, asparagus species, garlic, agave and dandelion, which can potentially be good sources of inulin for food and nutraceutical applications in future. This review provides an in‐depth insight of inulin fructans including the chemistry, food applications and health benefits, and also giving special reference to alternative plant sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rhizosphere context of inulin-accumulating plants, such as Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), is an ideal starting basis for the discovery of inulolytic enzymes with potential for bio fructose production. We isolated a Glutamicibacter mishrai NJAU-1 strain from this context, showing exo-inulinase activity, releasing fructose from fructans. The growth conditions (pH 9.0; 15 °C) were adjusted, and the production of inulinase by Glutamicibacter mishrai NJAU-1 increased by 90% (0.32 U/mL). Intriguingly, both levan and inulin, but not fructose and sucrose, induced the production of exo-inulinase activity. Two exo-inulinase genes (inu1 and inu2) were cloned and heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. While INU2 preferentially hydrolyzed longer inulins, the smallest fructan 1-kestose appeared as the preferred substrate for INU1, also efficiently degrading nystose and sucrose. Active site docking studies with GFn- and Fn-type small inulins (G is glucose, F is fructose, and n is the number of β (2–1) bound fructose moieties) revealed subtle substrate differences between INU1 and INU2. A possible explanation about substrate specificity and INU's protein structure is then suggested. Key points: • A Glutamicibacter mishrai strain harbored exo-inulinase activity. • Fructans induced the inulolytic activity in G. mishrai while the inulolytic activity was optimized at pH 9.0 and 15 °C. • Two exo-inulinases with differential substrate specificity were characterized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]