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OBJECTIVES: Physical activity has numerous mental, emotional, spiritual and physical benefits. The factors influencing physical activity among First Nations children have not been well studied. The objective was to examine the associations between several intrapersonal, family and community factors and physical activity among First Nations school-aged children residing in First Nations communities. METHODS: Participants consisted of 3,184 children (6-11 years old) from the 2008/10 First Nations Regional Health Survey, a representative sample of First Nations persons who reside in on-reserve and northern First Nations communities. The survey addresses a holistic range of health issues. Primary caregivers completed interviews to assess each child's moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), participation in traditional physical activities, six intrapersonal factors, four family factors and two community factors. RESULTS: Based on primary caregiver reports, 72% of children accumulated a daily average of [greater than or equal to]60 minutes of MVPA and 54% participated in at least one traditional First Nations physical activity in the past year. Older age, having more people in the household, and having more relatives help the child understand their culture were independently associated with accumulating [greater than or equal to]60 minutes of MVPA. School attendance, use of First Nations language, having parents with a high school education, smaller community size, and having more community members help the child understand their culture were independently associated with participation in traditional First Nations physical activities. CONCLUSION: Among First Nations children, there are several correlates of physical activity from diverse ecological levels. KEY WORDS: Child; motor activity; Indigenous population; health surveys; Canada OBJECTIFS : L'activite physique a de nombreux avantages sur le plan mental, emotionnel, spirituel et physique. Les facteurs qui influencent l'activite physique chez les enfants des Premieres Nations sont insuffisamment etudies. Notre objectif etait d'examiner les associations entre plusieurs facteurs intrapersonnels, familiaux et communautaires et l'activite physique chez les enfants des Premieres Nations d'age scolaire residant dans des communautes des Premieres nations. METHODE : Les participants etaient 3 184 enfants (6-11 ans) de l'Enquete regionale longitudinale sur la sante des Premieres Nations de 2008-2010, soit un echantillon representatif de personnes des Premieres Nations residant dans les reserves et les communautes nordiques des Premieres nations. L'enquete aborde un eventail complet de questions de sante. Les principales personnes a s'occuper des enfants se sont pretees a des entretiens pour evaluer l'activite physique moderee a vigoureuse (APMV) de chaque enfant, sa participation aux activites physiques traditionnelles, six facteurs intrapersonnels, quatre facteurs familiaux et deux facteurs communautaires. RESULTATS : D'apres les principales personnes a s'occuper des enfants, 72% des enfants accumulaient en moyenne [greater than or equal to]60 minutes d'APMV par jour, et 54% avaient pris part a au moins une forme d'activite physique traditionnelle des Premieres Nations au cours de l'annee ecoulee. L'age plus avance, les menages plus nombreux et le plus grand nombre de proches pouvant aider l'enfant a connaitre sa culture etaient des facteurs independamment associes a l'accumulation de [greater than or equal to] 60 minutes d'APMV. La frequentation scolaire, l'utilisation de langues des Premieres Nations, l'instruction secondaire des parents, la taille plus petite de la communaute et le plus grand nombre de membres de la communaute pouvant aider l'enfant a connaitre sa culture etaient des facteurs independamment associes a la participation aux formes traditionnelles d'activite physique des Premieres Nations. CONCLUSION : Chez les enfants des Premieres Nations, il y a plusieurs correlats de l'activite physique a divers niveaux ecologiques. MOTS CLES : enfant; activite motrice; population d'origine amerindienne; enquetes de sante; Canada, Recent estimates, which are based on objective measures of physical activity from the 2007-2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey, indicate that only one in ten school-aged children in Canada meet the [...]

OBJECTIVES: To quantify and compare the number of calories that school-aged Canadian children expend to meet established benchmarks for active play and organized physical activities (i.e., organized sport, physical education, active transportation). METHODS: This study was informed by the benchmarks (i.e., amount of activity a child needs to be sufficiently active) and grades (i.e., how Canada as a country is doing) for the physical activity domains included in the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. Established physical activity energy expenditure data were used to calculate the number of calories that the average 6-11 year old child would expend to meet the Report Card physical activity benchmarks. The increase in energy expenditure at the population-level that would occur if each Report Card grade was to improve by one letter grade was estimated based on the aforementioned estimates and the proportion of the population impacted should the grade improve. RESULTS: When averaged across all 365 days of the year, the average 6-11 year old Canadian would expend an added 186 kcal/day to meet the active play benchmark, 23 kcal/day to meet the organized sport benchmark, 6 kcal/day to meet the physical education benchmark, and 16 kcal/day to meet the active transportation to school benchmark. Increasing the Report Card grades for these four domains would address 37%, 1%, 1%, and 3% of the energy gap, respectively. CONCLUSION: Initiatives aimed at increasing physical activity in an attempt to address childhood obesity should include an active play component. KEY WORDS: Child; play and playthings; motor activity La traduction du resume se trouve a la fin de l'article. Can J Public Health 2014;105(1):e22-e27. OBJECTIFS : Chiffrer et comparer le nombre de calories depensees par les enfants canadiens d'age scolaire pour respecter des balises etablies pour le jeu actif et les activites physiques structurees (sport organise, education physique, transport actif). METHODE : Notre etude etait etayee par les balises (la quantite d'activite dont un enfant a besoin pour etre suffisamment actif) et les notes (la performance du Canada en tant que pays) attribuees aux domaines d'activite physique inclus dans le Bulletin canadien de l'activite physique chez les jeunes de Jeunes en forme Canada. Les donnees attestees sur la force depensee pour l'activite physique ont servi a calculer le nombre de calories que l'enfant moyen de 6 a 11 ans depenserait pour respecter les balises d'activite physique du Bulletin. Nous avons estime quelle serait l'augmentation de la force depensee a l'echelle de la population si chaque note alphabetique du Bulletin s'ameliorait d'un niveau, d'apres les estimations susmentionnees, et la proportion de la population touchee si la note s'ameliorait. RESULTATS : Lorsqu 'on fait une moyenne sur les 365 jours de l'annee, l'enfant canadien moyen de 6 a 11 ans depenserait 186 kcal/jour de plus pour respecter la balise du jeu actif, 23 kcal/jour pour celle du sport organise, 6 kcal/jour pour celle de l'education physique et 16 kcal/jour pour celle du transport actif pour aller a l'ecole. Hausser les notes du Bulletin dans ces quatre domaines permettrait de resorber 37 %, 1 %, 1 % et 3 % du fosse energetique, respectivement. CONCLUSION : Les initiatives visant a accroitre l'activite physique afin de lutter contre l'obesite juvenile devraient inclure un element de jeu actif. MOTS CLES : enfant; jeux et jouets; activite motrice, Childhood obesity is a recognized public health issue in Canada. (1) Most childhood obesity interventions include a physical activity (PA) component. Unfortunately, these interventions have minimally impacted the body weight [...]

OBJECTIVES: Obesity is a growing problem in Canada and worldwide. While obesity maps that convey changing rates over time and geography provide a useful way to convey such information, regional obesity surveillance maps for Canada have not been published since 1998. This research provides a summary of changing Canadian obesity rates since that time. METHODS: We computed estimated obesity rates for provinces and territories across Canada from 2000 to 2011. Data were based on Canadian Community Health Survey and corrected for self-report bias. Data reporting the estimated percent of the adult population who are obese were mapped over time overall and by sex according to Canadian province and territory. RESULTS: The data indicate that the estimated prevalence of obesity across Canada has continued to increase over the past 11 years. Current rates exceed 30% in the Maritime provinces (Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island) and in two territories (Northwest Territory, Nunavut). Data for men and women are generally consistent. The major increase in obesity appears to have occurred in the first part of this period, with relatively stable rates found from 2008 to 2011. However, obesity rates are still climbing, warranting continued surveillance efforts. CONCLUSION: Maps showing changing regional obesity rates provide a compelling pan-Canadian portrait that can lead to an impetus for action for the public, health care providers, and decision makers. Such colour-coded maps offer an efficient way to convey complex data that transcends language differences and personalizes the data for the viewer. KEY WORDS: Canada/epidemiology; obesity/epidemiology; geography OBJECTIFS: L'obesite est un probleme croissant au Canada et dans le monde. Les cartes de l'obesite qui montrent l'evolution des taux dans l'espace et le temps sont un moyen utile de transmettre ce genre d'information, mais on ne publie plus de cartes regionales de surveillance de l'obesite au Canada depuis 1998. Nous presentons un resume de l'evolution des taux d'obesite au Canada depuis cette date. METHODE: Nous avons calcule les taux d'obesite estimatifs des provinces et des territoires du Canada entre 2000 et 2011. Nos donnees proviennent de l'Enquete sur la sante dans les collectivites canadiennes et sont corrigees en fonction du biais de declaration. Les donnees rendant compte du pourcentage estimatif de la population adulte obese ont ete cartographiees dans le temps globalement, et par sexe selon la province ou le territoire du Canada. RESULTATS: La prevalence estimative de l'obesite au Canada a continue d'augmenter au cours des 11 dernieres annees. Les taux actuels depassent 30 % dans les provinces maritimes (Terre-Neuve, Nouveau-Brunswick, Nouvelle-Ecosse, Ile-du-Prince-Edouard) et dans deux territoires (Territoires du Nord-Ouest, Nunavut). Les donnees pour les hommes et les femmes sont semblables en general. La principale hausse de l'obesite semble s'etre produite durant la premiere partie de la periode, les taux s'etant relativement stabilises entre 2008 et 2011. Cependant, ces taux augmentent encore, ce qui justifie la poursuite des efforts de surveillance. CONCLUSION: Les cartes montrant l'evolution regionale des taux d'obesite presentent un portrait pancanadien eloquent qui pourrait pousser le public, le personnel soignant et les decideurs a reagir. Ces cartes a code de couleur sont un moyen efficace de transmettre des donnees complexes; elles transcendent les frontieres linguistiques et personnalisent les donnees pour l'observateur. MOTS CLES: Canada/epidemiologie; obesite/epidemiologie; geographie, Although obesity is a preventable condition, rates worldwide have doubled since 1980. (1) Being overweight or obese is the fifth leading risk factor for global deaths, (1) and excess weight [...]

Background. Dynapenia (low muscle strength) and obesity are associated with an impaired physical function. It was hypothesized that older individuals with both conditions (dynapenic-obesity) would have a more impaired physical function than individuals with dynapenia or obesity alone. Methods. This cross-sectional study included 2,039 men and women aged 55 years and older from the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Fat mass was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and leg strength by dynamometer. Based on fat mass and leg strength tertiles, four independent groups were identified: nondynapenic and non-obese, obese alone, dynapenic alone, and dynapenic-obese. An objective physical function measure was obtained from a 20-foot walking speed test, whereas subjective physical function measures were obtained from five self-reported questions. Results. Within both sexes, the dynapenic-obese group had a slower walking speed than the non-dynapenic and non-obese and obese-alone groups (p [less than or equal to] .01) but not the dynapenic-alone group. Similarly, with the exception of the dynapenic-alone group in men, the global subjective score was lower in the dynapenic-obese group than in the nondynapenic and non-obese and obese-alone groups (p [less than or equal to] .01). By comparison to the dynapenic-obese group, the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for walking disability were 0.21 (0.12-0.35) in the non-dynapenic and non-obese, 0.34 (0.20-0.56) in the obese-alone, and 0.54 (0.33-0.89) in the dynapenic-obese groups. The corresponding odds ratios for a disability based on the global subjective score were 0.20 (0.09-0.42), 0.60 (0.30-1.21), and 0.41 (0.19-0.87). Conclusion. Dynapenic-obesity was associated with a poorer physical function than obesity alone and in most cases with dynapeuia alone. Key Words: Fat mass--Muscle strength--Physical performance. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glp159

This study examined the role of alterations in the chemoreflex control of breathing, acid-base balance, and their interaction in postmenopausal ventilatory adaptations. A modified iso-oxic hyperoxic and hypoxic C[O.sub.2]-rebreathing procedure was employed to evaluate central and peripheral chemoreflex drives to breathe, respectively, in 15 healthy postmenopausal and 20 premenopausal women of similar age. Arterialized venous blood samples were collected at rest for the estimation of arterial PC[O.sub.2] [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.] and [H.sup.+] concentration ([H.sup.+]), plasma strong ion difference ([SID]) and total weak acid ([[A].sub.tot]) concentrations, and serum progesterone ([[P.sub.4]]) and 17[beta]-estradiol ([[E.sub.2]]) concentrations. In post- compared with premenopausal women, [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.], [SID] and the central chemoreflex ventilatory recruitment threshold for [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.] were higher, whereas [[P.sub.4]] and [[E.sub.2]] were lower (all P < 0.05), with no significant change in central or peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity, peripheral chemoreflex [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII], and [[A].sub.tot]. The acidifying effect of an increased [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.] was offset by the alkalizing effect of an increased [SID], such that [[H.sup.+]] was preserved in post- compared with premenopausal women. [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.] correlated positively with the central chemoreflex [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.] (r = 0.67, P < 0.01), which in turn correlated positively with [SID] (r = 0.53, P < 0.01) within the pooled data. In conclusion, the relative alveolar hypoventilation and attendant arterial hypercapnia in healthy post-compared with premenopausal women could be explained, in part, by the interaction of 1) reduced central, but not peripheral, chemoreflex [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.], 2) increased [SID], and 3) reduced circulating female sex steroid hormone concentrations. chemoreflex; strong ion difference; aging; progesterone

Introduction: This study examined longitudinal associations between e-cigarette use, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and recreational screen time (ST) in a cohort of Canadian adolescents (ages 14-17 years; grades 9-12).Aims and Methods: Data from 5951 adolescents who participated in COMPASS Year 4 (2015-2016; baseline) and Year 6 (2017-2018; follow-up) were used. Exposures included e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking. Outcomes included cutpoints for moderate- to vigorous-physical activity (MVPA; ≥60 min/d), muscular strengthening exercises (MSE; ≥3 time/wk), participation in sport (SP; intramural or competitive), and recreational screen time (ST; ≤430 min/day). Generalized linear mixed models were performed.Results: e-Cigarette use (16.6% vs. 39.2%), cigarette smoking (0.9% vs. 4.7%), and dual use (0.8% vs. 4.1%) increased from baseline to follow-up. SP (70.8% vs. 61.3%) and the prevalence of meeting MVPA (49.8% vs. 42.1%) and MSE cutpoints (54.0% vs. 45.3%) decreased from baseline to follow-up. Recreational ST remained similar from baseline to follow-up. New e-cigarette use at follow-up was associated with maintenance of SP and meeting MVPA and MSE cutpoints, but also with increased ST. New cigarette smoking at follow-up was associated with maintaining high ST and low SP. Cigarette smoking at baseline and follow-up was associated with maintaining high ST, low MSE, and low SP. Cigarette smoking cessation at follow-up was associated with increasing MVPA and MSE, decreasing ST, and maintaining low SP.Conclusion: Given the clustering and co-occurring unhealthy behavioral patterns, intervention strategies to promote healthy lifestyles should take a holistic approach, by targeting multiple behavioral changes simultaneously.Implications: This investigation highlighted that, unhealthy behaviors, particularly e-cigarette use, cigarette smoking, and excessive use of screens, tend to co-occur among Canadian adolescents. Therefore, intervention strategies to promote healthy lifestyles should take a holistic approach, by targeting multiple behavioral changes simultaneously particularly in school and community settings. As an exception, new and stable e-cigarette use appears to co-occur with achieving sufficient levels of physical activity. Increasing awareness about the risk of e-cigarette use may target population groups that are physically and socially active (eg, athletes, sport teams). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]