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The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the normal functioning of the intestine and maintaining the health of the organism. Microorganisms from intestinal tracts of healthy people and cancer patients were isolated and identified. The culture and the morphological properties of microorganisms were studied on solid medium. During the study the diameter of the colonies in millimeters, color, shape, texture, structure, surface, edge contour character were determined. The nature of the bacterial growth in the liquid media (bottom, parietal or surface, with uniform medium turbidity) was analyzed. The main method of studying the morphology of the bacteria was microscopy of fixed stained preparations. It is shown that the intestinal tract of healthy people and cancer patients contains bacteria of the following genera: . Also the following fungi were isolated from human intestinal tract: Candida and Cryptococcus. The results indicate that the following microorganisms show the maximum antimicrobial activity: (the diameter of test culture growth inhibition zones is from 28.9 mm to 37.0 mm), Bifidobacterium breve (the diameter of inhibition zones - from 26.8mm to 35.6 mm), (the diameter of inhibition zones - from 24.9 mm to 38.2 mm), (the diameter of inhibition zones - from 25.2 mm to 36.7 mm), (the diameter of inhibition zones - from 27.6 mm up to 38.4 mm).

Long-term consumption of Arctium lappa L. roots can lead to weight loss. To explore the relationship between anti-obesity and anti-inflammation, the effects and mechanism of A. lappa L. root powder (ARP) on intestinal inflammation in obese rats were investigated. Dietary obese rats were successfully established by feeding a high-fat and high-sugar diet. The control group (n = 6) consumed a normal diet. The intestines were compared among the groups (each n = 6) with and without the administration of ARP (intragastric 7.5 g/kg·bw/d). Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis revealed that ARP effectively inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory and inflammatory cytokines in the colons of obese rats. These cytokines included interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. The inhibition rates for all these cytokines exceeded 88 %. Moreover, ARP demonstrated the ability to down-regulate key genes involved in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) complexes, namely Tlr4 , myeloid differentiation protein-2 ( Md2 ), and myeloid differentiation factor 88 ( Myd88 ), along with downstream signaling molecules such as tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), with inhibition rates over 81 %. Additionally, ARP was observed to inhibit protein levels of TLR4, NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the colons of obese rats, with inhibition rates of 65.6 ± 10.9 %, 84.4 ± 19.9 %, 80.8 ± 14.4 %, and 68.4 ± 17.5 %, respectively. This study confirmed the effectiveness of ARP in inhibiting intestinal inflammation through the blockade of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. It also suggested that ARP holds potential in improving intestinal health in the context of obesity, implying its possible application in the prevention and treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Objective: To analyze factors associated with intestinal acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT) in children and to develop a prediction model for intestinal aGVHD after allo-HSCT in children., Methods: The clinical data of 62 children who underwent allo-HSCT at the Department of Hematology of the People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from February 2018 to September 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Intestinal aGVHD was evaluated according to the Mount Sinai Acute GVHD International Consortium (MAGIC) grading criteria, the variables were screened by LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analysis with 10-fold cross-validation, and developed a model for predicting intestinal aGVHD after allo-HSCT in children., Results: A total of 33 (53.2%) of the 62 children developed intestinal aGVHD, of which 25 were degree II and 8 were degree III-IV. The results of screening variables by 10-fold cross-validated LASSO regression showed that the significant variables included ethnic minorities ( OR =7.229; 95% CI : 2.337-22.354), platelet (PLT) ( OR =0.971; 95% CI : 0.932-0.993), uric acid (UA) ( OR =0.971; 95% CI : 0.935-0.988), C-reactive protein (CRP) ( OR =1.217; 95% CI : 1.053-1.545), and viral infection ( OR =10; 95% CI : 3.021-32.668), and these variables were independently associated with intestinal aGVHD in children (all P <0.05). A prediction model was constructed based on above variables. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of the model was calculated, and the AUC value was 0.985 (0.966-1), the Brier score was 0.055. The evaluation showed that the model has a high degree of discrimination and calibration., Conclusion: Ethnic minorities, low PLT, low UA, high CRP, and viral infections are independently associated with intestinal aGVHD in children, and early attention should be paid to these high-risk children.

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is one of the most destructive agricultural pests and hosts diverse intestinal bacterial communities. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the microbial communities associated with the intestines of females and males from two B. dorsalis populations collected from Hainan and Guizhou Provinces of China. A total of 260,615 high-quality 16S rRNA gene reads with an average length of 253 bp were obtained. Highly diverse bacterial communities were observed across individuals, with communities containing between 691 and 1,262 bacterial operational taxonomic units. In addition, 37 bacterial phyla, 65 classes, 130 orders, 198 families, 201 genera, and 70 annotated species were identified, wherein the Proteobacteria were the most dominant phylum among all of the libraries, followed by the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Bacterial community composition varied by host sex and geographic location of the populations. Female gut communities comprised fewer bacterial families than males, and females had lower relative abundances of 33 of the 35 most abundant families. In addition, female gut communities harbored greater abundances of Enterobacteriaceae than males. The Hainan population gut communities contained fewer bacterial families than those of the Guizhou populations. However, 5 of the 35 most abundant families were more abundant in communities from the Hainan population than those of the Guizhou population. The results of this study help us better understand the importance of symbiotic bacteria in B. dorsalis and provide a foundation for assessing the use of gut microorganisms as bio-control agents for these serious pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene ( NDRG ) family comprises four members that function in cellular processes like proliferation and differentiation. While NDRG1 and NDRG2 are extensively studied, knowledge regarding NDRG3 and NDRG4, despite its recognition as a well-established early-detection marker for colorectal cancer (Cologuard®), is sparse. Scope of review To summarize expression, biomarker potential and functional mechanisms of the NDRGs in the developing, mature and cancerous gut, we combine current literature and in silico analyses from the TCGA-database, GTEX Project, E14.5 mouse intestine and enteric neural crest cells, and an RNA-sequencing time-series of human embryonic colonic samples. Major conclusions This study reveals that all members display a differential expression pattern in the gut and that NDRG1, NDRG2 and NDRG4 (1) can serve as biomarker for colorectal cancer and (2) have tumor suppressive properties mainly affecting cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. General significance Similar effects of the NDRGs on the key-hallmarks of cancer, could implicate analogous functions in other tissue/cancer types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was applied to investigate the genetic diversity of Candida albicans in the intestinal tract of cirrhosis patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used CHROM agar Candida medium to obtain 105 Candida sp. isolates from fecal samples (276 subjects), including 63 isolates from the cirrhosis group (141 subjects) and 42 isolates from the healthy control group (135 subjects). RESULTS: Among the 105 Candida strains isolated, 60 strains were identified as Candida albicans. Patients with cirrhosis had significantly higher rates of colonization by Candida sp. (44.68% vs. 31.11%, p < 0.05) and C. albicans (27.66% vs. 15.56%, p < 0.05) relative to healthy controls. In the cirrhosis group, the rate of colonization further increased with disease progression and antibiotic treatment (p < 0.01). Sixty C. albicans isolates were analyzed by MLST. Fifty diploid sequence types (DST) were observed, and 26 new DSTs and 3 novel alleles were found. The majority of isolates were distributed among three clades, clade 8 (31.67%), clade 14 (15.00%) and clade 18 (21.67%). Among 39 strains from the cirrhosis group, 16 strains (41.02%) belonged to clade 8, while only 3 strains (14.29%) from healthy group belonged to clade 8 (p < 0.05). In addition, concatenated sequences of the 7 housekeeping gene fragments were analyzed for all the different DSTs in clade 8 to evaluate the loss of heterozygosity (LOH), which indicates C. albicans microvariation in the gut of cirrhosis patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that cirrhosis disease progression and antibiotic treatment is associated with increased colonization by Candida sp. and C. albicans. We are the first to provide MLST-based genotype profiles for C. albicans Guizhou China, and to identify clade 8 as the potential main clade of C. albicans colonization in the gut of cirrhosis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avian Diseases is the property of American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Southern Agriculture is the property of Journal of Southern Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This review summarizes recent findings on the changes that occur during pregnancy in the composition of the vaginal and gut microbiome and their association with metabolic, hormonal, and immunological factors. Despite many studies on the topic, the vaginal and gut microbial profiles and their influence on the course of pregnancy are still unclear. We present data suggesting that, contrary to traditional understanding, the placenta is not sterile but has a microbial community. We review and discuss new findings on changes in the richness and diversity of the microbiota of pregnant women with term or preterm births, obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Several factors influence the bacterial profile of these women and may explain, at least in part, some of the discrepant findings between studies. The development of and access to new molecular biology methods and techniques has expanded the possibilities of research. This will contribute to a better understanding of the microbiome and its role in normal and pathological pregnancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the presence and characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) from the intestinal tract. Forty‐three KP strains were isolated from 551 stool specimens from diarrhoea patients from 2013 to 2016, with a carriage rate of 7·80%. All isolates were hypervirulent KP strains with hypermucoviscosity phenotype. The virulence factors and antibiotic resistance exhibited diverse distribution. 2·33% (1/43), 2·33% (1/43), 6·98% (3/43), 6·98% (3/43), 4·65% (2/43), 11·63% (5/43) and 18·60% (8/43) were identified as serotypes of K1, K2, K3, K5, K20, K54 and K57 respectively. K54 and K57 were relatively predominant. Virulence genes distribution differed with serotypes. fimH, ureA and wabG had the highest detection rates while iroNB the lowest. With the highest resistance rates to azithromycin and sulfamethoxazole of 97·67%, and the lowest to imipenem of 0%, 31 isolates (79·02%) were detected to be multidrug resistant. A significant negative correlation existed between multidrug resistance and number of virulence genes (R2 = −0·78). Forty one PFGE types had been identified among the 43 isolates and the diversity banding pattern had no relation with the drug‐resistance and virulence factors. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first study to comprehensively report the presence, distribution of serotypes and virulence genes, antimicrobial susceptibility and DNA fingerprints of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) from intestinal tract of diarrhoea patients of China. Distribution of virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance spectrum, and relationship between virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance are clarified. It will be of great public health significance to estimate the prevalence of KP in faeces of diarrhoea patients, and to provide a theoretical foundation for the traceability, prevention and control, and reasonable treatment of infections caused by this bacterium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Provision of feed containing arsenic may cause intestinal flora imbalance and consequently, the dysfunction of immunological protection of the cock. To understand the intricate tuning of immune responses in the intestinal tract elicited by subchronic arsenism, a cock model (1-day-old Hy-line cocks) was established by subjecting cocks to different environmentally relevant concentrations of arsenic in the diet for 90 days. Intestinal cytokine and immunoglobulin (Ig) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels were determined using real-time PCR on days 30, 60, and 90. Results showed that, compared to those of the control groups, the mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and interferon (IFN)-γ displayed increases on day 30 then decreases on days 60 and 90 dose-dependently in every tissue. Except for the decrease in the jejunum, the mRNA levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were increased in the duodenum, ileum, cecum, and rectum. However, the mRNA levels of IL-12β decreased in every tissue and every time point compared to those of the control groups. In contrast, chicks showed considerably higher expression levels of IgA, IgM, and IgG after exposure to arsenic. These results demonstrated that immune strategies of cocks were disturbed when suffered from subchronic arsenism, at least on the intestinal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some parts of the intestinal tract, which involve in secretion of certain hormones that regulate significant organs of the body, the purpose of the research to study the site endocrine cell in small intestine & colon in goat, the present study included 5 specimens of intestine goat from the ages ranging from 1-5 years to determine the site endocrine cells in the parts of intestine examined via using immunohistochemistry procedure material. It was used immunohistochemistry textile technology and (ChromograinnA), which is a special detector Endocrine intestinal cells, three types of hormones. Immune chemical assessment in the mucous layer duodenum and the presence of hormones, 'glucose insulin tropic polypeptide(GIP) results showed (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide2 (GLP-2)' in epithelial cells collection along the internal axis of the villi , the cells appeared triangular or slender shape indicate that they are enter ondocrine cell chemical immunological consequences for many of the sections shown note chromogranin A detector chiefly for intestinal endocrine cells, the cells that have hormones (GIP) , glucose insulin tropic polypeptide and glucagon peptide GLP-1) containing this reagent representative confirm the site of these cells, a gastric endocrine cells ,the result attendance that presence the GIP was in the duodenal region higher than ilium & jejunum while the GLP-1/ GIP-2 was clear to a large extent in colon and obtrusive in ilium .

Objective: To study the characteristics of intestinal tract pathological injury of rats in hypobaric hypoxia at different high altitude. Methods: 30 male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: Plain group (n=6), High-altitude (HA) 5000 m for 10 day group(n=6), HA 5000 m for 21day group(n=6), HA 6500 m for 10day group(n=6), HA 6500 m for 21day group (n=6). Rats were raised normally either in plain or simulated high altitude environment, at the corresponding time point, rats were euthanized, small intestines were harvested, fixed tissues were processed routinely into paraffin and sections were stained routinely with hematoxylin and eosin. Morphologic parameters were measured by optical microscope and then the pathological injury score were evaluated. Results: The pathological injury scores of jejunnm and ileum in the high altitude group were significantly higher than that of the plain group (P＜0.01), the pathological injury scores of jejunum, ileum and colon were significantly higher in the HA 5000 m for 21 day group than that of the HA 5000 m for 10 day group, but significant lower than that of the HA 6500 m for 21 day group, the pathological injury scores of jejunum, ileum and colon were significantly higher in the HA 6500 m for 10 day group than that of the HA 5000 m for 10 day group(P＜0.01, P＜0.05). The pathological injury scores of colon were significantly higher in the groups of the high altitude than the plain group except for the HA 5000 m for 10 day group (P＜0.01, P＜0.05). The pathological injury scores of jejunum had significant different with that of the colon in the HA 5000 m for 21 day group (P＜0.05); the pathological injury scores of both jejunum and ileum had significant different with that of the colon in the HA 6500 m for 21 day group(P＜0.05, P＜0.01). Conclusions: The injuries of the intestinal mucosa became serious with the with rising altitude and the stayed time, the intestinal injuries were more serious than that of colon at same situation, however there were no significant different between jejunum and ileum, the injuries of colon happened later than intestine, and they correlated with the stay time in the high altitude, which indicated that intestinal injury should be pay more attention in the early time of entering the hypobaric hypoxia environment of the high altitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an important opportunistic pathogen that affects immunocompromised individuals. Viable bacterial count method was used to count the number of adhered bacteria. The current study showed the efficiency of S. maltophilia (Sm2) adhesion on different parts of mouse intestinal tract (IT), small intestinal tract (SIT), large intestinal tract (LIT) and rectum (P<0.05) and this ability was equal for each part of IT [ANOVA test (P > 0.05)]. Moxifloxacin (0.03 x MIC) resulted a significant decrease in adhesion of S. maltophilia to SIT (P<0.05) versus control and other sub-inhibitory moxifloxacin concentrations (0.06 x and 1.2 x MIC). It can be concluded from the current study that the S. maltophilia (Sm2) has a good ability to adhere to mouse IT and the lowest concentrations of moxifloxacin (0.03 x MIC) reduced the ability of this bacterium to infect IT by reducing the ability of this bacterium to adhere to IT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to observe morphology and ultrastructure of intestinal tract of Paramisgurnus dabryanus with light and electron microscopies. Intestinal tract was divided into three parts. Morphologically complex folds were formed on surfaces of anterior and middle intestines where many secretory cells were present. Highly developed junction complex were seen in anterior intestine. Cytoplasm contained abundant mitochondria and pinocytotic vesicles. Epithelium of posterior intestine was thin, translucent and squamous with dense blood capillary network underground, while there were no folds on mucous membrane surface. Distance between blood capillary network and intestinal cavity was 1.95±0.34 μm. Respiration epithelial cells of posterior intestine are a kind of modified squamous epithelial cells which show the ultrastructural characteristics of both types I and II pneumocyte of lung alveoli in mammals. The blood is composed of three layers: the thin layer of the extended cytoplasm of respiratory epithelial cells (1.47±0.23 μm), the thin sheet of cytoplasm of endothelial cells (0.21±0.03 μm) and the basement membrance (0.27±0.05 μm) between them is similar to that of the respiratory organs in other vertebrates. Intestinal tract has digestion and respiration functions. Anterior intestine performs digestion/absorption. Posterior intestine performs gas exchange/accessory respiration. In middle intestine, digestion and respiration overlap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 14-yr- old, male harbor seal ( Phoca vitulina) presented with depression, anorexia, and weight loss. Clinical examination revealed no specific abnormalities. Diagnostic imaging displayed an enlarged mass in the dorso-cranial abdomen. The animal was euthanized due to progressive worsening of symptoms. Grossly, severe emaciation and a massive enlargement of one mesenteric lymph node were found. Microscopically, a neoplastic round cell population with morphologic characteristics of mature lymphocytes infiltrated the mesenteric lymph node as well as the jejunal mucosa and exhibited a marked invasion of the mucosal epithelial layer. Immunohistochemically, the majority of cells expressed CD3, but not CD79α, indicating a T-cell origin of the tumor cells. Microscopic as well as immunohistochemical findings enabled the diagnosis of an epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma, a neoplasm that has yet not been described in a harbor seal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a motor-driven capsule robot based on a sliding clamper (MCRSC), a device to explore the partially collapsed and winding intestinal tract. The MCRSC is powered by wireless power transmission based on near-field inductive coupling. It comprises a novel locomotion unit, a camera, and a three-dimensional receiving coil, all installed at both ends of the locomotion unit. The novel locomotion unit comprises a linear motion mechanism and a sliding clamper. The former adopts a pair of lead-screw and nut to obtain linear motion, whereas the latter anchors the MCRSC to a specific point of the intestinal tract by expanding its arc-shaped legs. The MCRSC is capable of two-way locomotion, which is activated by alternately executing linear motion and anchoring action. Ex vivo experiments have shown that the MCRSC is able to inspect the colon within a time frame of standard colonoscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrates that low doses (somewhat above the No Observed Adverse Effect Level, NOAEL) of the mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites display multispecificity towards various biological targets in gilts. The observed responses in gilts were surprising. The presence of ZEN and zearalenols (ZELs) did not evoke a response in the porcine gastrointestinal tract, which was attributed to dietary tolerance. Lymphocyte proliferation was intensified in jejunal mesenteric lymph nodes, and lymphocyte counts increased in the jejunal epithelium with time of exposure. In the distal digestive tract, fecal bacterial counts decreased, the activity of fecal bacterial enzymes and lactic acid bacteria increased, and cecal water was characterized by higher genotoxicity. The accompanying hyperestrogenism led to changes in mRNA activity of selected enzymes (cytochrome P450, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, nitric oxide synthases) and receptors (estrogen and progesterone receptors), and it stimulated post-translational modifications which play an important role in non-genomic mechanisms of signal transmission. Hyperestrogenism influences the regulation of the host's steroid hormones (estron, estradiol and progesteron), it affects the virulence of bacterial genes encoding bacterial hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs), and it participates in detoxification processes by slowing down intestinal activity, provoking energy deficits and promoting antiporter activity at the level of enterocytes. In most cases, hyperestrogenism fulfils all of the above roles. The results of this study indicate that low doses of ZEN alleviate inflammatory processes in the digestive system, in particular in the proximal and distal intestinal tract, and increase body weight gains in gilts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enter endocrine cells in small intestine of sheep secreting some hormones that play key roles in regulation of certain important organs. The endocrine cells of GIT are generally divided into two types, the open and close type.The aim of this study was unveil the relative frequency and regional distribution of enteroendocrine cells in some portions of small intestine of the Awassi sheep, detecting by using immunohistochemistry techniques. Specimens of small intestine from ten of both sexes with different ages of sheep Ovis aries were used. The Immunohistochemistry technique formed using two types of hormones cholecystokinin (CCK-8) and glucagon like peptide (GLP-1). Result of immune detection findings demonstrated that in part of small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) there is clearly expression of the CCK-8 and GLP-1 subset of cells along the villus and crypts. The cells are contained gut hormones appeared to be either triangular or flask-like in shape. I-cell which contain CCK-8 increase proximally of small intestine and decrease caudally, while Lcell which contain GLP-1 decrease proximally but increase caudally of small intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut mucosa of human is covered by mucus, functioning as a crucial defense line for the intestine against external stimuli and pathogens. Mucin2 (MUC2) is a subtype of secretory mucins generated by goblet cells and is the major macromolecular component of mucus. Currently, there is an increasing interest on the investigations of MUC2, noting that its function is far beyond a maintainer of the mucus barrier. Moreover, numerous gut diseases are associated with dysregulated MUC2 production. Appropriate production level of MUC2 and mucus contributes to gut barrier function and homeostasis. The production of MUC2 is regulated by a series of physiological processes, which are orchestrated by various bioactive molecules, signaling pathways and gut microbiota, etc., forming a complex regulatory network. Incorporating the latest findings, this review provided a comprehensive summary of MUC2, including its structure, significance and secretory process. Furthermore, we also summarized the molecular mechanisms of the regulation of MUC2 production aiming to provide developmental directions for future researches on MUC2, which can act as a potential prognostic indicator and targeted therapeutic manipulation for diseases. Collectively, we elucidated the micro-level mechanisms underlying MUC2-related phenotypes, hoping to offer some constructive guidance for intestinal and overall health of mankind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to design a chitosan-coated hollow tin dioxide nanosphere (CS-HSn) for loading febuxostat (FEB) using an adsorption method to obtain a sustained-release system (CS-HSn-FEB) to improve the oral bioavailability of FEB. The morphological characteristics of hollow tin dioxide nanospheres (HSn) and CS-HSn were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The hemolysis test and CCK-8 test were used to assess the biosafety of HSn and CS-HSn. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning thermal analysis (DSC) were performed on CS-HSn-FEB to analyze the drug presence status. The dissolution behavior and changes in plasma drug concentration of CS-HSn-FEB were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Sections of intestinal tissues from SD rats were obtained to observe whether chitosan could increase the distribution of nanoparticles in the intestinal tissues. The results showed that FEB was present in CS-HSn in an amorphous state. Moreover, CS-HSn, with good biosafety, significantly improved the water solubility and oral absorption of FEB, indicating that CS-HSn has great potential to improve the intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of insoluble drugs., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest. The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

A contrast-enhanced computed tomography demonstrated slight ascites and a characteristic target sign, suggesting lupus enteritis. If clinicians consider lupus enteritis in the differential diagnosis of enteritis, the characteristic imaging findings are helpful for early diagnosis, especially in young and middle-aged women, enabling appropriate therapeutic intervention. Keywords: imaging; intestinal tract; lupus enteritis; systemic lupus erythematosus; target sign EN imaging intestinal tract lupus enteritis systemic lupus erythematosus target sign 187 188 2 05/05/22 20220501 NES 220501 A 30-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of intermittent severe abdominal pain. [Extracted from the article]

In the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola Virus (EBOV) outbreak, there was a significant concern raised about the potential for secondary bacterial infection originating from the gastrointestinal tract, which led to the empiric treatment of many patients with antibiotics. This retrospective pathology case series summarizes the gastrointestinal pathology observed in control animals in the rhesus EBOV-Kikwit intramuscular 1000 plaque forming unit infection model. All 31 Non-human primates (NHPs) exhibited lymphoid depletion of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) but the severity and the specific location of the depletion varied. Mesenteric lymphoid depletion and necrosis were present in 87% (27/31) of NHPs. There was mucosal barrier disruption of the intestinal tract with mucosal necrosis and/or ulceration most notably in the duodenum (16%), cecum (16%), and colon (29%). In the intestinal tract, hemorrhage was noted most frequently in the duodenum (52%) and colon (45%). There were focal areas of bacterial submucosal invasion in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in 9/31 (29%) of NHPs. Only 2/31 (6%) had evidence of pancreatic necrosis. One NHP (3%) experienced jejunal intussusception which may have been directly related to EBOV. Immunofluorescence assays demonstrated EBOV antigen in CD68+ macrophage/monocytes and endothelial cells in areas of GI vascular injury or necrosis.

Understanding the effects of dosing non-toxigenic Clostridia to cows is rare and has received little attention so far. In the present study, a total of eight lactating dairy cows were divided in two groups: control ( n  = 4) or Clostridia challenged (oral supplementation of five diverse strains of Paraclostridium bifermentans , n  = 4). Bacterial communities were analyzed by qPCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) in the buccal mucosa as well as digesta and mucosal samples of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from rumen to rectum (10 compartments), as well as fecal samples. Transcriptomic analysis of barrier and immune-related gene expression was performed on rumen, jejunum, and liver samples. We observed increased microbial populations with the Clostridial challenge in the buccal tissues and the proximal GI tract (forestomach), correlating with Clostridial loads in the feed. Otherwise, there were no significant differences in microbial populations ( p  > 0.05) throughout the distal part of the GI tract. The NGS approach, however, revealed that the Clostridial challenge changed the relative abundance of gut and fecal microbiota. In particular, in the challenge group, no Bifidobacterium was observed in the mucosa-associated microbiota and abundance of Pseudomonadota increased in the feces. These results indicated potential adverse effects of Clostridia to cow health. In general, immune responses to the Clostridial challenge were weak. However, transcriptional analysis revealed the down-regulation of junction adhesion molecule encoding gene (-1.44 of log 2 fold-change), which might impact intestinal permeability., Competing Interests: Authors JT, MJ, JR, TR, and AS were employed by Arm & Hammer Animal and Food Production. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Kim, Kim, Thompson, de Jesus, Rehberger, Rehberger, Smith and Mackie.)

Natural cases of zooanthroponotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to animals have been reported during the COVID-19 pandemic, including to free-ranging white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) in North America and farmed American mink ( Neovison vison ) on multiple continents. To understand the potential for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-mediated viral tropism we characterised the distribution of ACE2 receptors in the respiratory and intestinal tissues of a selection of wild and semi-domesticated mammals including artiodactyls (cervids, bovids, camelids, suids and hippopotamus), mustelid and phocid species using immunohistochemistry. Expression of the ACE2 receptor was detected in the bronchial or bronchiolar epithelium of several European and Asiatic deer species, Bactrian camel ( Camelus bactrianus ), European badger ( Meles meles ), stoat ( Mustela erminea ), hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus amphibious ), harbor seal ( Phoca vitulina ), and hooded seal ( Cystophora cristata ). Further receptor mapping in the nasal turbinates and trachea revealed sparse ACE2 receptor expression in the mucosal epithelial cells and occasional occurrence in the submucosal glandular epithelium of Western roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ), moose ( Alces alces alces ), and alpaca ( Vicunga pacos ). Only the European badger and stoat expressed high levels of ACE2 receptor in the nasal mucosal epithelium, which could suggest high susceptibility to ACE2-mediated respiratory infection. Expression of ACE2 receptor in the intestinal cells was ubiquitous across multiple taxa examined. Our results demonstrate the potential for ACE2-mediated viral infection in a selection of wild mammals and highlight the intra-taxon variability of ACE2 receptor expression, which might influence host susceptibility and infection., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interests., (© 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The uptake of microplastic particles (MPP) by organisms is frequently described and poses a potential risk for these organisms and ultimately for humans either through direct uptake or trophic transfer. Currently, the in-situ detection of MPP in organisms is typically based on histological examination of tissue sections after uptake of fluorescently-labelled MPP and is thus not feasible for environmental samples. The alternative approach is purification of MPP from whole organisms or organs by chemical digestion and subsequent spectroscopic detection (FT-IR or Raman). While this approach is feasible for un-labelled particles it goes along with loss of any spatial information related to the location in the tissue. In our study we aimed at providing a workflow for the localisation and identification of non-fluorescent and fluorescent polystyrene (PS) particles (fragments, size range 2-130 μm) in tissue sections of the model organism Eisenia fetida with Raman spectroscopic imaging (RSI). We provide methodological approaches for the preparation of the samples, technical parameters for the RSI measurements and data analysis for PS differentiation in tissue sections. The developed approaches were combined in a workflow for the in-situ analysis of MPP in tissue sections. The spectroscopic analysis requires differentiation of spectra of MPP and interfering compounds, which is challenging given the complexity of tissue. Therefore, a classification algorithm was developed to differentiate PS particles from haem, intestinal contents and surrounding tissue. It allows the differentiation of PS particles from protein in the tissue of E. fetida with an accuracy of 95%. The smallest PS particle detected in the tissue was 2 μm in diameter. We show that it is possible to localise and identify non-fluorescent and fluorescent ingested PS particles directly in tissue sections of E. fetida in the gut lumen and the adjacent tissue., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de IGF-I sobre os indicadores de atividade celular hepática e intestinal em bezerros recém-nascidos, 42 vacas holandesas gestantes foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em dois grupos. O grupo rbST recebeu hormônio de crescimento (500 mg rbST) e o grupo controle recebeu injeção de vitamina E. As aplicações se iniciaram aos 35 dias pré-parto e foram repetidas a cada 14 dias até o parto. Os recém-nascidos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nas seguintes idades de abate: após o nascimento e sem a ingestão de colostro; e 2 e 7 dias de vida com ingestão de colostro das respectivas mães. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em estrutura fatorial 2 x 3, correspondendo aos grupos das mães e às idades dos bezerros. Amostras do fígado, do jejuno e do íleo foram coletadas. Os bezerros do grupo rbST apresentaram, no jejuno, menores níveis de DNA e proteína aos 7 dias de vida, enquanto a concentração de proteína nesse grupo aumentou aos 2 dias de vida. Esse efeito também foi observado na relação proteína/RNA. No grupo controle, o aumento de proteína foi verificado no 7º dia. Os indicadores de atividade celular analisados sugerem que o IGF-I adicional no colostro de vacas tratadas com rbST teve participação na maturação celular intestinal dos bezerros, sendo determinante no comportamento da primeira geração de enterócitos.With the objective of evaluating different levels of IGF-I on the hepatical and intestinal indicators of cellular activity in newborn calves, 42 pregnant Holstein cows were randomly assigned to two groups: a) control: injection of vitamin E or b) rbST: injection of growth hormone (rbST). Injections started 35 days pre-partum and were repeated every 14 days until parturition. Newborn calves were randomly assigned to a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (two mother groups and three different ages). After slaughter, samples from liver, jejunum and ileum were collected. Calves from rbST group showed lower levels of DNA and protein in jejunum at seven days of age, while protein concentration increased at two days of age. Similar response was observed for the ratio of protein/RNA in jejunum. In the control group, the increase in protein concentration was observed in the seventh day of age. The indicators of cellular activity measured in this trial suggested that greater IGF-I concentration in colostrum of rbST treated cows promoted intestinal cellular maturation by affecting behavior of first generation enterocytes.

Many environmental factors influence the structure of microbial communities, their activity and properties of the environment of the digestive tract. Contrary to constant disturbances, the system provides the basis for energy conversion and thus the long-term stable coexistence of different hosts and their specific intestinal microbiota over geological timescales. Since the methodological approaches proved to be the largest source of systematic errors in comparisons of microbial communities among different organisms of the same species or between different species, we tested a number of methods on samples from different species of mammals in order to verify the feasibility of this approach for future routine analysis of microbiomes:(i) analyses of physical-chemical parameters;(ii)the metabolic properties of attached, planktonic fractions in comparison to the total;(iii)structure of microbial communities of bacteria and archaea; (iv)data analysis. We used a model of intestinal samples from four species of mammals, encompassing the differences between the various types of intestinal tracts: ruminants and rodents (such as pre- and post- peptic fermentors), omnivores and carnivores. The second purpose of the study was to(i)assess the extent of spread of data due to the cooperation of the various operators on the data obtained, and(ii) to evaluate the skills of the students to carry out industry-oriented investigations and measurements in 1st year of MSc study Microbiology; and(iii) to promote awareness of the importance of routine laboratory work day and the corresponding duties. The results suggest(i)that the operators independently organized and shared tasks;(ii)successfully completed all methods;(iii)obtain relevant information;(iv)critically evaluated and interpreted within the extent of their knowledge;(v) that relative standard deviation(RSD) typically could be compared to those of the automated analytical procedures(

Johne’s disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is a severe chronic enteritis which affects large populations of ruminants globally. Prevention strategies to combat the spread of Johne’s disease among cattle herds involve adhering to strict calving practices to ensure young susceptible animals do not come in contact with MAP-contaminated colostrum, milk, or fecal material. Unfortunately, the current vaccination options available are associated with high cost and suboptimal efficacy. To more successfully combat the spread of Johne’s disease to young calves, an efficient method of protection is needed. In this study, we examined passive immunization as a mode of introducing protective antibodies against MAP to prevent the passage of the bacterium to young animals via colostrum and milk. Utilizing the infectious MAP phenotype developed after bacterial exposure to milk, we demonstrate that in vitro opsonization with serum from Johne’s-positive cattle results in enhanced translocation across a bovine MDBK polarized epithelial cell monolayer. Furthermore, immune serum opsonization of MAP results in a rapid host cell-mediated killing by bovine macrophages in an oxidative-, nitrosative-, and extracellular DNA trap-independent manner. This study illustrates that antibody opsonization of MAP expressing an infectious phenotype leads to the killing of the bacterium during the initial stage of macrophage infection.