330 results on '"Imperium"'
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102. The language of ecclesiastical polity and Jacobean conformist thought.
- Author
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Prior, Charles W. A.
- Abstract
The chief intellectual tension that underlay Jacobean ecclesiological debates is illustrated by disputes about the proper relationship between civil and ecclesiastical authority. These disputes stemmed from the decision – taken first under Henry VIII and subsequently refined under Elizabeth I – to define the Church of England as the Church authorised by Christ to continue His earthly ministry; this claim served as the basis for the proposition that since the Church of England was so authorised, it retained within itself power and discretion over matters of doctrine and discipline. This authority did not come solely from the Word, but also from statutes that established the Church. After this initial ‘founding’, conformists were obliged to make an articulate case for why a Church established in law could also agree with scripture and the practice of the Apostolic church. As later chapters will show, the retention of certain ceremonies and episcopal governance drew, from Protestant critics, arguments fleshed out with doctrinal or historical criticism, and designed to undermine the authority of the Church and its human governors. At the root of the debate was a difficult question: how could a church so evidently grounded in the realm of human creation, of culture and custom, also take part in the world of the divine creation, that is, the community of believers joined to Christ and one another in a spiritual association that was by its very nature free from the direction of human agents? This question absorbed contemporary defenders of the established Church and others interested in the development of a theory of ecclesiastical polity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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103. Introduction: Astell and Early Modern Feminism.
- Author
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Springborg, Patricia
- Abstract
A Reply to My Critics: Astell, Locke and Feminism Mary Astell (1666–1731) is now best known for her famous rhetorical question in the 1706 Preface to Reflections upon Marriage: ‘If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?’. These well-chosen words have earned her a place not only in the feminist but also in the republican canon as a theorist of ‘freedom from domination’. Prior to her recent resurrection she was best known as the author of A Serious Proposal, which advocated a Platonist academy for women, a project that seems briefly to have attracted the support of Queen Anne, to whom it was dedicated, until the ridicule to which it was subjected made it too politically risky. As the promoter of women's causes, and particularly women's education, Astell is said to have been the model for Richardson's Clarissa; and, as late as 1847, Lilia, heroine of Alfred Lord Tennyson's The Princess, dreams of a women's college cut off from male society. Astell's female academy was later famously lampooned in Gilbert and Sullivan's Princess Ida, but this time at one remove, through Tennyson. Over its gates the inscription would read, ‘Let no man enter on pain of death’, a deliberately truncated version of the famous inscription that adorned the doors of Plato's Academy, ‘Let No Man Enter Here Unless He Study Geometry’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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104. Astell on Marriage, Patriarchalism and Contractarianism.
- Author
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Springborg, Patricia
- Abstract
The Marriage Contract–Social Contract Analogue Debate over the reception of Locke's anonymously published Two Treatises of Government (1690) has never given Astell her due. Her argument, in the first edition of Reflections upon Marriage (1700), that the very men who press for liberty in the public sphere are the first to exempt themselves from constraints on the exercise of their power at home, is an important anticipation of the argument mounted against the social contract theory of ‘Great L–k in his Two Discourses of Government’ by Charles Leslie in 1703. It is an argument that Astell develops in high style in her famous 1706 Preface to Reflections upon Marriage. Not only is her critique more trenchant than that of Leslie, published in the Supplement to his The New Association, Part II of 1703, but it is earlier on two counts, having been introduced not only in the body of the text of Reflections upon Marriage as early as 1700, but also implicit in A Serious Proposal, Part II, as we have seen. Introduction of the argument by Astell as early as 1697 has not been previously noticed. Nor has any account been taken of her bitter pleading in A Fair Way with the Dissenters and Their Patrons of 1704 against Leslie's getting credit for her earlier pamphlet of that year, Moderation Truly Stated, evidence enough, were any needed, that women who had to publish anonymously in her age could be plagiarized at will. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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105. Astell, Drake and the Historical Legacy of Freedom.
- Author
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Springborg, Patricia
- Abstract
Freedom from Domination in the Civil Law and Natural Rights Traditions Mary Astell had an overwhelming concern to persuade general citizens of the sanity of Tory arguments and the dangers to the public interest of theories of social contract and resistance, theories that had ever gained but limited advocacy. But new ideas were abroad unsettling to old Tory views, and it is a mark of the complexity of Astell's thought that she reflects these tendencies also. Whig arguments for specified freedoms – particularly religious toleration – to be constitutionally protected reflected the inroads made in the second half of the seventeenth century by doctrines of natural right. To this Continental legal tradition belonged the great European natural rights theorists, Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf (1632–94), the former of whom Astell cites, along with their English counterparts, Hobbes and Locke, whose periods spent in Europe had brought them within the orbit of the civil law tradition. Rights discourse intruded into an environment of fairly parochial English argument about the legitimacy of monarchy, where case and counter-case were typically argued in terms of British history, the ancient constitution, whether king or Parliament was the true repository of immemorial custom, claims made for English common law as a fund of equity and justice, and on behalf of the lawyer practitioners who articulated it. But it would oversimplify the position to argue that the English legal tradition had been parochial for long. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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106. The nation in the age of revolution.
- Abstract
Since historians are generally engaged in research of a highly specialised kind, and since we are notoriously jealous of our own periods, it may at first seem predictable that an eighteenth-century historian should claim that the modern connection between power and the nation dates from some time in the eighteenth century. Worse still, it may sound as if I am setting out to reinvent the wheel, since the French Revolution has been accorded a pivotal role in the emergence of nationalism by almost every standard work on the subject. In what follows, however, I shall offer fresh arguments in defence of what is, admittedly, a traditional view. By exploring a number of features of nationhood that have so far received relatively little attention, I hope to clarify some of the issues that have divided ‘modernists’ from their critics in recent discussions of nations and nationalism. Although my focus is on the Irish, who are often cast as honorary Slavs in typologies of nationalism, I shall consider them alongside the ‘old’ western nations of Britain and France: it is a fundamental premise of my central argument, indeed, that none of them can be understood in isolation. The approach adopted here is also rooted in the history of ideas, an area somewhat out of fashion among scholars of nationalism since the classic works of Kedourie and Berlin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
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107. Late medieval Germany: an under-Stated nation?
- Abstract
‘Judged purely by its success in creating a nation-state, German history has to be deemed a failure until the nineteenth century.’ This familiar view of the historical relationship between power and the German nation gains added significance from the context in which it here appears: in a recent introduction to the political development of late medieval Europe. The book's co-authors do, it is true, distance themselves at once from such a narrow perspective. But taken on its own, it seems to encapsulate a piece of well-established common ground among historians of pre-modern and modern Germany – and particularly those writing within the broad Anglophone historiographical tradition. Generally speaking, historians of the modern and the pre-modern nation have been hampered by a failure to pay enough regard to each other's findings and approaches. In the case of Germany, however, the problem has traditionally been, in a way, almost an opposite one, with loosely framed grand narratives and vague, sometimes unvoiced, assumptions and connections being traded freely back and forth between students of different epochs of the German past. Not uncommonly, medievalists have fashioned their accounts with at least half an eye on events far distant in time. Modernists seem at first glance less encumbered, with their bold insistence on the German nation's quintessential modernity. Some are even at pains to declare that there is nothing to say on their subject before, at earliest, the closing years of the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
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108. The historiography of the Anglo-Saxon ‘nation-state’.
- Abstract
Let me state a certainty. Late Anglo-Saxon England was a nation state. It was an entity with an effective central authority, uniformly organised institutions, a national language, a national church, defined frontiers (admittedly with considerable fluidity in the north), and, above all, a strong sense of national identity. It may seem extravagant to describe early England as a ‘nation-state’. Nevertheless it is unavoidable. Historians accustomed to thinking about modern states and nations may hesitate over the confidence of these statements and feel themselves more comfortable with the following: According to whatever standard of political value we make our judgment, the England of the tenth and eleventh centuries will be found utterly lacking in all qualities which make a state strong and keep it efficient … The principles which underlay its social structure were inconsistent and incoherent. It possessed no administrative system worthy of the name and the executive action of its king was fettered by the independence of his counsellors and rendered ineffective by the practical autonomy of the provincial government into which the land was divided. The avowed maximum views of eleventh-century statehood are James Campbell's, the two quotations taken from papers published in 1994 and 1995; the second passage may be more surprising to anyone familiar with Sir Frank Stenton's later work. This was Stenton's first book, William the Conqueror and the Rule of the Normans, published in 1908 in Putnam's Heroes of the Nations series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
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109. Institutions of Ancient Roman Law
- Author
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Colognesi, Luigi Capogrossi, Pihlajamäki, Heikki, book editor, Dubber, Markus D., book editor, and Godfrey, Mark, book editor
- Published
- 2018
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110. The language of empire.
- Abstract
The Florentine statutes were based on Roman law and Florence regarded itself proudly as heir to Rome. As Leonardo Bruni boasted in his Laudatio of Florence, ‘your founder is the Roman people – the lord and conqueror of the entire world’ and since their ‘imperium was equal to the entire world … therefore to you also, men of Florence, belongs by hereditary right dominium over the entire world and possession of your parental legacy’. Dominion (dominium, dominio) was the word used by the Florentines to describe their growing state at this time; and, although Bruni tells us that no one, after seeing the city, failed to believe that Florence was capable of acquiring ‘the dominion and imperium of the whole world’, he was careful not to lay claim to imperium by hereditary right. For Florence was still legally subject to the German emperor, and to have described its state as an empire would have been tantamount to laesa maiestas. Since Bruni was also laying claim to Florence's republican inheritance from Rome, he was equally careful to stress that the city was founded ‘when the imperium of the Roman people was at its peak’ – that was before the Caesars and their successors had deprived the Romans of their liberty, hence Florence's own inherited love of freedom and hatred of tyranny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
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111. Niklas Luhmanns Systemtheorie und Kriege.
- Author
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Holzinger, Markus
- Subjects
SYSTEMS theory ,WAR & society ,MODERNITY ,SOCIOLOGICAL research ,TERRORISM - Abstract
Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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112. Hva var Norge i det danske imperiet?
- Author
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ANDERSEN, MORTEN SKUMSRUD
- Abstract
Copyright of Internasjonal Politikk is the property of Cappelen Damm Akademisk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
113. Det københavnske perspektiv: Imperiale kontrollstrategier og lojale mellommenn i det danske imperiet.
- Author
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ADLER-NISSEN, REBECCA
- Abstract
Copyright of Internasjonal Politikk is the property of Cappelen Damm Akademisk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
114. Innledning: Det danske imperium og 1814.
- Author
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NEUMANN, IVER B.
- Abstract
Copyright of Internasjonal Politikk is the property of Cappelen Damm Akademisk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
115. «Religio ad postremum vicit». Spunti di riflessione sull'esperibilità della provocatio ad populum avverso multe pontificali
- Author
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Giumetti F and Giumetti, F
- Subjects
pontefice massimo ,multae ,imperium ,magistrature ,tribuni della plebe ,provocatio ad populum ,intercessio - Published
- 2020
116. Literary Concepts of Masculinity in Christian Kracht's Imperium and Steffen Kopetzyk's Risiko
- Author
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Uysal Unalan, Saniye and Ege Üniversitesi
- Subjects
Imperium ,Risiko ,Steffen Kopetzky ,Christian Kracht ,literary concepts of masculinity - Abstract
Christian Kracht's imperium and Steffen Kopetzky's Risiko can be described as historical adventure novels, which deal with the Wilhelminian Era. in both novels it is significant that the context of the German colonialism plays an important role. Closely related to the specific configuration of the male subjects of colonialism, these novels open up a critical perspective on the typical perception of masculinity of the Wilhelminian Era, in which masculinity is associated with solidity, self-assertion, control and force. the aim of this study is to demonstrate that Kracht's Imperium as well as Kopetzky's Risiko can be seen as narratives which vehemently question conventional images and discourses of heroic masculinity. the study refers to literary studies which focus on the literary conception of masculinity. After a short outline of the cultural discourses about masculinity at the beginning of the 20' century, I will analyze the male figures. the illustration of the discursive link between the fictional configuration of masculinity and the imperial world politics of Germany constitutes a crucial point of the analysis. Therefore, I will also concentrate on the significance of the body. in this sense, it could be ascertained that the images and configuration of masculinity in Kracht's Imperium and in Kopetzky's Risiko are dominated by colonial discourses, which turn out to be negative. So, the literary conception of masculinity serves as a critical dimension, that reveals the negative aspects of German colonialism politics in the Wilhelminian Era., research project entitled "Deutschsprachige Gegenwartsliteratur und Postkolonialismus. Mannlichkeitsbilder und koloniales Begehren in Christian Krachts Imperium und Steffen Kopetzkys Risiko" [BAP: 16-EDB-010], This study is a part of my research project entitled "Deutschsprachige Gegenwartsliteratur und Postkolonialismus. Mannlichkeitsbilder und koloniales Begehren in Christian Krachts Imperium und Steffen Kopetzkys Risiko", carried out at Ege University, Faculty of Letters between 2016-2019 (BAP: 16-EDB-010).
- Published
- 2020
117. Regio imperio duo sunto … praetores iudices consules appellamino (Cic. Leg. 3.3.8). Dal potere del rex a quello dei consoli
- Author
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Laurendi, Rossella
- Subjects
Consules, Praetores, Iudices, Imperium ,Imperium ,Iudices ,Consules ,Praetores - Published
- 2020
118. Attitudes of the British Dominions during the Paris Peace Conference 1919
- Author
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Kerbach, Jiří, Soukup, Jaromír, and Kučera, Tomáš
- Subjects
Pařížská mírová konference ,Paris Peace Conference ,Dominions ,První světová válka ,Great Britain ,Velká Británie ,First world war ,Dominia ,Empire ,Impérium - Published
- 2020
119. Sessualità e Imperium: la trasgressione femminile alla fine dell’età repubblicana
- Author
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Francesca Cenerini
- Subjects
Clodia ,Fulvia ,trasgressione femminile ,sessualità ,imperium ,Women. Feminism ,HQ1101-2030.7 - Abstract
In questo contributo si analizzano le figure di Clodia e di Fulvia. La loro rappresentazione è antitetica, nella quasi totalità delle fonti letterarie, al tradizionale modello della matrona ideale, che risale alle origini della repubblica romana. Clodia, sorella del tribuno della plebe Publio Clodio Pulcro, è amata dal poeta Catullo ed è accusata di essere una prostituta dall’avvocato Cicerone. Fulvia, moglie dello stesso Publio Clodio Pulcro e di Marco Antonio, è criticata dai suoi detrattori per avere indebitamente occupato uno spazio politico, tradizionalmente inibito alle donne romane. È indubitabile che queste due donne aristocratiche sono state in grado di approfittare degli spazi che la realtà politica e sociale della seconda metà del I sec. a.C. concedeva alle donne, ma il loro ritratto è sempre e comunque condizionato dalle figure maschili di riferimento, senza le quali sarebbero prive di un’autonoma rappresentazione storiografica.
- Published
- 2012
120. Sextus Pompée, un imperator (il)légitime à plus d’un titre : nouvelles interprétations autour de la titulature praef. clas. et orae marit. ex s. c
- Author
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Bertrand Augier and Ecole française de Rome (EFR)
- Subjects
guerres civiles ,Archeology ,History ,Visual Arts and Performing Arts ,Philosophy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,imperium ,Legend ,Sicile ,[SHS.DROIT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Law ,civil wars ,Sextus Pompeius ,praefectura ,triumvirat ,Sextus ,Sextus Pompée ,Classics ,[SHS.HIST]Humanities and Social Sciences/History ,[SHS.CLASS]Humanities and Social Sciences/Classical studies ,Triumvirate ,Sicily ,Humanities ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,media_common - Abstract
EnglishSextus Pompeius, an (il)legitimate imperator. New interpretation of the title praef. clas. et orae marit. ex s. c. This paper aims to study the legend praef. class. et orae marit. ex s. c. on Sextus Pompeius’ coinage, which did not allude to a specific public charge, but reminded the conditions for attribution of his imperium and prouincia in 43 B.C., ex senatus consulto. It should be read as praef(ectus) clas(si) et orae marit(imae) ex s(enatus) c(onsulto) and underlines the definition of the prouincia of Sextus Pompeius, who was then a priuatus cum imperio. While asserting his political legitimacy, the title he fabricated demonstrates the weakness of his institutional position, which determined his command practice, particularly the prominence of liberti in his entourage. francaisCet article revient sur la legende praef. class. et orae marit. ex s. c. figurant sur les emissions monetaires de Sextus Pompee, qui ne faisait pas reference a une quelconque magistrature, mais rappelait les conditions d’attribution de son imperium et de sa prouincia, ex senatus consulto, en 43 av. J.-C. Elle doit donc etre lue en praef(ectus) clas(si) et orae marit(imae) ex s(enatus) c(onsulto) et met en avant la definition de la prouincia de Sextus Pompee, alors simple priuatus cum imperio. Tout en lui permettant d’affirmer la legitimite de son action politique, cette titulature forgee de toutes pieces manifeste sa position institutionnellement friable, determinant sa pratique du commandement, en particulier la preeminence des affranchis dans son entourage.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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121. Sprawozdanie z konferencji „English Law and Colonial Connections: Histories, Parallels, and Influences". On-line Conference.
- Author
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LERACZYK, IZABELA
- Subjects
LEGAL history ,UNIVERSITY & college administration ,HISTORY of colonies ,IMPERIALISM ,COLONIES - Abstract
The: "English Law and Colonial Connections: Histories, Parallels, and Influences conference" was held over the course of two afternoons, on January 26-27, 2020. It was organized by the Faculty of Law and Administration of the University of Łódź and Northumbria University in Newcastle. The symposium's goal was to bring together researchers with interests in the history of English law and its influences on other parts of the world, particularly within an imperial context. An additional topic of the conference was the meaning of legacies and continuing influences of the empire and colonial influences of the law back to the Metropole. Nine lectures were delivered over the course of four sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
122. Imperium de las sentencias judiciales en Roma y en la actualidad
- Author
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Valeria Susana Guerra
- Subjects
Apelación ,Actuación Judicial ,Derecho Romano ,Imperium ,Iurisdictio ,Iudex ,Juez ,Jurisdicción ,Sentencia ,Commercial law ,K1000-1395 ,Civil law ,K623-968 - Abstract
El proceso, su estructura, las funciones del juez, la fuerza de las decisiones judiciales y su fundamento en el imperium y en la iurisdictio, han sido argumentos del mayor interés en las elaboraciones jurídicas, tanto de la romanística como de la ciencia del derecho procesal; la autora revisa los efectos de la sentencia a la luz de la estructura del sistema procesal romano, las funciones del juez y el origen de la apelación, para luego confrontar el análisis con una mirada general a los efectos de la actuación judicial y de las decisiones judiciales en la legislación argentina.
- Published
- 2011
123. Imperium e Imperator. Origen del poder y sus proyecciones modernas
- Author
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José Félix Chamie
- Subjects
Auspicios ,Derecho Público Romano ,Estado ,Imperium ,Imperator ,Magistrado ,Poder ,Potencia ,Rex ,Res Publica ,Soberanía ,Commercial law ,K1000-1395 ,Civil law ,K623-968 - Abstract
El concepto del poder y su origen han ocupado un lugar primordial en la historia del pensamiento político, los más dedicados autores han fijado su atención en la idea de poder personal y poder del grupo. Precisamente la idea de poder del grupo se traducirá luego en soberanía popular, cuando el laboratorio de la historia habrá preparado un lugar para la ficción de la concepción burguesa del poder, en cabeza del nuevo concepto de Estado (Staat). El autor revive entonces las nunca desuetas interpretaciones sobre el origen del poder, centrando su atención en los conceptos de imperium e imperator en la tradición del derecho romano público, en la búsqueda de claves interpretativas que ayuden a comprender mejor la concepción moderna del poder político, en aras de establecer si esta es una evolución natural del derecho o simplemente una propuesta política que prevaleció sobre otra.
- Published
- 2011
124. Execution of the highest power in military sphere by the dictators of Early
- Author
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Dementieva, Vera
- Subjects
Roman Republic ,public power ,imperium ,Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature ,PA ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 - Abstract
The Roman dictators regularily (invested with power by the Roman state in the 5th – 3rd bce с. in the situations of serious military treats to the Republic) had to accomplish three legally regulated public acts. They closed the courts, declare, if necessary, a levy in mass (if the warriors already called up for military service by ordinary magistrates were not numerous enough for starting a campaign), and personally supervised recruitment and training of the troops. Their orders were published in the form of an edictum which, most probably, contained all these regulations. Regardless of the purpose of its declaration, the dictatorship transferred the civil life of the city in the state of militiae. The newly formed army swore fidelity (called sacramentum) to the commander and – from the time of the Second Punic war – made a formal declaration of loyalty, ius iurandum. Contrary to a widespread scholarly opinion the author argues that it is the applicable legal rules, rather then the sphere of their applicability that distinguishes the imperium of an ordinary magistrate from this of an extraordinary one. Therefore, talking (not quite correctly) about “military imperium” of an extraordinary magistrate, the historians of Roman law are in reality dealing with an application of his imperium in military sphere.
- Published
- 2010
125. MAGISTRATURAS E IMPERIUM: DE LA MONARQUÍA AL PRINCIPADO.
- Author
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Buisel, María Delia
- Subjects
- *
ROMAN magistrates , *IMPERIUM (Roman law) , *VIRTUS (The Latin word) , *KINGS & rulers ,ROMAN history ,ROMAN politics & government - Abstract
We analyze the concepts and terms regarding potestas, vis an virtus, particularly those of imperium, its definition and the magistracy that supported it; regarding the dictator, we highlight the limitations and excesses in the exercise of imperium and its historical development; we noted the crisis of the magistracy, emphasizing the consulate at the end of the Republic. We examined the Cicero's proposal for ending the crisis: the autocracy with a princeps; similarities and differences between the consul, the proconsul, the dictator, the dux and the princeps. It treats a key problem: vitium and virtus in politics and in the politics of the period [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
126. Nimrod i „przerażenie imperium”: Antypersona.
- Author
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Lis, Radosław
- Abstract
This article aims to provide a hermeneutic reconstruction of the figure of the biblical Babel's mysterious protagonist and a negative cultural protagonist, Nimrod. An interpretative discourse is undertaken on the basis of the rich source data: biblical, apocryphal and pseudoepigraphical texts, and rabbinic literature, extracted by M.J. Bin Gorion (Berdyczewski) and L. Ginzberg, to mention the two most important compilers of Jewish legends and Hebrew myths. The concept of dread of the empire, found in rabbinic literature and elucidated by José Faur, appears to be crucial for understanding the complex figure of Nimrod. The reconstruction is performed with the aid of Andrzej Wierciński's Antipersona category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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127. Det persiska akemeniderriket : det glömda imperiet?
- Author
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Dahlén, Ashk and Dahlén, Ashk
- Published
- 2019
128. Language and Educational Practices in the Territories of the Western Russian Empire Governorates in the 19th Century: Searching For National Standards
- Author
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Vengerska, Victoria; Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University and Vengerska, Victoria; Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University
- Abstract
Languages played a crucial role in the nation-building processes of the 19th century. It is impossible to investigate these processes not taking into consideration the imperial phenomenon. The aim of this article is to analyze and compare peculiarities of language and educational practices that characterized the development of the Jewish and Polish communities in what is referred to as the «Western outskirts» of the Russian Empire. The elimination of the Polish educational institutions was accompanied by the elaboration of options for including the Polish youth into the common imperial context through the educational system, and through the system of higher education in the first place. However, the Polish language maintained the status of the language of record keeping, court proceedings, and daily communication until the November Uprising (1830-1831), which significantly complicated the task of the local Poles’ assimilation.The article hypothesizes that competitive surrounding that was created by the Hebrew and Yiddish supporters, who were aligned with the followers of the Russian language oriented assimilation project, fostered the crystallization and norm introduction of both Jewish languages, which was happening with simultaneous development of their literary standards. The project on the establishment of the Jewish teacher training institutions with elements of secular education, the Russian language and the Russian management proved to be inviable as it failed to conform to Jewish traditional religious education.The methodology of the research: the article uses the comparative method to draw comparisons between language and educational practices of the representatives of the Polish and Jewish communities of the Southwestern and Northwestern territories during «the long 19th century», the elements of constructionist methodology enables the author to investigate the role of language marker in the implementation of the Polish and Jewish national projects. Instru, Мовам належала одна із ключових ролей в націотворчих процесах ХІХ ст. Дослідження цих процесів в окреслений період неможливо поза межами імперського. Головним завданням запропонованої статті є аналіз та порівняння особливостей освіти та мовних практик, які характеризували розвиток єврейських та польських громад на так званих «західних окраїнах» Російської імперії. Ліквідація польських за характером навчальних закладів супроводжувалась розробкою варіантів включення польської молоді до загальноімперського контексту через систему освіти, й перш за все, вищу. Однак, збереження за польською статусу мови діловодства, судочинства, щоденного спілкування до Листопадового повстання 1830-1831 рр. значно ускладнило завдання асиміляції місцевих поляків. Висловлюється припущення, що конкуруюче середовище, що було створене прихильниками використання івриту та їдишу, до яких долучались симпатики асимілітаційного проекту з орієнтацією на російську мову, сприяло кристалізації та унормуванню кожної єврейської мови із одночасним розвитком їх літературних стандартів. Проект зі створення єврейських вчительських інститутів з елементами світської освіти, російською мовою та російським керівництвом виявився нежиттєздатним через неможливість досягти їх узгодження з єврейською традиційно-релігійною освітою. Методологія: у статті використано компаративний метод для порівняння мовних та освітніх практик представників польських та єврейських громад Південно-Західного та Північно-Західного краю протягом «довгого ХІХ ст.», елементи конструктивістської методології дозволили дослідити роль мовного маркеру в реалізації польського та єврейського національних проектів. Інструментарій так званої «нової імперської історії» дозволив розглянути не лише деструктивний вплив на розвиток національних мов в націотворенні. Окреслена методологія засвідчує й наявність елементу новизни в запропонованому матеріалі. В Російській імперії від середини XIX ст. комунікативне домінування поступово закріплюється за російсь, Językam należała jedna z kluczowych ról w procesie budowania społeczeństwa w XIX wieku. Niemożliwe jest badanie tych procesów poza okresem imperialnym. Głównym celem proponowanego artykułu jest analiza i porównanie cech edukacji i praktyk językowych, które charakteryzowały rozwój społeczności żydowskiej i polskiej na tzw. “zachodnich peryferiach” Imperium Rosyjskiego. Likwidacji polskich instytucji edukacyjnych towarzyszył rozwój wariantów włączenia polskiej młodzieży w kontekst imperialny poprzez system edukacji, a przede wszystkim, szkoły wyższe. Jednak, utrzymanie języka polskiego jako języka dokumentów, sądownictwa, codziennej komunikacji aż do powstania listopadowego w latach 1830-1831 znacznie skomplikowało zadanie asymilacji lokalnych Polaków.Przypuszcza się, że środowisko konkurencyjne stworzone przez zwolenników używania języka hebrajskiego i jidysz, w które dołączyli się sympatyzatorzy projektu asymilacyjnego (na język rosyjski), sprzyjało krystalizacji i unormowaniu każdego języka żydowskiego, jednocześnie rozwijając ich standardy literackie. Projekt stworzenia żydowskich instytutów nauczycielskich z elementami świeckiej edukacji, w języku rosyjskim i pod rosyjskim kierownictwem okazał się nierealnym z powodu niemożliwości osiągnięcia zgody z tradycyjną żydowską edukacją religijną.Metodologia: W artykule wykorzystano metodę porównawczą dla porównania praktyk językowych i edukacyjnych przedstawicieli społeczności polskiej i żydowskiej z terytoriów południowo-zachodnich i północno-zachodnich regionów w “długim XIX wieku”. Elementy metodologii konstruktywistycznej pozwoliły zbadać rolę znacznika języka w realizacji polskiego i żydowskiego projektów narodowych. Zestaw narzędzi tak zwanej “nowej historii imperium” umożliwił rozważenie nie tylko destrukcyjnego wpływu na rozwój języków narodowych w tworzeniu narodu. Przedstawiona metodologia potwierdza również obecność elementu nowości w proponowanym materiale.W Imperium Rosyjskim od połowy XIX wieku dominacja k
- Published
- 2019
129. Neoconservatives and Eternal Cold War
- Author
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Del Pero, Mario and Del Pero, Mario
- Abstract
The article discusses the genesis of U.S. neoconservatism – understood primarily as intellectual movement and political pressure group – and its foreign policy positions from the 1970s to today. It offers a definition of the movement centred on the liberal and universal nature of neoconservatism, and its ensuing rejection of the limitations to the sovereignty of the United States caused by the many interdependencies that have characterized the global order of the past fifty years.
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- 2019
130. Book Review: Xavier Bougarel (2018). 'Islam and Nationhood in Bosnia-Hercegovina: Surviving Empires'. London-New York: Bloomsbury Academic
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Falski, Maciej and Falski, Maciej
- Abstract
The review of the latest book by Xavier Bougarel focuses on the main concepts of the work: the notion of empire as a methodological and theoretical framework, the relation between Islam and the national idea, and the process of Bosniak nation-building., Recenzja najnowszej książki Xaviera Bougarela koncentruje się na najważniejszych kwestiach, takich jak: pojęcie imperium, będące ramą ideologiczną i teoretyczną dla interpretacji autora, relacja między Islamem a ideą narodową, oraz proces definiowania narodu boszniackiego.
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- 2019
131. La ratio legis en la teología de Suárez y Santo Tomás. Una propuesta de comparación.
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Contreras, Sebastián
- Subjects
SCHOLASTICISM (Theology) ,RELIGIOUS law & legislation ,INTELLECT ,VOLUNTARISM (Church finance) - Abstract
Copyright of Teología y Vida is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Facultad de Teologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2012
- Full Text
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132. Thoughts on Four Subversive Words.
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Gungwu, Wang
- Subjects
- *
ANTHROPOLOGY , *CHINESE language , *NATION-state ,CHINESE civilization - Abstract
The words empire, civilization, anthropology and China are rarely seen together. In addition, all four words are actually foreign to the Chinese language. However, when they are juxtaposed, they point to exceptional Chinese experiences with the research field and suggest that these can lead to a new understanding of what anthropology can do to illuminate ancient and modern relationships. In particular, areas between the emperor-state that shaped a civilization and the multifarious lives of communities scattered within and on the outskirts of China challenge Chinese scholars to re-examine the reach of a discipline that has long been suspect in the eyes of the authorities [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 2012
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133. Rethinking Authority in the Carolingian Empire
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Kramer, Rutger
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Politics ,government ,history ,Medieval History ,Carolingians ,Monasticism ,Church ,Empire ,Mittelalter ,Karalingen ,Mönchswesen ,Kirche ,Imperium ,thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology ,thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3K CE period up to c 1500 ,thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government - Abstract
By the early ninth century, the responsibility for a series of social, religious and political transformations had become an integral part of running the Carolingian empire. This became especially clear when, in 813/4, Louis the Pious and his court seized the momentum generated by their predecessors and broadened the scope of these reforms ever further. These reformers knew they represented a movement greater than the sum of its parts; the interdependence between those wielding imperial authority and those bearing responsibility for ecclesiastical reforms was driven by comprehensive, yet still surprisingly diverse expectations.Taking this diversity as a starting point, this book takes a fresh look at the optimistic first decades of the ninth century. Extrapolating from a series of detailed case studies rather than presenting a new grand narrative, it offers new interpretations of contemporary theories of personal improvement and institutional correctio, and shows the self-awareness of its main instigators as they pondered what it meant to be a good Christian in a good Christian empire.
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- 2019
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134. Imperium e Imperator. Origen del poder y sus proyecciones modernas.
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CHAMIE, JOSÉ FÉLIX
- Subjects
IMPERIUM (Roman law) ,POLITICAL science ,PUBLIC law - Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Derecho Privado (0123-4366) is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departmento de Derecho Civil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2011
135. Imperium de las sentencias judiciales en Roma y en la actualidad.
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GUERRA, VALERIA SUSANA
- Subjects
IMPERIUM (Roman law) ,JURISDICTION (Roman law) ,ROMAN law ,LEGAL judgments ,ACTIONS & defenses (Law) - Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Derecho Privado (0123-4366) is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departmento de Derecho Civil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2011
136. Ariosto, los Reyes Católicos y la Monarchia Christianorum carolina.
- Author
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Serés, Guillermo
- Subjects
IMPERIALISM & history ,GOLDEN age (Mythology) ,CHRISTIANITY - Abstract
The article presents the authors reflections on the text of "Orlando furioso" by Ludovico Ariosto, Spanish providentialist interpretations of the discovery of the new world (the American continent) and the notion of the Spanish Empire as successor to the Roman Empire, The author discusses comments by Spanish author Luis Vives who, based on a text from Latin author Virgil's book "Bucólicas" sees the return of a not yet reached golden age in the success of the Christian monarchy of Spanish Emperor Charles V.
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- 2011
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137. Notes.
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Höpfl, Harro
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
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138. The civil order of a Christian commonwealth.
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Höpfl, Harro
- Abstract
Our account of Calvin's conception of a Christian commonwealth must begin where he did in any matter of politia, at the top. The apex is the two-fold regime of magistrates and ministers. The ‘form’ of the latter, both as ecclesiology and as the ecclesiastical constitution of Geneva, has already been described. What remained to be done in this connection was to attend to the detail which makes the difference between the letter of the law and a working set of arrangements. Thus Calvin unceasingly badgered the PC for competent ecclesiastical personnel in adequate numbers, attempted and eventually secured (by the later forties) the elimination of the remaining unfit ministers, prevented the imposition of objectionable candidates on the Venerable Company by the magistrates, extracted not ungenerous remuneration and lodgings for at least the urban ministers and doctors, tried to secure official protection for ministers against abuse and recalcitrance, and in 1559 saw through the establishment of the Genevan ‘Academy’ for the training of future pastors and magistrates. To the same end he fought a running battle to ensure the Consistory's mastery over the ‘discipline’, a battle not effectively won until 1555; his success was symbolized in 1560 by the ending of the practice whereby the syndic who presided at the Consistory came bearing his staff of office: without it, he was now clearly designated as an ecclesiastical and not a civil official. This did not, however, prevent the Consistory being furnished with a beadle to ensure the attendance of culprits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
139. Geneva and Calvin, 1541–64.
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Höpfl, Harro
- Abstract
By the beginning of 1542 Calvin had formulated a rounded scheme of ecclesiastical polity, the digest of his pastoral experience at Geneva and Strasbourg as mediated by reflection upon Scripture and discussion with the leading evangelical theologians and organizers of his day; had buttressed it by scriptural legitimation; and had rendered it more or less coherent with the guiding themes of his theology (though here much remained to be done). But it is one thing to meditate a political scheme, another to have it received for law (and this had been accomplished by 20 November 1541, by which time all the Genevan Councils had accepted the draft), and yet another to transform scheme and law into a living reality – especially when the scheme was conspicuously vague at crucial points about the relations between a church as there outlined and the secular authorities, whose good-will and cooperation it required. More important, nothing specific had been said about what exactly these two potestates or regimines were actually to do, whether severally or in tandem. For the ends of both had so far only been set out in very general terms with little substantive content, and the same can be said about the character and conditions of their ‘cooperation’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
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140. The Institution of 1543.
- Author
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Höpfl, Harro
- Abstract
The new edition of the Institution was now a large volume of twenty-one chapters; some of the chapters, not as yet divided into sections, had become very unwieldy. Wendel has said of this edition that ‘the alterations and additions [made in it] are of much less importance than those of the edition of 1539’. Certainly many of the changes and additions were simply amplificatory, or designed to ward off past or potential criticism; the host of quotations from Augustine was in the main of this sort. Others again simply used up material which Calvin presumably prepared for the various colloquia he attended. But the most amplified, changed and reworked section was that on ecclesiology, concentrated almost entirely into the exposition of the Creed's Credo unam sanctam catholicam ecclesiam, which now formed one chapter of enormous length. Here, as well as much material reproduced verbatim from previous editions, there were substantial and important novelties, and given that Calvin regarded ecclesiology as part of theology, it will hardly do to leave the matter at the comment that the new edition now ‘contained a somewhat detailed exposition of Calvin's ideas about ecclesiastical organization’. What it contained was the image of a godly church, defined not merely by exclusion (as non-papist) but positively, and with a decisiveness and clarity of outline without precedent elsewhere. In this respect, the general tendency of the discussion to consolidate and make doctrinal the conclusions reached in public and private between 1538 and 1541 is indeed impressive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 1982
- Full Text
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141. The Institution: the first version.
- Author
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Höpfl, Harro
- Abstract
CALVIN IN 1535 The De dementia Commentary was the beginning and also the end of Calvin's projected career as a humanist scholar. Less than three years after its publication he was an exile living in Basel in straitened circumstances and under the assumed name ‘Martianus Lucianus’. His decision to leave France was precipitated by fear of persecution, and by conclusive evidence that Francis I, previously an uncertain and ambivalent defender of humanists, had finally espoused the Sorbonne's interpretation of what was to count as orthodoxy. It is impossible to say what kind of evangelical Calvin was at his arrival in Basel, a place notable for its de facto tolerance of a wide diversity of opinions. Nor is it possible to say at what date Calvin conceived or began the execution of the first Institution. We do not know either whether Calvin was now putting on record reflections long since habitual with him, or whether it was writing the Institution which itself crystallized his thoughts. All that can be said with confidence is that since the De Clementia Commentary Calvin had published nothing except two Prefaces to Olivetan's French translation of the New Testament (which were written, it appears, shortly after his arrival at Basel), and had written, but left unpublished, Psychopannychia. It is apparent, then, that some time before he left France, Calvin's attentions had been concentrated entirely on theology, and that it was evangelical, and not merely humanist, theology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
142. Fundamentos históricos e teóricos da noção de soberania: a contribuição dos "Papas juristas" do século XIII.
- Author
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Kritsch, Raquel
- Abstract
The article focuses on the contribution of the late ecclesiastical medieval thought for the construction of the concept of sovereignty and in particular the influence of the so-called lawyer popes of the thirteenth century. Topics concerning jurisdiction, law and legislation, religious power, and obedience are discussed.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
143. TARQUINO PRISCO.
- Author
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PERELLÓ, CARLOS FELIPE AMUNÁTEGUI
- Abstract
The article examines the historiography of ancient Roman king Lucius Tarquinius Priscus in an attempt to correct what it suggests are misconceptions about him and his influence on the history of ancient Rome. The article notes that Tarquinius Priscus, Rome's first historical king, was a complex individual enshrouded in legend. It suggests that many of his accomplishments have been ascribed to Romulus, one of the founders of ancient Rome and a predecessor of Tarquinius Priscus. Some of these accomplishments include reforming the Roman Senate, transforming ancient Rome into a true city, and introducing the "imperium," according to the article.
- Published
- 2009
144. TITRE DE TRPIMIR SELON LES DIRES DE GOTTSCHALK.
- Author
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ŽIVKOVIĆ, Tibor and RADOVANOVIĆ, Bojana
- Abstract
Copyright of Istorijski časopis is the property of Istorijski Institut and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
145. The Augurs and Their Spaces
- Author
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Gargola, Daniel J., author
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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146. IMPERIJ ILI ZAJEDNICA? Homogenizacija i raznolikost kultura u kontekstu globalizacije i identiteta.
- Author
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CIFRIĆ, Ivan
- Subjects
CIVILIZATION ,CULTURE ,IMPERIALISM ,CULTURAL pluralism ,MASS media - Abstract
Copyright of Društvena Istraživanja is the property of Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2008
147. The Date of the Fannius Letter: Jos. Ant. 14.233.
- Author
-
Zollschan, Linda T.
- Subjects
- *
SAFE-conducts , *JEWS , *ETHNOLOGY , *ROMANS , *CIVIL war - Abstract
The letter of safe-conduct to Jewish envoys in Jos. Ant. 14.233 is widely held, following Niese, to have been written by the consul of 161 B.C.E., C. Fannius Strabo although the letter is placed by Josephus among Roman documents that date to 49 B.C.E. The circumstances of the civil war go some way to explaining the extraordinary nature of this document: the element of danger present on Cos in 49 B.C.E., danger that was not present in the second c. B.C.E., the legend PR on the Asian cistophori of C. Fannius and the meaning of the phrase στρατηγòς; νπατoς;. The letter is addressed to the archons of Cos, a form of address found in the rst but not the second c. B.C.E. Research from the last three decades provide fresh considerations that argue for an identi cation of the author of the letter with C. Fannius, the governor of Asia in 49/8 B.C.E., a date which accords with the chronological position given by Josephus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
148. Glosa do wyroków Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z dnia 18 kwietnia 2018 r. K 52/16 oraz z dnia 10 lipca 2000 r. SK 12/99
- Author
-
Stefan Babiarz and Sędzia Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego
- Subjects
public claims ,Administrative law ,imperium ,General jurisdiction ,Judicial opinion ,Supreme court ,Intervention (law) ,skarga pauliańska ,Law ,Political science ,dominium ,Civil law (legal system) ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,actio Pauliana ,Constitutional court ,European union ,należności publicznoprawne ,media_common - Abstract
Both discussed judgments of the Constitutional Court shall be considered as erroneous. The second judgment is to some extent a result of the first one. The thesis of the first judgment was shaped in a scope that is too wide, where it should be limited only to the situation, in which the regulations of the administrative law do not directly protect a given claim and do not grant this protection a judicial channel. This situation led to extending of the competences of the Supreme Court and courts of general jurisdiction onto subsequent civil law institutions, including such situation, when the regulations of the tax law provide for such protection, along with the judicial channel in administrative courts. At this stage it’s hard to decide – even though throughout a couple of last years courts of general jurisdiction and the Supreme Court established a certain pattern of judicial decisions – which direction the court rulings would take. Only the Court of Justice of the European Union or intervention of legislators might change the disadvantageous direction, in which the judicial principles go nowadays. Oba glosowane wyroki Trybunału Konstytucyjnego – w sprawach K 52/16 i SK 12/99 – należy uznać za nietrafne. Ten drugi wyrok jest niejako konsekwencją tego pierwszego. Teza pierwszego wyroku została sformułowana zbyt szeroko, a powinna być ograniczona tylko do sytuacji, w której przepisy prawa administracyjnego wprost nie chronią danej należności i nie przyznają tej ochronie drogi sądowej. Ta sytuacja doprowadziła do rozszerzenia kompetencji Sądu Najwyższego i sądów powszechnych na kolejne instytucje prawa cywilnego w sytuacji, gdy przepisy prawa podatkowego taką drogę ochrony, w tym drogę przed sądami administracyjnymi, przewidują. Trudno na tym etapie – mimo ukształtowanej przez kilkanaście lat jednolitej linii orzeczniczej sądów powszechnych i Sądu Najwyższego – przesądzić ten kierunek orzeczniczy. Tylko droga przed Trybunałem Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej albo ingerencja ustawodawcy może ten niekorzystny kierunek orzecznictwa zmienić.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
149. МОВНІ ТА ОСВІТНІ ПРАКТИКИ НА ТЕРИТОРІЯХ ЗАХІДНИХ ГУБЕРНІЙ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ІМПЕРІЇ В ХІХ СТ.: У ПОШУКУ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ СТАНДАРТІВ
- Author
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Vengerska, Victoria
- Subjects
language ,tworzenie narodu ,націотворення ,іврит ,мова ,imperium ,релігійна та світська освіта ,jidysz ,їдиш ,język hebrajski ,język ,nation-building process ,empire ,імперія ,Hebrew ,religious and secular education ,Yiddish ,edukacja religijna i świecka - Abstract
Languages played a crucial role in the nation-building processes of the 19th century. It is impossible to investigate these processes not taking into consideration the imperial phenomenon. The aim of this article is to analyze and compare peculiarities of language and educational practices that characterized the development of the Jewish and Polish communities in what is referred to as the «Western outskirts» of the Russian Empire. The elimination of the Polish educational institutions was accompanied by the elaboration of options for including the Polish youth into the common imperial context through the educational system, and through the system of higher education in the first place. However, the Polish language maintained the status of the language of record keeping, court proceedings, and daily communication until the November Uprising (1830-1831), which significantly complicated the task of the local Poles’ assimilation.The article hypothesizes that competitive surrounding that was created by the Hebrew and Yiddish supporters, who were aligned with the followers of the Russian language oriented assimilation project, fostered the crystallization and norm introduction of both Jewish languages, which was happening with simultaneous development of their literary standards. The project on the establishment of the Jewish teacher training institutions with elements of secular education, the Russian language and the Russian management proved to be inviable as it failed to conform to Jewish traditional religious education.The methodology of the research: the article uses the comparative method to draw comparisons between language and educational practices of the representatives of the Polish and Jewish communities of the Southwestern and Northwestern territories during «the long 19th century», the elements of constructionist methodology enables the author to investigate the role of language marker in the implementation of the Polish and Jewish national projects. Instrumentarium of a so-called «new empire history» allows considering a destructive influence on national languages development in the nation-building process. The outlined methodology also testifies the presence of the novelty elements in the suggested material. Starting from the middle of the 19th century the communicative dominance in the Russian empire was given to the Russian language. Other languages occupied their local niches, which largely limited their usage and functioning. The efforts of the authorities to reduce the communicative area of the national languages usage and to diminish their status had the perverse effect. The oppression only encouraged the creators of national «projects» to make every effort to standardize, expand the spheres of language usage, to actively use them as languages of literature and science. Questions related to the consolidation of the status of state languages in the newly created nation-states after the destruction of one empire and under new political circumstances in the context of another empire need further studies., Językam należała jedna z kluczowych ról w procesie budowania społeczeństwa w XIX wieku. Niemożliwe jest badanie tych procesów poza okresem imperialnym. Głównym celem proponowanego artykułu jest analiza i porównanie cech edukacji i praktyk językowych, które charakteryzowały rozwój społeczności żydowskiej i polskiej na tzw. “zachodnich peryferiach” Imperium Rosyjskiego. Likwidacji polskich instytucji edukacyjnych towarzyszył rozwój wariantów włączenia polskiej młodzieży w kontekst imperialny poprzez system edukacji, a przede wszystkim, szkoły wyższe. Jednak, utrzymanie języka polskiego jako języka dokumentów, sądownictwa, codziennej komunikacji aż do powstania listopadowego w latach 1830-1831 znacznie skomplikowało zadanie asymilacji lokalnych Polaków.Przypuszcza się, że środowisko konkurencyjne stworzone przez zwolenników używania języka hebrajskiego i jidysz, w które dołączyli się sympatyzatorzy projektu asymilacyjnego (na język rosyjski), sprzyjało krystalizacji i unormowaniu każdego języka żydowskiego, jednocześnie rozwijając ich standardy literackie. Projekt stworzenia żydowskich instytutów nauczycielskich z elementami świeckiej edukacji, w języku rosyjskim i pod rosyjskim kierownictwem okazał się nierealnym z powodu niemożliwości osiągnięcia zgody z tradycyjną żydowską edukacją religijną.Metodologia: W artykule wykorzystano metodę porównawczą dla porównania praktyk językowych i edukacyjnych przedstawicieli społeczności polskiej i żydowskiej z terytoriów południowo-zachodnich i północno-zachodnich regionów w “długim XIX wieku”. Elementy metodologii konstruktywistycznej pozwoliły zbadać rolę znacznika języka w realizacji polskiego i żydowskiego projektów narodowych. Zestaw narzędzi tak zwanej “nowej historii imperium” umożliwił rozważenie nie tylko destrukcyjnego wpływu na rozwój języków narodowych w tworzeniu narodu. Przedstawiona metodologia potwierdza również obecność elementu nowości w proponowanym materiale.W Imperium Rosyjskim od połowy XIX wieku dominacja komunikacyjna stopniowo przechodzi do języka rosyjskiego. Inne języki zostały przeniesione do ich własnych nisz, co w dużej mierze ograniczyło ich użycie i wykorzystanie. Próby władz ograniczyć przestrzeń komunikacyjną w zakresie używania języków narodowych i zmniejszenia ich statusu przyniosły odwrotny skutek. Ich ucisk tylko zachęcił twórców narodowych “projektów” do podjęcia wszelkich wysiłków w celu standartyzacji, rozszerzenia dziedzin ich zastosowia, aktywnego wykorzystywania ich jako języków literatury i nauki. Dalsze badania wymagają pytań związanych z wzmocnieniem statusu języków państwowych w nowo utworzonych państwach narodowych po zniszczeniu całego imperium i nowych warunków politycznych w kontekście tych państw., Мовам належала одна із ключових ролей в націотворчих процесах ХІХ ст. Дослідження цих процесів в окреслений період неможливо поза межами імперського. Головним завданням запропонованої статті є аналіз та порівняння особливостей освіти та мовних практик, які характеризували розвиток єврейських та польських громад на так званих «західних окраїнах» Російської імперії. Ліквідація польських за характером навчальних закладів супроводжувалась розробкою варіантів включення польської молоді до загальноімперського контексту через систему освіти, й перш за все, вищу. Однак, збереження за польською статусу мови діловодства, судочинства, щоденного спілкування до Листопадового повстання 1830-1831 рр. значно ускладнило завдання асиміляції місцевих поляків. Висловлюється припущення, що конкуруюче середовище, що було створене прихильниками використання івриту та їдишу, до яких долучались симпатики асимілітаційного проекту з орієнтацією на російську мову, сприяло кристалізації та унормуванню кожної єврейської мови із одночасним розвитком їх літературних стандартів. Проект зі створення єврейських вчительських інститутів з елементами світської освіти, російською мовою та російським керівництвом виявився нежиттєздатним через неможливість досягти їх узгодження з єврейською традиційно-релігійною освітою. Методологія: у статті використано компаративний метод для порівняння мовних та освітніх практик представників польських та єврейських громад Південно-Західного та Північно-Західного краю протягом «довгого ХІХ ст.», елементи конструктивістської методології дозволили дослідити роль мовного маркеру в реалізації польського та єврейського національних проектів. Інструментарій так званої «нової імперської історії» дозволив розглянути не лише деструктивний вплив на розвиток національних мов в націотворенні. Окреслена методологія засвідчує й наявність елементу новизни в запропонованому матеріалі. В Російській імперії від середини XIX ст. комунікативне домінування поступово закріплюється за російською мовою. Іншим мовам відводилися свої, локальні ніші, які значною мірою обмежували їх вживання та використання. намагання влади скоротити комунікативний простір використання національних мов та принизити їх статус мали цілком зворотній ефект. Їх утиски лише стимулювали творців національних «проєктів» докладати максимум зусиль для унормування, розширення сфер вжитку, активного використання в якості мов літератури та науки. Подальших досліджень потребують питання, пов’язані із закріпленням статусів державних мов у новостворених національних державах після руйнації однієї імперії та нових політичних обставин в умовах іншої.
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- 2019
150. Augusto, el arquitecto del Principado
- Author
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Fabra Betoret, Cristina Lidón, Ferrer-Maestro, Juan José, and Universitat Jaume I. Departament d'Història, Geografia i Art
- Subjects
princeps ,auctoritas ,Bachelor's Degree in History and Heritage ,Grau en Història i Patrimoni ,imperium ,república ,senate ,Grado en Historia y Patrimonio ,senado ,republic - Abstract
Treball Final de Grau en Història i Patrimoni. Codi: HP1036. Curs acadèmic: 2018/2019 El presente TFG de Historia y Patrimonio expone el proceso por el que la República romana fue sustituida de la mano de Augusto por el Imperio, a pesar del rechazo visceral de los romanos hacia la Monarquía desde su derrocamiento. La República, asentada en el Senado y en los magistrados elegidos periódicamente entre sus miembros, que así limitaban el poder de los gobernadores, dejó paso al Imperio, gobernado por un solo hombre. Los progresivos cambios experimentados por el Senado iniciados con Julio César, que fue asesinado por ello, y culminados por Augusto, supusieron la acumulación cada vez mayor de cargos y honores en una sola persona, el Emperador, en detrimento del papel tradicional del Senado. La inteligente táctica de Augusto consiguió que el propio Senado le otorgara el poder, convirtiéndose en el primer emperador. Así pues, este trabajo pretende exponer los siguientes aspectos a lo largo de su redacción: la evolución que vivo el Senado y Roma desde el siglo II a.C hasta el fallecimiento de Augusto, pero principalmente, la figura del primer emperador Augusto y cómo logró, a pesar de su delicada salud y su falta de dotes militares, instaurar un nuevo régimen como el Principado. Para ello el trabajo está dividido en tres bloques; el primero comprende los dos primeros capítulos iniciado desde mediados del siglo II a.C explicando los problemas a los que tuvo que hacer frente Roma pasando por las figuras de lo Graco, Sila, Mario y Julio César hasta la evolución que vivió el joven Octavio hasta el año 27 a.C, año en el que se hizo con el control de la República. El segundo bloque, formado por los capítulos tres y cuatro, desarrolla las reformas que realizó Augusto para instaurar el principado y la denominada pax Augusta. Por último, el tercer bloque recoge el último y quinto capítulo del trabajo, donde analizo la sucesión de Augusto y la red de matrimonios y adopciones que realizó a lo largo de su vida. Finalizaré el presente trabajo con una conclusión donde de manera claro, daré respuesta a los puntos clave para poder entender como la República romana desapareció para dar paso al Imperio romano gobernado por un único hombre, el Emperador. Pero sobre todo el papel que jugó Augusto tanto político, social, religioso, militar e incluso arquitectónico en el Principado; y como su obra perduró tras su muerte. The present TFG of History and Heritage exposes the process by which the Roman Republic was replaced by Augustus by the Empire, despite the visceral rejection of the Romans towards the Monarchy since its overthrow. The Republic, based in the Senate and the magistrates elected periodically among its members, which thus limited the power of the governors, gave way to the Empire, ruled by a single man. The progressive changes experienced by the Senate initiated with Julio Cesar, who was killed for it, and culminated by Augustus, meant the increasing accumulation of positions and honors in a single person, the Emperor, to the detriment of the traditional role of the Senate. Augusto's intelligent tactics got the Senate to grant him power, making him the first Emperor.Thus the present work intends to expose the following aspects throughout its writing: the evolution that the Senate and Rome lived from the second century BC until the death of Augustus, but mainly, the figure of the first emperor Augustus and how he achieved, despite his delicate health and lack of military skills, establishing a new regime as the principality. For this, the work is divided into three blocks; The first includes the first two chapters started from the middle of the second century BC explaining the problems that Rome had to face, going through the figures of the Graco, Sila, Mario and Julio César until the evolution that the young Octavian lived until the year 27 BC, year in which it took control of the Republic. The second block, formed by chapters three and four, develops the reforms that Augusto carried out to establish the principality and the socalled pax Augusta. Finally, the third block contains the last and fifth chapter of the work, where I analyze the succession of Augustus and the network of marriages and adoptions that he made throughout his life, answer to the key points to understand how the Roman Republic disappeared to give way to the Roman Empire ruled by a single man, the emperor, a clear synonym for monarch and that the Romans hated. But above all the role that Augustus played both political, social, religious, military and even architectural in the Principality; and how his work endured after his death.
- Published
- 2019
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