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BACKGROUNDIn the diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), computed tomography (CT) is an accurate, noninvasive alternative to invasive coronary angiography (ICA). However, the comparative effectiveness of CT and ICA in the management of CAD to reduce the frequency of major adverse cardiovascular events is uncertain.METHODSWe conducted a pragmatic, randomized trial comparing CT with ICA as initial diagnostic imaging strategies for guiding the treatment of patients with stable chest pain who had an intermediate pretest probability of obstructive CAD and were referred for ICA at one of 26 European centers. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke) over 3.5 years. Key secondary outcomes were procedure-related complications and angina pectoris.RESULTSAmong 3561 patients (56.2% of whom were women), follow-up was complete for 3523 (98.9%). Major adverse cardiovascular events occurred in 38 of 1808 patients (2.1%) in the CT group and in 52 of 1753 (3.0%) in the ICA group (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI), 0.46 to 1.07; P=0.10). Major procedure-related complications occurred in 9 patients (0.5%) in the CT group and in 33 (1.9%) in the ICA group (hazard ratio, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.55). Angina during the final 4 weeks of follow-up was reported in 8.8% of the patients in the CT group and in 7.5% of those in the ICA group (odds ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.48).CONCLUSIONSAmong patients referred for ICA because of stable chest pain and intermediate pretest probability of CAD, the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events was similar in the CT group and the ICA group. The frequency of major procedure-related complications was lower with an initial CT strategy.

The aim of the article is to present activities undertaken by selected clothing companies with respect to corporate social responsibility. The authors provide the definition of corporate social responsibility, the main areas of a CSR strategy and its potential benefits using examples of good practices undertaken by large clothing companies that operate globally: H&M, CCC S.A., Adidas, LPP S.A. CSR policies pursued by these brands are an expression of their concern for the environment, society and the future of our planet. CSR activities undertaken by these companies contribute to their positive image, which can translate into higher sales and a competitive advantage.

SADLIK, Maria, ABOD, Leila, ILNICKA, Natalia, MATYJA, Daria & ZUZIAK, Patrycja. Intranasal Treatment of Acute Rhinosinusitis - Recommendations, Efficacy and Safety. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;15(1):43-49. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.15.01.005 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/42870 https://zenodo.org/record/7745043 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2023; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 27.02.2023. Revised: 14.03.2023. Accepted: 15.03.2023. Published: 17.03.2023. Intranasal Treatment of Acute Rhinosinusitis - Recommendations, Efficacy and Safety Maria Sadlik1*, Leila Abod2, Natalia Ilnicka3, Daria Matyja4, Patrycja Zuziak5 1Jan Mikulicz-Radecki University Teaching Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław; sadlik.maria@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8255-9200 2Jan Mikulicz-Radecki University Teaching Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław; leila.aboood@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5895-0944 3Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroclaw, Research and Development Centre, H. Kaminski Street 73a, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland; natalia.ilnicka@outlook.com;ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7149-8534 4J. Gromkowski Regional Specialist Hospital, Koszarowa 5, 51 - 149 Wrocław; daria.matyja@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9046-7821 5T. Marciniak Lower Silesian Specialist Hospital - Emergency Medicine Centre, Fieldorfa 2, 54-049 Wrocław; pat.zuziak@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3612-0349 *Corresponding Author Abstract Introduction and purpose:Acute rhinosinusitis is a common condition worldwide, usually caused by respiratory viruses. Nasal epithelium is their primary point of entry and an active responder to the infection. Therefore, it seems reasonable for the treatment approach to include locally applied drugs. Our purpose is to bring forward up-to-date recommendations of intranasal treatment options for acute rhinosinusitis, and assess their efficacy and safety. Description of the state of knowledge:Rhinosinusitis is an inflammation of the mucosa present in the nose and the paranasal sinuses. It affects many patients yearly, bearing significant adverse effects on quality of life, productivity and healthcare expenditure. Acute rhinosinusitis lasts less than 12 weeks and is divided into viral, post-viral and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. It is one of the prevailing reasons for unfounded antibiotics prescription, although it is usually self-limiting. Its treatment depends on the clinical stage of the infection, however, each of them encloses medications administered intranasally. Based on EPOS2020 and scientific publications it seems that nasal decongestants may be prescribed in viral rhinosinusitis, nasal corticosteroids in post-viral rhinosinusitis and nasal saline can prove beneficial in all clinical stages of rhinosinusitis. While used appropriately all aforementioned medications prove to be safe. Conclusions:In the light of the findings presented in this paper, it can be concluded that acute rhinosinusitis should be treated not only with oral, but also with intranasal drugs. Nasal decongestants are to be considered in viral rhinosinusitis mainly. Nasal corticosteroids show some positive effect in post-viral rhinosinusitis. Nasal saline can be administered in all clinical stages of acute rhinosinusitis. It is crucial to caution the patients against misuse of the medications, in order to prevent their adverse effects. Key words:rhinosinusitis, acute rhinosinusitis, common cold, nasal decongestants, nasal corticosteroids, nasal saline

Introduction In recent years, interest in human papillomavirus infections as a causative factor in epithelial cancer development has grown. Literature indicates that HPV involvement in malignant transformations in oral mucosa can vary significantly, from 0 up to 87%. The aim of our study was to detect the prevalence of salivary HPV infection among generally healthy adults. Materials and Methods The examination involved 139 patients, from whom 139 whole, 1.5ml saliva samples were obtained. HPV DNA was detected by the nested PCR technique. To visualize the PCR products electrophoresis reactions were carried out. Results Sample analysis showed that DNA for HPV was detected in 14 patients: 11 positive results were obtained from men, and 3 from women. This yields a high infection rate: 10.07%. Conclusions The HPV prevalence in the male group was more than twice as high as in the female group. Also, subclinical oral HPV infection was detected more frequently in young (19–39 years old) and older (=>60 years old) adults.

The subject of this article is female names given at Baptism in the parish of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Czestochowa between 1950 and 1955. The aim is to establish the repertoire of names chosen for nomination and to indicate those most frequently given at Baptism. The names of girls and their mothers were taken into account, making it possible to establish whether a name is inherited from a parent. The research material subjected to quantitative and qualitative analysis was compared with data from the years 1950–1955 included in the “Dictionary of names contemporary in Poland used”, compiled by Kazimierz Rymut. Detailed observation also made it possible to determine whether the studied anthroponomastycon contains rare, atypical names, which stand out in some way against the background of the whole studied collection.

MATYJA, Daria, ABOD, Leila, ILNICKA, Natalia, SADLIK, Maria & ZUZIAK, Patrycja. Pharmacology and non-pharmacology treatment in a way of well controlled childhood asthma. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;13(4):249-255.eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.13.04.029 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/42441 https://zenodo.org/record/7682897 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2023; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received:06.02.2023. Revised: 22.02.2023. Accepted: 27.02.2023. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment as a means to control childhood asthma Leczenie farmakologiczne i niefarmakologiczne w celu uzyskania kontroli nad astmą wieku dziecięcego Daria Matyja1*, Leila Abod2, Natalia Ilnicka3, Maria Sadlik4, Patrycja Zuziak5 1J.Gromkowski Regional Specialist Hospital Koszarowa 5, 51 - 149 Wrocław; daria.matyja@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9046-7821 2Jan Mikulicz-Radecki University Teaching Hospital Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław; leila.aboood@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5895-0944 3Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroclaw, Research and Development Centre, H. Kaminski Street 73a, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland; natalia.ilnicka@outlook.com;ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7149-8534 4Jan Mikulicz-Radecki University Teaching Hospital Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław; sadlik.maria@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8255-9200 5T. Marciniak Lower Silesian Specialist Hospital - Emergency Medicine Centre, Fieldorfa 2, 54-049 Wrocław; pat.zuziak@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3612-0349 *Corresponding Author Abstract Introduction and purpose:Asthma is a chronic disease of air pathways which is characterized by episodic or persistent reversible airflow obstruction with chronic inflammation of respiratory tract and increased bronchial reactivity. Our aim is to broaden patients’ knowledge concerning suitable diet and exercises which can help in controlling asthma symptoms. Description of the state of knowledge:A diet rich in vegetables and fruit contains a huge amount of fiber and anti-inflammatory flavonoids. introducing plant products into the diet of children with asthma improves parameters such as FEV1, FVC and PEF. Dairy products, on the other hand, are associated with worsening of these parameters and are not recommended for patients with asthma. The aforementioned effects are related to the presence of cow's milk protein and increased activity of interleukin 17. The Western diet being rich in animal fats and low in fiber is not recommended for patients with asthma. This is primarily due to resulting difficulty in maintaining a healthy body weight and the pro-inflammatory properties of animal fats. Conclusions:In light of the impact of a suitable diet on the reduction of asthma symptoms, it is recommended to increase the share of vegetables and fruit in the daily menu of asthmatics and to limit their consumption of animal fats. In addition, young patients are encouraged to undertake physical activity adapted to their individual abilities. Key words:asthma, childhood asthma, western diet, plant-based diet, physical activity Abstrakt Wprowadzenie i cel pracy:Astma jest nieheterogenną grupą chorób dróg oddechowych charakteryzującą się ich zwężeniem i przewlekłym zapaleniem oraz nadreaktywnością oskrzeli. Celem niniejszej pracy jest zwiększenie świadomości na temat roli odpowiedniej diety oraz ćwiczeń fizycznych pozwalających lepiej opanować objawy astmy u dzieci. Opis stanu wiedzy:Dieta bogata w warzywa i owoce zawiera dużą ilość błonnika oraz flawonoidów mających właściwości przeciwzapalne. Wzbogacenie diety o produkty pochodzenia roślinnego u dzieci z astmą wpływa na polepszenie takich parametrów jak FEV1, FVC oraz PEF. Mleko i jego pochodne natomiast wpływają na pogorszenie tychże parametrów i nie są rekomendowane u pacjentów z astmą. Wspomniana właściwość mleka wiąże się z obecnością białka mleka krowiego oraz zwiększeniem aktywności interleukiny 17. Dieta zachodnia bogata w tłuszcze zwierzęce oraz uboga w błonnik nie jest rekomendowana u pacjentów z astmą ze względu na utrudnienie w zachowaniu prawidłowej masy ciała oraz właściwości prozapalne tłuszczów zwierzęcych. Wnioski:Mając na uwadze wpływ odpowiedniej diety na ograniczenie objawów astmy zaleca się wprowadzenie większej ilości warzyw i owoców do codziennego jadłospisu astmatyków oraz ograniczenie przyjmowania tłuszczy zwierzęcych. Ponadto, młodych pacjentów zachęca się do podejmowania aktywności fizycznej dostosowanej do ich indywidulanych możliwości. Słowa klucze:asthma, childhood asthma, western diet, plant-based diet, physical activity

ZUZIAK, Patrycja, ILNICKA, Natalia, ABOD, Leila, MATYJA, Daria & SADLIK, Maria. Intestinal microbiota and obesity. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2023;13(2):142-148. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2023.13.02.020 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/41072 https://zenodo.org/record/7482732 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 28.11.2022. Revised: 21.12.2022. Accepted: 26.12.2022. INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA AND OBESITY ROLA MIKROBIOTY JELITOWEJ W PATOGENEZIE OTYŁOŚĆI Patrycja Zuziak1* , Natalia Ilnicka2, Leila Abod3, Daria Matyja4, Maria Sadlik5 1T. Marciniak Lower Silesian Specialist Hospital - Emergency Medicine Centre, Fieldorfa 2, 54-049 Wrocław; pat.zuziak@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3612-0349 2Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroclaw, Research and Development Centre, H. Kaminski Street 73a, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland; natalia.ilnicka@outlook.com;ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7149-8534 3Jan Mikulicz-Radecki University Teaching Hospital Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław; leila.aboood@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5895-0944 4J. Gromkowski Regional Specialist Hospital Koszarowa 5, 51-149 Wrocław; daria.matyja@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9046-7821 5Jan Mikulicz-Radecki University Teaching Hospital Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław; sadlik.maria@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8255-9200 *Corresponding Author ABSTRACT: Introduction and purpose: The growing number of obese people is one of the greatest problems of modern medicine. It is estimated that every 10th person is obese. It is likely that this number will grow in line with the increase in domestic production in countries of the global south. The possible causes of the disease are well known, namely, incl. excess high-calorie food, genes, endocrine diseases and some medications. Recent studies also suggest that the gut microbiome may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity. Description of the state of knowledge: Microbiota is named a super organ that has the ability to evolve in response to changing conditions within the host organism. It is named so because it is made up of over 100,000 billion cells that belong to different groups of organisms. Microbiota consists of bacteria, fungi, protists, viruses and archaea. This taxonomically diverse collective plays a vital role in maintaining the homeostasis of the human body. A well-balanced intestinal flora protects the digestive tract from colonization by pathogenic microorganisms, it is also important in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal walls, is involved in the synthesis of certain vitamins and plays a role in nourishing mucosa cells. Moreover, it is known that the microflora can influence body weight, insulin sensitivity, and metabolism of certain sugars and lipids. Disturbances in the composition of the microbiome (dysbiosis) lead to an increased absorption of short-chain fatty acids, which leads to an increase in endogenous YY peptide synthesis. This protein slows down the intestinal transit and indirectly leads to increased absorption of nutrients. This predisposes to the development of obesity. The use of prebiotics, probiotics and some antibiotics reduces intestinal dysbiosis. For obese patients, it is associated with reduction of insulin resistance and decrease in blood glucose level. Conclusions: In the light of the available studies, it can be concluded that intestinal dysbiosis may play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Unfortunately, the practical application of this knowledge is not yet well documented. Therefore this topic requires further experiments and analysis. Key words:obesity; type 2 diabetes; microbiome; short chain fatty acids; probiotics; prebiotics; gut microbiota ABSTRAKT: Wprowadzenie i cel pracy: Wzrastająca liczba osób otyłych jest jednym z największych problemów współczesnej medycyny. Szacuje się, że obecnie co 10 człowiek jest otyły. Prawdopodobnie liczba te będzie rosła, wraz z wzrostem krajowej produkcji brutto w krajach globalnego południa. Powszechnie znane są przyczyny wspomnianej choroby, mianowicie, m.in. nadmiar pożywienia wysokokalorycznego, uwarunkowania genetyczne, choroby endokrynologiczne oraz niektóre leki. Najnowsze badania sugerują również, że w patogenezie otyłości może mieć udział mikrobiom jelitowy. Opis stanu wiedzy: Mikrobiota powszechnie uważana jest za supernarząd, który ma zdolność do ewolucji w odpowiedzi na zmieniające się warunki wewnątrz organizmu gospodarza. Zyskała taką nazwę, ponieważ zbudowana jest z ponad 100 000 mld komórek, które należą do różnych grup organizmów. W jelitach można znaleźć bakterie, grzyby, protisty, wirusy oraz archeony. Ta zróżnicowana taksonomicznie zbiorowość jest niezbędna do zachowania homeostazy ludzkiego organizmu. Prawidłowa gatunkowo flora jelitowa chroni przewód pokarmowy przed kolonizacją przez drobnoustroje chorobotwórcze, ma znaczenie w utrzymaniu integralności ścian jelit, bierze udział w syntezie niektórych witamin oraz pełni rolę w odżywaniu komórek śluzówki. Co więcej, obecnie wiadomo, że mikroflora może wpływać na masę ciała, wrażliwość komórek na insulinę oraz metabolizm niektórych cukrów i lipidów. Zaburzenia w składzie mikrobiomu (dysbioza) prowadzą do wzrostu wchłaniania krótkołańcuchowych kwasów tłuszczowych, co prowadzi do zwiększenia endogennej syntezy peptydu YY. Białko to spowalnia pasaż jelitowy i pośrednio doprowadza do wzmożonego wchłaniania substancji pokarmowych. Predysponuje to do rozwoju otyłości. Stosowanie prebiotyków, probiotyków oraz niektórych antybiotyków prowadzi do zmniejszenia dysbiozy jelitowej. U pacjentów z otyłością związane jest to ze spadkiem insulinooporności i obniżeniem poziomu glukozy we krwi. Wnioski: W świetle dostępnych badań można stwierdzić, że dysbioza jelitowa może mieć znaczenie w patogenezie otyłości. Niestety zastosowanie praktyczne tej wiedzy nie jest jeszcze dobrze udokumentowane, dlatego temat ten wymaga dalszych doświadczeń i analiz. Key words:obesity; type 2 diabetes; microbiome; short chain fatty acids; probiotics; prebiotics; gut microbiota

The management of complex dental trauma can be modulated according to the emergencies that may arise over time. Clinical management of transverse root fractures may require different therapies based on situations, such as delay and error in the treatment of an avulsion trauma associated with apical third root fracture, patient's poor compliance, or external and internal root resorption. The primary aim of this article was to review studies regarding root fractures in the permanent dentition and root fracture management. The secondary aim was to present the inflammatory reaction and the complications (i.e., infections) that may occur if the International Association for Dental Traumatology (IADT) guidelines are not followed. In addition, a scenario is devised in which endodontic surgery, despite the baseline patient's conditions and negative prognosis, can help to inhibit the inflammatory root resorption and allow the preservation of soft and hard tissues within a long follow-up from the injury, for the purpose of demonstrating the next possible implant-prosthetic rehabilitation.

Unter den mittelalterlichen Übersetzungen der Bibel in die Volkssprachen nehmen die Psalmen einen besonderen Platz ein. Im Mittelhochdeutschen wirken sie jedoch aus heutiger Sicht oft etwas unbeholfen und fast naiv in ihren frommen Christianisierungsbemühungen. Bei näherer Betrachtung erkennt man jedoch, dass es zwei Arten dieser Texte gibt: Die einen sind tatsächlich Übersetzungen, die das Original recht genau wiedergeben; die anderen sind eher Studientexte, die nicht nur die beiden hiesigen Übersetzungen der Psalmen, sondern auch die zeitgenössischen Kommentare berücksichtigen., Vulgata in Dialogue. A Biblical On-Line Review, Bd. 6 (2022)

The manuscript presents results on the influence of external pressure on graphene exfoliation and subsequent 3D structuring by means of liquid-phase exfoliation. In contrast to known and applied exfoliation methods, the current study exploits the enhancement of splitting forces caused by the application of high pressure. The manufacturing pathway allowed to increase the surface area from 750 m2/g (nanoplatelets) to ca. 1100 m2/g (after 3D structuring). Electrochemical studies revealed that the 3D graphene materials were active in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The outstanding ORR activity of 3D structured graphene materials should not be ascribed to heteroatom catalytic centers since such heteroatoms were successively removed upon increasing the carbonization temperature. XPS data showed that the presence of transition metals and nitrogen (usually regarded as catalytic centers) in G-materials was marginal. The results highlight the importance of structural factors of electrodes in the case of graphene-based materials for Zn–air batteries and ORR.

Defects are widely present in nanomaterials, and they are recognized as the active sites that tune surface properties in the local region for catalysis. Recently, the theory linking defect structures and catalytic properties of nanocatalysts has been most commonly described. In this study, we prepared boron-doped carbon nano-onions (B-CNOs) by applying an annealing treatment of ultradispersed nanodiamond particles and amorphous boron. These experimental conditions guarantee doping of CNOs with boron atoms in the entire carbon nanostructure, thereby ensuring structural homogeneity. In our research, we discuss the correlations between defective structures of B-CNOs with their catalytic properties toward SO2 and tert-butanol dehydration. We show that there is a close relationship between the catalytic properties of the B-CNOs and the experimental conditions for their formation. It is not only the mass of the substrates used for the formation of B-CNOs that is crucial, that is, the mass ratio of NDs to amorphous B, but also the process, including temperature and gas atmosphere. As it was expected, all B-CNOs demonstrated significant catalytic activity in HSO3– oxidation. However, the subsequent annealing in an air atmosphere diminished their catalytic activity. Unfortunately, no direct relationship between the catalytic activity and the presence of heteroatoms on the B-CNO surface was observed. There was a linear dependence between catalytic activity and Raman reactivity factors for each of the B-CNO materials. In contrast to SO2 oxidation, the B-CNO-a samples showed higher catalytic activity in tert-butanol dehydration due to the presence of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. The occurence of three types of boron-Lewis sites differing in electron donor properties was confirmed using quantitative infrared spectroscopic measurements of pyridine adsorption.

The COVID-19 Pandemic in the Experience of People in Late Adulthood The article presents a qualitative study on the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic among people aged 60+, carried out in its initial stage, in Poland. Three individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted in May 2020, in order to explore how the pandemic is perceived in a cognitive, emotional and social context, and how it refers to study participants’ past experiences. Purposive sampling was used, taking into account criteria of the specific situation of people aged 60+: belonging to the group at increased risk of serious consequences of the disease and being subject to special preventive interventions. Based on the thematic analysis of the data corpus, six issues were identified: information about the coronavirus, changes in the current life, emotional and cognitive attitudes, references to the past, coping strategies and predictions. There was a large variation observed in the way of thinking about the reported events, experienced emotions and visions of the future. The pandemic phenomenon was presented on many levels, being evaluated as a difficult but perhaps valuable experience.

Ilnicka, Natalia, Abod, Leila, Matyja, Daria, Sadlik, Maria & Zuziak, Patrycja. Ketogenic diet as a tool in the treatment of diseases. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2022;12(12):199-203. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2022.12.12.031 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/40808 https://zenodo.org/record/7334135 The journal has had 40 points in Ministry of Education and Science of Poland parametric evaluation. Annex to the announcement of the Minister of Education and Science of December 21, 2021. No. 32343. Has a Journal's Unique Identifier: 201159. Scientific disciplines assigned: Physical Culture Sciences (Field of Medical sciences and health sciences); Health Sciences (Field of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences). Punkty Ministerialne z 2019 - aktualny rok 40 punktów. Załącznik do komunikatu Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z dnia 21 grudnia 2021 r. Lp. 32343. Posiada Unikatowy Identyfikator Czasopisma: 201159. Przypisane dyscypliny naukowe: Nauki o kulturze fizycznej (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu); Nauki o zdrowiu (Dziedzina nauk medycznych i nauk o zdrowiu). © The Authors 2022; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 08.11.2022. Revised: 10.11.2022. Accepted: 18.11.2022. Ketogenic diet as a tool in the treatment of diseases Zastosowanie diety ketogenicznej w lecznictwie Natalia Ilnicka1*, Leila Abod2, Daria Matyja3, Maria Sadlik4, Patrycja Zuziak5 1Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroclaw, Research and Development Centre, H. Kaminski Street 73a, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland; natalia.ilnicka@outlook.com;ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7149-8534 2Jan Mikulicz-Radecki University Teaching Hospital Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław; leila.aboood@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5895-0944 3J. Gromkowski Regional Specialist Hospital Koszarowa 5, 51 - 149 Wrocław; daria.matyja@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9046-7821 4Jan Mikulicz-Radecki University Teaching Hospital Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław; sadlik.maria@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8255-9200 5T. Marciniak Lower Silesian Specialist Hospital - Emergency Medicine Centre, Fieldorfa 2, 54-049 Wrocław; pat.zuziak@gmail.com; ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3612-0349 *Corresponding Author Abstract Introduction and purpose:Ketogenic diet (KD) is a form of nutrition based on usage of ketone bodies, received from transformation of consumed fats as a main source of energy. Advantages of this type of metabolism are used in treatment of various diseases. Our purpose is to sum up and present what we know about its usage, as a therapeutic tool, so far. Description of the state of knowledge:The use of ketone bodies, instead of glucose, as a main source of energy is more efficient, reduces oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, it modulates gut microbiota. KD is used in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in children and is proved to be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It can improve health of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric diseases. The usage in other areas is still under research. It is also necessary to take into consideration adverse effects of KD such as an increase in level of LDL-cholesterol and a potential lack of some macro- and microelements. Additionaly, maintaining the diet seems to be difficult, therefore, there is no enough data to fully describe its impact on human health in long-term perspective. Conclusions:The findings presented in this paper suggest that a ketogenic diet can constructively supplement the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in children and aid the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Regarding diseases associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, the reviewed data indicates that KD could be of use. However, KD is not recommended to be routinely ordered before further studies have substantiated and observable effect. Key words:ketogenic diet; type 2 diabetes; neuroinflammation; drug-resistant epilepsy; NAFLD

Cleft lip and cleft palate has one of the highest incidences in the malformations of the oral cavity, that varies between populations. The background underlying the issue of cleft lip and palate is multifactorial and greatly depends on the genetic factors and environmental factors. The aim of this nonsystematic narrative review is to present the cleft palate and or lip pediatric population as target for interdisciplinary treatment. The purpose of this narrative review is to sum up the modern knowledge on the treatment of patients with clefts, as well as to highlight the importance of the great need for cooperation between different dental specialists along with medical professionals such as oral surgeons, prosthodontists, orthodontists along with medical professions such as pediatricians, speech therapists and phoniatrics, and laryngologist.

Herein, we demonstrate that modification of TiO

Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) constitute an emerging class of high-performance materials due to their porosity and the possibility of structural control at the molecular or atomic level. However, the use of CTFs as electrodes in supercapacitors is hampered by their low electrical conductivity and a strong stacking effect between adjacent CTFs. Herein, two series of hybrid carbon nano-onion-based CTFs were designed and successfully synthesized using an ionothermal process at 700 °C. The CTF could undergo framework growth in two or four directions, which was related to the presence of a defined number of nitrile groups in the substrate. CTF counterparts without carbon nano-onions were also synthesized as reference materials. The hybrid materials exhibited excellent specific capacitances, with the highest value exceeding 495 F g-1. It should be emphasized that the specific capacitance value for hybrids was 1.5-2 times higher than that for the reference CTFs. In this study, we examined the factors responsible for such a large increase in electrochemical efficiency. This strategy has significantly expanded the scope and application of CTFs as high-performance electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage systems.