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[Display omitted] • Investigating the fluorescence characteristics of europium-doxycycline complex. • The fluorescence of the complex was enhanced by encapsulation into micelles. • The enhanced fluorescence of the complex was quenched by indigo carmine via inner-filter effect. • The fluorescent complex was employed as a sensor for fluorimetric assay of indigo carmine. • The assay is a valuable tool for the assessment of both food quality and safety. Indigo carmine (IN-CR) is a synthetic blue dye widely used as a coloring agent in various food and beverage products. It is recognized for its ability to enhance the visual appeal, hue, and consistency of food products. However, recent studies have raised concerns about the potential health risks associated with this substance. Therefore, a highly sensitive analytical tool is required for the trace determination of IN-CR in food products. This study describes the spectral characteristics of micellar-enhanced fluorescence of europium (III)-doxycycline complex and its employment as a sensor for the development of a highly sensitive fluorimetric assay for the trace determination of IN-CR. The complex was formed in an alkaline medium containing hydrogen peroxide and encapsulated into cetyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles. This micellar-encapsulated complex exhibited significantly enhanced fluorescence at a wavelength of 613.5 nm, overlapping with the maximum absorption peak of IN-CR at 610 nm. This inner-filter effect phenomenon resulted in IN-CR's concentration-dependent quenching of the complex's fluorescence. The fluorescence quenching of the complex by inner-filter effect of IN-CR was adopted in the development of a highly sensitive fluorimetric assay for IN-CR. The conditions of the assay were refined, and the optimum procedures were established. The assay was validated for its performance characteristics, and all the validation criteria were met. The assay displayed linearity within the IN-CR concentration range of 100–1250 ng mL−1, with a limit of detection at 41.2 ng mL−1. Importantly, the assay exhibited no interference from other substances commonly used as food additives. The recoveries ranged from 99.11 % to 101.57 %, with relative standard deviations ranging from 1.34 % to 1.89 %. The assay was successfully applied to the determination of IN-CR in commercial syrup products, and the recoveries ranged from 93.5 % to 106.32 % with relative standard deviations ≤4.72 %, confirming the reliability of the assay. The proposed assay provides some key advantages, including a novel application of the europium (III)-doxycycline complex as a fluorescence sensor for the determination of IN-CR in real syrups innovative, high sensitivity and selectivity, simplicity of analysis procedures, time-saving of entire analysis protocol. In conclusion, the assay serves as a valuable tool for quantifying IN-CR in food products, facilitating the assessment of both food quality and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Dyes used in the textile industry contribute significantly to the increase of water pollution as they are disposed of, most of the time, without proper treatment. Indigo carmine is a synthetic dye widely used in the coloring of jeans and is considered difficult to remove, causing irreversible damage to the food chain in ecosystems. Mycomediation appears as an economical and sustainable way to treat textile effluents, and this work tested three strains of Trametes collected in Brazil against the ability to discolor the indigo carmine and also the activity of laccase, lignin and manganese peroxidases. The experiment was carried out in Kirk medium under static, non-sterile condition, at ± 28 °C for 120 h. Trametes lactinea (URM8350) discolored 81.40 % of the indigo carmine, T. lactinea (URM8350) 85.09 % and T. villosa (URM8022) 96.11 %. Laccase was detected in all specimens. Manganese peroxidase was detected in T. villosa and T. lactinea (URM8354), while lignin peroxidase was not detected in any of the isolates. The ability of T. lactinea to discolor dyes is reported for the first time. The discoloration rates demonstrate the ability of the strains to discolor carmine indigo and their promising use in the discoloration processes in wastewater from the textile segment.

We apply molecular dynamics methods to determine the impact of temperature on the structural and dynamic properties of aqueous solution of indigo carmine at temperatures between 300 and 323 К. We report that indigo carmine motion changes from the sub-diffuse to the diffuse regime at t = 100 ps, while water molecules continue to move in the slowed sub-diffuse regime. We demonstrate that the determining factor in the change of the structural and dynamic properties of the aqueous solution of indigo carmine at temperatures between 300 and 323 K is the change in the local structure of water and that the presence of indigo carmine leads to the decrease in temperatures at which a slowed motion of solution components is observed. [Display omitted] • The impact of temperature on the structural and dynamic properties of the aqueous solution of indigo carmine. • Indigo carmine motion changes from the sub-diffuse to the diffuse regime at t = 100 ps. • The properties of the IС-water system are determined by changes in the local structure of water with temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles were formed using the chemical precipitation method. The effect of the calcination process on the structural parameters, optical bandgap, and photocatalytic performance was investigated. The structural characteristics were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD analysis reveals that the formed NiO crystallized in an fcc crystal structure and the calcination process influences the crystallite size, microstrain, dislocation density, and average surface area. For example, the smallest and largest particle sizes (19.13 nm and 27.63 nm) were achieved for the samples prepared at 800 °C for 4 h and 900 °C for 2 h, respectively. Based on the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy analysis, the energy bandgap has the lowest values (3.33 eV) for the prepared NiO that calcinated at 800 °C for 2 h compared with other samples. The formation of a Ni–O stretching vibration mode is revealed by FTIR, and the broadness of the absorption band confirms that the NiO samples are nanocrystals. The morphology of the prepared NiO reveals the formation of spherical nanoparticles for NiO calcinated at 700 °C, while dodecahedron-like shapes were observed for NiO calcinated at 800 and 900 °C. The photocatalytic performance of NiO nanoparticles as catalysts for the degradation of indigo carmine dye was investigated under ultraviolet–visible irradiation up to 3 h. The best degradation efficiency was found to be 76% for NiO calcinated at 800 °C for 4 h, which belonged to the smallest crystallite size of 19.13 nm, and the highest surface area of 47.02 m2 g−1. The superior and excellent performance of this sample compared to other samples was confirmed by achieving the highest reaction rate constant (4.51 × 10−3 min−1). The proposed photodegradation mechanism shows the importance of increasing the time required for the recombination process between the positive holes and the excited electrons, which is the best possible when using the optimum photocatalyst sample that was prepared at 800 °C for 4 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of Indigo carmine (IC) from the aquatic environment is necessary due to its high toxicity. In this study, methacryloxy ethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) modified sisal fiber (SF-DMC) was prepared by a one-step process using radiation induced grafting polymerization. The adsorption performance of SF-DMC toward IC dye was investigated by batch adsorption experiments. The adsorption kinetic studies show that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 30 min, and it can be well described by pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherms are well described by Langmuir model, and the theoretical maximum adsorption capacities are 709.22–892.86 mg/g at different temperatures. The adsorption of IC onto SF-DMC is a spontaneous and exothermic reaction and low temperatures is favorable for adsorption. Besides, SF-DMC has good selective adsorption for IC in the mixed anionic dyes and in high-salt solution. The dyes on SF-DMC can be desorbed by 2 mol/L HCl solution. Therefore, the SF-DMC exhibits excellent adsorption performance, which is suitable for IC removal from high-salt wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigo carmine is a widely used colorant in the food and pharmaceutical industry a high concentration of which can lead to a wide range of negative effects on human health. Therefore, colorant contents have to be strictly controlled. SeO2-nanoparticle-modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) have been developed as a voltammetric sensor for indigo carmine. Various types and concentrations of surfactants have been used as reagents for the stabilization of SeO2 nanoparticle dispersions and as electrode surface co-modifiers. An amount of 1.0 mM cationic cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) provides the best response of the indigo carmine on the modified electrode. The electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). SeO2 nanoparticle–CPB-modified electrodes show 4.2-fold higher electroactive area vs. GCE as well as a dramatic 5043-fold decrease in the electron transfer resistance indicating effectivity of the modifier developed. The surface-controlled electrooxidation of indigo carmine proceeds irreversibly (αa = 0.46) with the participation of two electrons and two protons. A linear dynamic range of 0.025–1.0 and 1.0–10 µM of indigo carmine were obtained with the detection and quantification limits of 4.3 and 14.3 nM, respectively. The practical applicability of the sensor was successfully shown on the pharmaceutical dosage forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) is a targeted material for its relative safety and photocatalytic activity under visible light. In this study, a successful simple and energy-saving route was applied to prepare BiOI through a sonochemical process at room temperature. The characterization of the prepared BiOI was conducted by physical means. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) image showed that the BiOI comprises nanoparticles of about 20 nm. Also, the surface area of the BiOI was found to be 34.03 m2 g−1 with an energy gap of 1.835 eV. The adsorption and photocatalytic capacities of the BiOI were examined for the indigo carmine dye (IC) as a model water-pollutant via the batch experiment methodology. The solution parameters were optimized, including pH, contact time, IC concentration, and temperature. Worth mentioning that an adsorption capacity of 185 mg·g−1 was obtained from 100 mg L−1 IC solution at 25 °C within 60 min as an equilibrium time. In addition, the BiOI showed a high degradation efficiency towards IC under tungsten lamb (80 W), where 93% was removed within 180 min, and the complete degradation was accomplished in 240 min. The fabricated BiOI nanoparticles completely mineralized the IC under artificial visible light, as indicated by the total organic carbon analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For successful treatment of early gastric cancers (EGCs), it is crucial to define the horizontal border of the lesion with high accuracy. Acetic acid–indigo carmine (AI) chromoendoscopy has been used to determine the horizontal border in EGCs, but this technique is less potent in certain situations. Mucin phenotype in gastric cancers refers to biological differences in precursor lesions and differences in histopathologic findings, and it might affect AI chromoendoscopy findings. We aimed to investigate the association between mucin phenotype and AI chromoendoscopy findings in EGCs. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 126 lesions in 126 patients with endoscopically diagnosed EGCs. Conventional endoscopy and AI chromoendoscopy findings of these lesions before treatment were prospectively analyzed. The border distinction between the lesion and surrounding mucosa was classified as distinct or indistinct on conventional endoscopy and AI chromoendoscopy, respectively. Mucin phenotypes were classified as gastric, intestinal, gastrointestinal, or null type by immunohistochemistry. Results: The lesion borders were distinct in 46.8% (59/126) of the lesions assessed using conventional endoscopy and in 73.0% (92/126) of those assessed with AI chromoendoscopy (p < 0.001). The border distinction rate of differentiated-type cancers on AI chromoendoscopy was significantly higher than that on conventional endoscopy (66/71 [93.0%] vs. 34/71 [47.9%], p < 0.001), but the border distinction rate of undifferentiated-type cancers on AI chromoendoscopy was not different from that on conventional endoscopy (26/55 [47.3%] vs. 25/55 [45.5%], p = 0.848). Compared with conventional endoscopy, AI chromoendoscopy identified borders in a significantly higher percentage of gastric, intestinal, and gastrointestinal mucin types; however, there was no difference in AI chromoendoscopy findings according to the mucin phenotype (p = 0.271). Conclusion: AI chromoendoscopy was effective in horizontal border delineation in differentiated-type EGCs, but not in undifferentiated-type EGCs. Mucin phenotype had no effect on border distinction using AI chromoendoscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the removal of Indigo Carmine (IC) dye by batch adsorption using Commercial Activated Carbon (CAC) was carried out. The characterization of adsorbent was done by Structural Engineering and Materials (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) to know the surface morphology and various elements present in the adsorbent. The operational parameters such as contact time (0-120 min), adsorbent dose (0.1-1g/L) and initial dye concentration (25150 mg/L) was varied to know the effect of removal of indigo carmine dye from aqueous solution. The adsorption data was compared with various kinetic models as pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion, liquid-film diffusion and Elovich models and isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Elovich and Dubinin and Radushkevich models. The optimum contact time and adsorbent dose was found to be 40 min and 0.8 g/L, respectively. The experimental data best fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with R² > 0.99 and Langmuir isotherm model (R²=0.997). The Langmuir's maximum adsorption capacity (qm) was 28.74 mg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research combines TiO2 nanopowder photocatalyst (TNP) with micro/nano bubble aeration (MNBA) to enhance the dye degradation of the photocatalytic process treating synthetic dye wastewater. The experimental synthetic dyes were indigo carmine (IC) and reactive black 5 (RB5). The dye degradation performance of the photocatalytic process without MNBA (TNP ​+ ​UVA) and with MNBA (TNP ​+ ​UVA ​+ ​MNBA) under various initial dye concentrations were evaluated. The results showed that, given the initial IC and RB5 dye concentrations of 2 ​μM, the degradation efficiency of TNP ​+ ​UVA and TNP ​+ ​UVA ​+ ​MNBA were 100%. With higher dye concentrations (4–10 ​μM), the degradation efficiency of TNP ​+ ​UVA and TNP ​+ ​UVA ​+ ​MNBA were between 84.05-98.20% and 90.64–100%. The kinetics of the photodegradation reaction of both dyes were described by the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model. The pseudo first order degradation rate constants of the photocatalytic process with MNBA were 1.44 and 1.66 times higher than those without MNBA for IC and RB5.

The chemical immobilization of a dibenzoic acid oligo (phenylene vinylene) (OPV) derivative for TiO2 sensitization was evaluated as a strategy to enhance both the stability and photocatalytic performance of this π‐conjugated moiety when applied to the photodegradation of indigo carmine dye (IC) as model pollutant. The results show that the electron injection from the photoexcited OPV to the TiO2 conduction band remarkably boosts the IC degradation ability under visible light illumination. The use of SiO2 as non‐photoactive support was also investigated to simultaneously determine the role of the inorganic support in the photocatalytic process. The spectroscopic, thermal, and surface characterization validated the successful grafting of the OPV to the inorganic supports. Moreover, superoxide radical and singlet oxygen were established as the active species involved in the dye degradation identifying an additional direct reducing pathway. Interestingly, the use of electron donors proved to be an ineffective approach to increase the system performance, entailing that the OPV regeneration proceeds chiefly via back electron transfer processes. Finally, the reusability tests confirmed that TiO2/OPV material retains up to 86 % of their photocatalytic activity during the first five cycles, demonstrating a critical enhancement in the organic conjugated framework stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, molybdenum doped cadmium selenide (Mo-CdSe) nanoparticles photocatalyst has been synthesized and utilized for the degradation of indigo carmine dye under solar light irradiation. Mo-CdSe nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), transmission electron microscopy, thermo gravimetric (TGA) and FTIR studies. The XRD and EDAX spectrum confirms the presence of Mo onto CdSe matrix. Thermal proved that the Mo-CdSe nanoparticles possessed greater thermal stability than CdSe nanoparticles. Photodegradation studies under solar light irradiation revealed that the Mo-doped CdSe nanoparticles exhibit higher photocatalytic activity than that of pure CdSe nanoparticles. This significant improvement in the photocatalytic efficiency of Mo-CdSe nanoparticles photocatalyst under solar light irradiation can be attributed to the presence of Mo on the CdSe nanoparticles which greatly enhances absorption in the visible range of solar spectrum enabled by the Mo and better charge separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study is performed of the sorption of anionic dyes indigo carmine and pyrazolone yellow by polyampholytic hydrogels based on hydrolyzed polyacrylamide modified with aliphatic diamines. It is found that hydrogels have a stronger sorption capacity with respect to indigo carmine (40–129 mg/g). It is shown that the interaction between dyes and hydrogels proceeds according to a mechanism of physical sorption (E < 0–4 kJ/mol). Molecular dynamics modeling of the interaction between the anions of the dyes and the macromolecules of polyampholytic hydrogel based on ethylenediamine shows that hydrogen bonds can form between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND The textile industry generates a huge amount of effluents containing different hazardous dyes. Indigo carmine and malachite green are the most commonly used dyes in textile and dye industries. Pollution caused by these dyes affects aquatic life. RESULTS: Bacillus subtilis DS produces an alkali‐thermostable laccase. This enzyme was immobilized on chitosan beads and conditions for immobilization were optimized. After immobilization, the maximum activity of 26 IU g–1 beads was found under optimized conditions of 1% glutaraldehyde, 3 h cross‐linking time and 5 h immobilization time. The immobilized enzyme retained a temperature and pH profile similar to that of the free enzyme. Significant enzyme activity was retained after ten reaction cycles with >60% stability after 15 days, allowed reuse of enzyme over multiple cycles. Immobilized laccase was used to degrade textile dyes and the conditions were standardized statistically for its optimal degradation. Under optimized conditions a high degradation rate was achieved for indigo carmine (95.24%) and malachite green (90%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Immobilized laccase is a highly suitable candidate for bioremediation of textile industry dyes because of its stability and reusability. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degradation of a dye in water alone or as part of a mixture was studied under different advanced oxidation processes in order to elucidate possible competition or interference between dyes. For this purpose, color degradation of aqueous solutions of Rhodamine B alone or mixed with Indigo Carmine was evaluated under ultrasound, ultraviolet radiation and under their combined effect, in the presence or absence of catalyst, which was either TiO2 (Degussa P-25) or a mixed catalyst TiO2-ZrO2 prepared by sol gel method. Regardless of the oxidation process used, results suggest that Rhodamine B discoloration was negatively affected by the presence of Indigo Carmine, which was degraded preferentially. Concerning the oxidation processes, synergy was observed for the combined operation of ultrasound and ultraviolet radiation in the presence of TiO2 catalyst, for both dyes when treated individually, however, for a mixture of dyes synergetic degradation was observed only for Indigo Carmine. It appears that competition exists between individual components in a mixture for the access to catalyst reaction sites and interaction with hydroxyl radicals, and which seem to ease the degradation of some components in detriment of others. Photosonocatalytic degradation of these dyes was not improved by the presence of mixed TiO2:ZrO2 catalysts as compared with Degussa P-25 catalyst. However, for the case of Rodamine B, the yield of decolorized dye converted into mineralized products appears to be enhanced for the mixed catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption of indigo carmine dye onto Activated Pomegranate Peels (APP) from aqueous solutions was followed in a batch system. The adsorbent was characterized by the BET method (specific surface area S BET: 51.0674 m2/g) and point of zero charge (pHpz = 5.2). However, some examined factors were found to have significant impacts on the adsorption capacity of pomegranate peels (APP) such as the initial dye concentration (10–60 mg/L), solution pH (2–12), adsorbent dose (1–10 g/L), agitation speed (100–600 rpm), and temperature (298–308 K). The best adsorption capacity was found at pH 2 with an adsorbent dose 1 g/L, an agitation speed 300 rpm and a contact time of 45 min. The adsorption mechanism of IC onto (APP) was studied by using the first-pseudo order, second-pseudo order, Elovich, and Webber-Morris diffusion models. The adsorptions kinetic were found to follow rather a pseudo-second order kinetic model with a determination coefficient (R 2) of 0.999. The equilibrium adsorption data for IC onto (APP) were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Elovich, and Temkin models. The results indicate that the Langmuir model provides the best correlation with capacities (q max of 158.73 mg/g at 298 K). The adsorption isotherms at different temperatures have been used for the determination of thermodynamic parameters like the free energy; enthalpy and entropy to predict the nature of adsorption process. The negative values Δ G ° and Δ H ° indicate that the overall adsorption is spontaneous and exothermic with a physisorption process. The adsorbent elaborated from pomegranate peels material was found to very effective and suitable for the removal of reactive dyes from aqueous solutions, due to its availability, low cost preparation, and good adsorption capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There are many reasons to believe that the nitric oxide/guanosine 3'5' -- cyclic monophosphate (or NO/cGMP) pathway on vasoplegic states is underestimated. To study indigo carmine (IC) as an alternative to methylene blue was the investigation rationale. Methods: The IC (3mg/kg intravenous infusion) study protocol included five experimental groups; 1) Control group -- saline was injected at 0 and 10 minutes; 2) IC group -- IC was injected at 0 and saline at 10 minutes; 3) compound 48/80 (C48/80) group -- C48/80 was injected at 0 minute and saline at 10 minutes; 4) C48/80 + IC group -- C48/80 was injected at 0 minute and IC at 10 minutes; and 5) IC + C48/80 group -- IC was injected at 0 minute and C48/80 at 10 minutes. The studies were carried out by registering and measuring hemodynamic and blood gasometric parameters, including continuous cardiac output. Results: 1) The effects of the drugs (IC and C48/80) were more evident in the first 20 minutes of recording; 2) hypotensive responses were more pronounced in the C48/80 groups; 3) IC isolated or applied before C48/80 caused transient pulmonary hypertension; and 4) after the first 20 minutes, the pressure responses showed stability with apparent hypotension more pronounced in the C48/80 groups. Clinical observations showed significant hemodynamic instability and catastrophic anaphylactic reactions (agitation, pulmonary hypertension, severe bronchospasm, urticaria, high-intensity cyanosis, violent gastric hypersecretion, and ascites). Conclusion: A global results analysis showed differences between groups only in the first 20 minutes of the experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by sol-gel method, characterized and used for color removal of indigo carmine and methylene blue dye solutions under visible light. The structural properties and crystallinity of NPs were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a cubic phase of ceria with 13.5 nm crystallite size was confirmed. In addition, the morphology was studied by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a semi-spherical morphology was observed. The surface chemical analysis of CeO2 NPs was performed by using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the presence of functional groups and the absorption spectra in CeO2 NPs were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and by UV-vis spectroscopy, respectively. The experimental results showed that the highest color removal was obtained for indigo carmine (≈ 90% at pH 2.5 within 180 min). Thus, CeO2 NPs may be suitable for removal of anionic dye effluents at room temperature.

Abstract Background Angiodysplasia of the gastrointestinal tract is a rare vascular pathology that sometimes causes massive hemorrhage. Angiodysplasias are particularly difficult to find in the small intestine for anatomical reasons, often impeding their diagnosis and treatment. Lesion localization is a major challenge in cases of small bowel bleeding requiring surgical intervention. Case presentation The present case was a 52-year-old woman who was urgently hospitalized with repeated tarry stools. Surgical intervention was chosen after conservative treatment failed to improve her condition. The source of bleeding was suspected to be a vascular lesion discovered in the small intestine during a past double-balloon endoscopy. Abdominal contrast computed tomography revealed a jejunal hemorrhage. We chose selective arterial embolization to stabilize her hemodynamics followed by surgical intervention as her treatment plan. Several embolic and contrast agents (cyanoacrylate, indigo carmine, and Lipiodol) were combined to help identify the location of the lesion during surgery. This multi-pronged approach allowed us to localize the lesion under laparoscopic guidance with high confidence and accuracy, and to excise a 6-cm segment of the small intestine. The lesion was histologically diagnosed as angiodysplasia. No re-bleeding has been observed since the operation. Conclusion We report our experience with a case of jejunal angiodysplasia, which was localized with selective arterial embolization using an array of embolic and contrast agents, and then excised laparoscopically. Selective arterial embolization with indigo carmine dye to treat small bowel bleeding preoperatively not only makes the surgery safer by stabilizing the patient’s hemodynamics, but is also very useful for localizing the lesion intraoperatively.

Introduction: The synthetic dyes pollution has turned out to be one of the most important environmental problems. Approximately 10000 different dyes and pigments are used industrially and over 0.7 million tons of synthetic dyes are produced annually, worldwide. Synthetic dyes are extensively in the textile dyeing, leather tanning, paper, food and medicine industries. The majority of these dyes are either toxic to flora and fauna or mutagenic and carcinogenic. The disposal of these wastes into receiving waters cause damage to the environment. Therefore, removing them from environment is imperative various methods for physical and chemical decolorization of dyes in wastewater but these methods are rather costly and sometimes product hazardous by-products. In recent years, biodegradation approach of its cost-effectiveness and safe method. In this method, microorganisms, particularly bacteria are used for removing dyes. The goal of microbial treatment is to decolorize and detoxify the dye-contaminated effluents. Materials and Methods: In this study, bacillus albus bacteria were isolated Mazandaran industrial wastewater used as an example of gram-positive bacteria. Decolorization by these bacteria was investigated by a system which contained both medium and dye. The effects of operational parameters of indigo carmine including time, initial dye concentration, temperature, pH, shaking/non shaking, aerobic/anaerobic were tested. Ethics code: IR.UMZ.REC.1397.106 Findings: The results demonstrated that over a period of 54 h, at 50° C, 100 mg/l of concentration and pH=10, maximum decolorization of 95 percent was performed. Discussion and conclusions: The present study confirms high effectiveness of bacillus strains in dye removal. The main experiment was focused on decolorization of indigo carmine in aeration conditions.

In this approach, Zn-M+3 layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with M+3 = Fe, Cr, or Al were synthesized by the co-precipitation method from the aqueous solution at a constant solution pH. The as-synthesized samples were characterized by XRD analysis, FTIR spectra, BET techniques and simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC). XRD analysis showed that Zn-Fe-CO3 had the greatest lattices parameters. BET surface area of Zn-Fe-CO3 was calculated as 52.24 m2.g-1 and was higher than Zn-Cr-CO3 and Zn-Al-CO3 with 46.70 and 49.99 m2.g-1, respectively. The FTIR spectra clearly confirmed the presence of carbonate anions in the structure of the LDHs. Adsorption experiments for Indigo Carmine (IC), as the main model organic pollutant in this study from aqueous solution onto synthetized samples were carried out in terms of solution pH, contact time and initial dye concentration. Experimental results indicate that the capacity of dye uptake augmented rapidly within the first 15, 40, and 55 minuts for Zn-Fe-CO3, Zn-Cr-CO3 and Zn-Al-CO3 respectively and then stayed practically the same regardless of the concentration. Adsorption kinetics studies revealed that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second order kinetics model instead of a pseudo-first-order model. The adsorption isotherm data follow the Langmuir equation in which parameters are calculated. The maximum Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities were 94.87, 21.79, and 66.71 mg.g-1, respectively, for Zn-Fe-CO3, Zn-Cr-CO3, and Zn-Al-CO3. The adsorption capacities were slightly influenced by the pH variations from 5 to 10, showing the advantage of using these materials in water treatments in a wide pH range. Finally, the IC removal is proven by the presence of IC functional groups in IR spectra and thermograms. TGA/DSC of Zn-Fe-CO3 obtained after removal of IC indicate that the LDHs stabilizes IC and delays the combustion of adsorbed molecules. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

The structural formation of copper molybdate was investigated using a surfactant added during the preparation. The calcined materials were confirmed by XRD to be Cu3Mo2O9 and the absorbance band-gap was calculated to be ca. 2 eV. The addition of surfactant resulted in a platelet morphology, in contrast to the agglomerated particles of the standard preparation. Photocatalytic degradation over the catalysts was investigated with indigo carmine. The Cu3Mo2O9 catalysts were able to degrade the dye under irradiated conditions. However, the catalyst prepared with surfactant were not as active, although, surface decoration by Cu species was greatly reduced.

The mixed ligand synthetic approach offers an alternative to engineering a specific character in metal-organic framework (MOFs) materials. Herein, we synthesized and characterized a well-known prototype zirconium-based-MOF, so-called UiO-66, and its mixed ligand derivatives UiO-66-xATA, where x is mole fraction (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0) and ATA is 2-animoterephthalate. The study investigates whether the dye adsorption capacity can be tuned/enhanced by the ATA ligand substitution into the framework. We found that, at room temperature, UiO-66-0.75ATA shows the highest adsorption capacity toward various dye solutions, including methylene blue (MB), indigo carmine (IC), and congo red (CR). The optimum adsorption conditions in all four materials were in a common trend where their adsorption capacities can be increased with decreasing pH and adsorbent dose, increasing IC concentration, contact time, and temperature. Pseudo-second order kinetics model fits best with their adsorption data, where UiO-66-ATA has the fastest adsorption rate. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were found best to describe adsorption behavior in ATA-containing UiO-66 and UiO-66, respectively, where adsorption processes were found to be physisorption. Confirming by thermodynamic studies, the adsorption in all four materials occurred spontaneously, driven by entropy. Computational studies showed ligand to metal charge transfer where the distribution of electron densities was varied with the amount of functionalized ligand. Adsorption mechanism is proposed as a synergistic interplay between electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. The findings in this work broaden the potential strategy to fine-tune the dye adsorption capacity in MOF materials.

Over the past couple of years, the resurgence of placing an effective and sustainable amendment to combat against the auxiliary industrial entities like Indigo Carmine (IC), remains a highly contested agenda from a global point. The birth of non-linear modelling for these auxiliary entities is also of significant interest in order to avoid loss of some useful information. With the renaissance of activated carbon (AC), the AC prepared from palm kernel shells (PKSAC) and composite prepared by combining the PKSAC and porous volcanic ash (BVA) from the foot of active volcanic mountain of Cameroon will be of significant contribution for ever increasing pollution problems. Non-linear modelling method was used to model the uptake capacity by adsorption process of IC onto PKSAC and PKSAC/BVA composite. Effects of contact time (0–60 min), adsorbent dose, pH of solution and initial dye concentration (10–20 ppm) were studied on the quantity removal of the hazardous IC dye from aqueous solution in a batch experiment. The prepared PKSAC and PKSAC/BVA composite were characterized using Nitrogen adsorption at 77 K (BET), Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Sacanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X Ray (SEM-EDX), and particle size. The optimum IC uptake was 11.025 and 12.642 mg/g for PKSAC and PKSAC/BVA composites adsorbent respectively. Four Isotherms and kinetic non-linear regression models each were used to model the adsorption data. It results that for the isotherm models, the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models best fitted the adsorption phenomenon while pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic models well described the adsorption mechanism. Furthermore, the adsorption speed constant (α) of the Elovich kinetic model being higher than the desorption coefficient (β) implies chemisorption was the dominant mechanism in the adsorption process. The composite shows 14.67% higher in retention capacity of the IC dye than the pristine carbon. Conclusively, the expanding of activated carbon/volcanic ash composite represents a potentially viable and powerful tool, leading to the plausible improvement of environmental preservation.

Background: Minute gastric cancers (MGCs) have a favorable prognosis, but they are too small to be detected by endoscopy, with a maximum diameter ≤ 5 mm., Aim: To explore endoscopic detection and diagnostic strategies for MGCs., Methods: This was a real-world observational study. The endoscopic and clinicopathological parameters of 191 MGCs between January 2015 and December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Endoscopic discoverable opportunity and typical neoplastic features were emphatically reviewed., Results: All MGCs in our study were of a single pathological type, 97.38% (186/191) of which were differentiated-type tumors. White light endoscopy (WLE) detected 84.29% (161/191) of MGCs, and the most common morphology of MGCs found by WLE was protruding. Narrow-band imaging (NBI) secondary observation detected 14.14% (27/191) of MGCs, and the most common morphology of MGCs found by NBI was flat. Another three MGCs were detected by indigo carmine third observation. If a well-demarcated border lesion exhibited a typical neoplastic color, such as yellowish-red or whitish under WLE and brownish under NBI, MGCs should be diagnosed. The proportion with high diagnostic confidence by magnifying endoscopy with NBI (ME-NBI) was significantly higher than the proportion with low diagnostic confidence and the only visible groups (94.19% > 56.92% > 32.50%, P < 0.001)., Conclusion: WLE combined with NBI and indigo carmine are helpful for detection of MGCs. A clear demarcation line combined with a typical neoplastic color using nonmagnifying observation is sufficient for diagnosis of MGCs. ME-NBI improves the endoscopic diagnostic confidence of MGCs., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The manuscript has been approved by all of the authors and there are no conflicts of interest., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study explores the adsorption of indigo carmine dye using bio-combusted cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs). CeO 2 NPs were synthesized using a bio-combustion method, and then subjected to structural, morphological, and optical characterization for thorough investigation. Structural investigation was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed a cubic structure with evaluated average crystallite size of 11.55 nm. Later, the same was verified by employing W-H plot (13.57 nm). UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed an effective band gap of 3 eV suited for photocatalytic applications. The metal-oxygen phonon band at 986.32 cm -1 and 871.96 cm -1 is confirmed using Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphological analysis was done using Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy (TEM and SEM), which revealed well-dispersed, aggregated structure enclosing spherical nanoparticles with an average size of ∼14 nm. The early precursors were validated using EDAX analysis and SEM. Optical characteristics were investigated using photoluminescence (PL), which revealed a large charge transfer band between 360 nm and 435 nm. The dye removal efficiency of CeO 2 NPs was evaluated against Indigo Carmine dye using UV light. The results showed that the significantly adsorption, with more than 70 % removed after 150 min. Kinetic experiments revealed that the depreciation occurred via a pseudo-first-order reaction process. Furthermore, the impacts of certain factors such as dye dosage, pH, reusability, and scavenger on adsorption rate were explored and shown to be effective values for the adsorption process. This study emphasizes the potential of CeO 2 NPs as excellent photocatalysts for environmental remediation, especially in dye removal applications., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The subject of this study is the use of Indigo Carmine (IC) material in Schottky diode application. The p-Si crystal was chosen as the base material for diode fabrication. One surface of the p-Si metal was coated with Al metal by thermal evaporation method. Indigo carmine interface material was coated on the other surface of p-Si by spin coating method. Finally, Cr metal was coated on this material with DC sputtering method. So we obtained refence Cr/p-Si/Al diode and Cr/IC/p-Si/Al heterojunctions diode. When the current-voltage (I-V) measurements of these diodes at room temperature were examined, it was determined that the Indigo Carmine material improved the diode parameters. It was determined from the I-V measurements of the Cr/IC/p-Si/Al diode for different temperatures that the ideality factor (n) decreased and the barrier height (Φb) value increased with the increasing temperature. These changes with temperature have been attributed to the inhomogeneous distribution in the potential barrier. In addition, the change of diode parameters with temperature showed that the diode has a double Gaussian distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigo carmine removal from aqueous solutions was investigated by the electrocoagulation process and biochemical responses of Gammarus pulex to solutions before and after treatment were studied. Electrocoagulation experiments in the first stage were carried out with central composite design (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM). Optimization of process variables that maximize indigo carmine removal by electrocoagulation process was carried out by using a second-order model within the studied test range of various process variables. According to the optimization results, optimum conditions for obtaining 82.55% maximum indigo carmine removal were pH 5.86, a current density of 13.31 mA/cm2, an indigo carmine concentration of 20.01 mg/L, and a time period of 115.80 min. Under optimum conditions for indigo carmine removal, the amount of sludge formed was 0.928 kg/m3, electrode consumption was 0.0305 kg/m3, and energy consumption was 7.461 kWh/m3. The operating cost was calculated as 0.79 US$/m3 under treatment conditions where optimum indigo carmine removal was achieved. In the second stage, G. pulex was exposed to treated and untreated synthetic indigo carmine solutions obtained from experiments according to optimum conditions in order to investigate the biochemical response for 24 and 96 h. Treatment efficiency was evaluated with superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) biomarkers. Results clearly showed that the electrocoagulation process was a simple and effective treatment method for the decolorization of wastewaters containing indigo carmine dye. The bioassays used in the present study provided good credibility for checking the detoxification of treated and untreated indigo carmine solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the preparation method and adsorption efficiency of porous adsorbents prepared from banana peels (BP) waste. The BP waste was acquired from banana fried chip factories in Sukhothai province. Chemical activation by sulfuric acid was used to activate the raw material, followed by carbonization at 500°C. The activated BP adsorbent has been characterized by energy dispersive Xray spectrometer (EDXRF), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and zeta potential measurements. The analysis of chemical properties showed that it mainly contained 70.39 % K matter. The specific surface area of the BP sample reached 215.05 m²/GR under acid activation and thermal treatment. The SEM images showed the morphologies of the BP adsorbent before and after activation. There was a significant change in the morphology and in the dried BP and activated BP. The pHPZC value of the activated BP obtained under optimal conditions was 4.13. Adsorption of indigo carmine (IC) onto porous activated BP at different initial IC concentrations (10 - 100 mg/L) and contact times (30 - 120 min) was investigated using batch experiments (0.1 g/50 mL). At an optimum contact time of 60 min, maximum adsorption capacity was determined at 56.18 mg/g. The Freundlich isotherm model with a high correlation coefficient was used to describe multilayer adsorption. The kinetic study fit well with a pseudo second-order kinetic model that represented chemisorption. The negative ΔG° value of -14.64 kJ/mol indicated that adsorption of IC onto the BP adsorbent was spontaneous in nature at 305.15 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes were synthesized using thin titanium sheets instead of conventional titanium foil by electrochemical anodization under voltages of 20, 30, 40, and 50 V. The higher anodization voltages increased the inner diameter and depth of the TiO2 nanotubes but decreased the wall thickness. The anodization influenced the oxidation of titanium to form TiO2 on the surface of the thin titanium sheets. The TiO2 nanotubes anodized at 50 V achieved the highest decolorization efficiencies of 74.14% and 65.71% for indigo carmine (IC) and reactive black 5 (RB5), respectively, under 180-min UVA irradiation and 4-μM initial dye concentration. The transformation of dyes into structures with simpler by-products was observed. The kinetics of the process were characterized using the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) model. The highest specific reaction rates were 1.33 and 0.77 min-1 W-1 for IC and RB5, respectively. The L–H reaction rate constants were compared with the first-order reaction rate constants.

Abstract The textile industry demonstrates a polluting potential from the planting of cotton to the release of wastewater. The presence of dyes in water bodies decreases the passage of sun rays and directly affects the photosynthetic organisms and the ecosystem. Fungi have potential in the treatment of wastewater containing dyes with complex organic structures due to enzymes that they produce. This study evaluated the use of Phanerochaete chrisosporium in the treatment of synthetic effluent from textile industry containing indigo carmine (20 mg/L). The fungus was immobilized in a semibatch reactor. Glucose was the cosubstrate employed in the experiment and it was used in the system at 1g/L at the beginning of the process and 0.5 g /L after 24 hours of reaction. Average dye removal was 84±10% and chemical oxygen demand removal was 79±14%. For nitrogen compounds, the removal efficiencies were 87±11%, 81±11% and 91±9% for ammonia, nitrite and nitrate, respectively. The pH of the medium remained in the acidic range (2.57 to 5.00) throughout the process, with the lowest values recorded in the effluent of each cycle, justified by the release of organic acids from fungi metabolism. There was contamination of the medium by bacteria (710,000 CFU/mL), but the colonies count showed a predominance of fungi (1,365,000 CFU/mL). With the use of the semibatch system after reading of glucose it was observed that the efficiency of dye removal evolved from 72±17% to 84±10%, producing a final effluent with 3.35±1.99 mg/L of indigo, which proves that treatment configuration analyzed is satisfactory for dye removal.

Biochar and ferromagnetic biochar obtained from the pyrolysis of dried mango seeds and modified using a hydrothermal method were used as catalyst for the heterogeneous degradation of indigo carmine in an aqueous medium. These prepared biochars were characterized using different techniques: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The analyses of the results revealed the presence of iron oxide in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4) in the catalyst. The catalytic tests carried out with this composite material showed a significant degradation of indigo carmine. The maximum degradation of indigo carmine in the aqueous solution was reached after 240 min of agitation. The Fenton degradation process using irradiation with a 100 W electric lamp and hydrogen peroxide (concentration 4 mol/L) showed the best results at pH = 3. From this study, it emerged that the second-order kinetic model better described the degradation process, and it gave lower half-lives compared to those obtained with the first-order kinetic law. The study also showed that ferromagnetic biochar could be prepared from mango seeds and used for the degradation of indigo carmine in an aqueous solution.

Certain dyes are deleterious to the biological system, including animals and plants living in the water sources, soil sources, and so on. Thus, the analysis of these dyes requires a potent, quick, and cost-effective approach to the environmental samples. The present research work shows a modest, low-cost, and eco-friendly electrochemical device based on poly(dl-phenylalanine)-layered carbon nanotube paste electrode (P(PAN)LCNTPE) material for indigo carmine (ICN) detection in the presence of tartrazine. The cyclic voltammetric, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic methods were operated for the detection of the redox nature of ICN and electrode material surface activities, respectively. In better operational circumstances, P(PAN)LCNTPE provided better catalytic activity for the redox action of ICN than the bare carbon nanotube paste electrode. The P(PAN)LCNTPE showed good electrochemical activity during the variation of ICN concentrations ranging from 0.2 µM to 10.0 µM with improved peak current, and the limit of detection was about 0.0216 µM. Moreover, the P(PAN)LCNTPE material was performed as a sensor of ICN in a tap water sample and shows adequate stability, repeatability, and reproducibility.

Patients with long-standing colonic inflammatory bowel disease (cIBD) are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Dye-spray chromoendoscopy (DCE) with targeted biopsies is the preferred technique for surveillance of dysplasia. Virtual chromoendoscopy (VCE) are arising to improve detection rates and adherence to surveillance guidelines, although its role is not yet well defined. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of VCE with iSCAN as an alternative method for dysplasia detection in cIBD. Retrospective case–control study with 191 patients included, 98 in the DCE (Indigo carmine) group and 93 in the VCE (iSCAN, twin-mode 1–3) group. The dysplasia detection and the exploration time were analysed. A logistic regression analysis was performed to ascertain the factors related to colonic dysplasia. A total of 44 dysplastic lesions were detected in 21 (11%) patients. No differences were found in the per lesion and the per patient analysis (dysplastic versus non-dysplastic). Median withdrawal time was shorter in the VCE group than in the DCE group (9 min versus 14 min; p <.001). Location of lesions in the right colon was independently associated with an increased risk for colonic dysplasia (OR = 4.04, 95%CI 1.11–14.65; p =.034) after adjusting for age at inclusion, age at diagnosis, high risk for CRC and Kudo pit pattern. VCE with iSCAN presents a similar diagnostic performance to conventional DCE in the detection of colonic dysplasia in patients with long-standing cIBD. Furthermore, VCE with iSCAN is a less time-consuming surveillance alternative to DCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipoma of the parotid gland is a rare tumor. We present a case of such a lipoma in which the parotid parenchyma was stained with indigo carmine, which enabled successful enucleation of the tumor from the fatty parotid gland. A 59-year-old Japanese woman presented with a nontender preauricular lump. Lipoma of the parotid glad was clinically diagnosed according to results of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The tumor was well demarcated and located just beneath the parotidomasseteric fascia. With the patient under general anesthesia, enucleation of the tumor was attempted; however, the boundary of yellowish tumor was indistinguishable from the fatty parotid gland. Indigo carmine, injected into Stensen's duct, stained the gland but not the tumor. The unstained tumor was then successfully enucleated. Neither postoperative facial nerve dysfunction nor Frey's syndrome was observed during the 2-years follow-up. Histologically, the tumor was composed solely of mature adipocytes within a thin fibrous capsule. The attached parotid gland tissue exhibited fatty replacement. The pathological diagnosis was ordinary lipoma. Many surgeons use superficial lobectomy for parotid lipoma; however, to prevent facial nerve dysfunction and Frey's syndrome, indigo carmine staining is useful for enucleating a lipoma located in the superficial lobe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper illustrates an unconventional but green exhaust dyeing process of cotton, in which the conventional reduction step of the indigo dyeing process is eliminated following the substitution of the insoluble indigo by the soluble indigo carmine. Indigo carmine can meet ecological requirements in terms of chemical consumption reduction, cleaner releases, and biodegradability. However, this dye produces unsatisfactory dyeing quality compared to indigo. In order to enhance dyeing quality, cotton samples were treated with Sera Fast GMX (a cationic agent) before they were dyed with indigo carmine. The influence of dyeing parameters (i.e., indigo carmine concentration, dyeing temperature, dyeing duration, and sodium carbonate concentration) on the evolution of the color strength (K/S) was studied. A response surface design was employed to optimize this unconventional dyeing process. The addition of salt to the dye bath appeared to improve both color strength and fastness properties. Finally, the effect of treating cationized cotton samples with microwave radiations was investigated. The results showed that exposure to microwave radiation for 5 min resulted in improvements in dyeing quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles were prepared from green waste by Wet Chemical method. Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) precursor is converted to TiO 2 nanoparticles by using the Musa-paradisiaca L. (Banana crop) pseudo stem extract as a capping agent. The non-dopant, anatase phase crystalline TiO 2 nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by using analytical techniques like TEM, HR-TEM, SAED, BET, FTIR, SEM, EDX, XRD, XPS, DRS, UV-Visible spectrophotometer and Zeta Potential. The green synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles with band gap energy 2.95 eV were used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of Indigo Carmine (IC) dye under solar radiation with an intensity of 1200*100 lux. Optimization process was carried out for three factors such as catalyst dosage, pH and concentration of the dye solution at constant time. TiO 2 nanoparticles photocatalyst showed 99% degradation efficiency in 30 minutes (min) for the IC dye under optimum condition. This experimental work was confirmed by comparing with the theoretical results obtained from Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The RSM of the quadratic model produces a theoretical layout for the optimization process and provides the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) data which evaluate the importance of each experimental factor. The RSM results are well matched with the R2 value obtained from the experimental method. The biogenic TiO 2 nanoparticles had greater efficacy in the degradation of IC dye for five cycles of reaction. [Display omitted] • Banana pseudo stem (Agro- waste) extract mediated to synthesize Titanium dioxide nanoparticles by wet chemical method. • Phytoconstituent material reduced the band gap energy (2.95 eV) and produced a solar radiation active photo catalyst. • Optimized amount of catalyst produced 99% of efficiency in the degradation of Indigo Carmine dye in 30 minutes. • Optimization studies were supported by Response surface Methodology (RSM). • The synthesized Titanium dioxide nanoparticles able to degrade Indigo carmine dye for five cycles of reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• AlCuFe-LDH-C nanocomposite efficiently removes hazardous dyes. • Response Surface Methodology optimizes dye removal process. • Langmuir isotherm model exhibits excellent fitting. • Pseudo-first-order kinetics describe adsorption behavior. • Potential nanocomposite for effective wastewater treatment. This research in focus investigates the removal of tartrazine (TZ) and indigo carmine (IC) dyes utilizing an AlCuFe-LDH/C nanocomposite as an adsorbent. The composite underwent comprehensive characterization through FE-SEM, EDX, FT-IR, XRD, and BET analyses. To gauge the efficacy of TZ and IC removal with the powdered adsorbent in use, the nanocomposites performance in surface adsorption of dyes species optimized, designed, and tested. Various parameters influencing the dyes adsorption under optimal conditions were considered, with a pH of 6.0 and an adsorption process time of 13 min selected. The concentrations of IC and TZ solutions were set at 11.5 mg/L, while a mass of 0.0143 g of adsorbent was applied. Under these conditions, the adsorbent exhibited impressive capabilities, removing 99.20 % of TZ and 88.5 % of IC. Equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models, with the Langmuir isotherm model found to be the most fitting. Based on the Langmuir isotherm model, the adsorption capacities were determined to be 26.05 mg g−1 for TZ, 26.56 mg g−1 for IC. Additionally, the kinetic evaluation of experiments conducted at various time intervals revealed that the adsorption processes aligned well with second-order kinetic models. Regeneration studies indicated that the adsorbent could successfully retain dyes even after four cycles, with the adsorption percentage of AlCuFe-LDH/C for dyes remaining at 80 % after four adsorption–desorption cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The CMC values of system were computed using the conductometric method. • Interaction of indigo carmine and C n TAC has been studied using spectroscopy. • Binding constant (K b) of IC to cationic micelles was determined by Benesi–Hildebrand and Scott equations. • The decrease in IC absorbance can be attributed rising C n TAC concentrations as well. • The value of ΔG° decreases with increasing alkyl chain length. The electrical conductivity technique was used to investigate the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of cationic surfactants N-alkyltrimethylammonium chloride (C n TAC; n = 12, 14, 16, and 18). Meanwhile, the interaction between C n TAC and indigo carmine (IC, an anionic dye) was studied using spectrophotometry. Employing the Benesi-Hildebrand and Scott equations, the binding constant (K b) of IC to the cationic micelles was determined. Calculation of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) revealed the tendency of IC to bind to micelles. The association between IC and C n TAC clearly depends on the C n TAC concentration: a lower surfactant concentration disrupts the IC-C n TAC complex and decreases IC adsorption, while a higher surfactant concentration has the opposite effect. The alkyl chain length of C n TAC was also found to affect the CMC, K b , and thermodynamic parameters. A longer alkyl chain reduces the CMC and ΔG and increases K b , leading to increased solubilization and high spontaneity of the dye. The binding of IC to micelles is ranked as C 12 TAC < C 14 TAC < C 16 TAC < C 18 TAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The AC/Ag–TiO 2 nanocomposites were prepared by sol-gel method using different concentrations of Ag. Comprehensive characterization of the crystalline structure, surface morphology, elemental composition, and optical properties of the AC/Ag–TiO 2 photocatalysts was carried out using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, TEM, and UV–vis DRS techniques. Consequently, a detailed investigation into the photocatalytic degradation of Indigo Carmine (IC) and Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dyes was conducted, thoroughly examining the involved photocatalytic mechanisms. The study revealed promising outcomes, particularly with the hybrid photocatalyst AC/0.5%Ag–TiO 2 , showcasing enhanced characteristics in both photooxidation and absorption processes, thereby boosting overall efficacy for IC (70.15%) and RB5 (69.9%). Remarkably, the introduction of small air bubbles significantly improved the removal efficiency of IC and RB5 dyes, achieving removal levels of 93.66% and 88.66%, respectively. The utilization of these micro-nanobubble systems (MNBs) resulted in notably higher first-order reaction constants compared to scenarios without MNBs, indicating the pivotal role of the photocatalyst in dye removal processes. Additionally, the photocatalyst showed unmatched efficacy in eliminating the pesticide carbaryl, attaining 100% removal with and without the presence of MNBs. Moreover, the AC/Ag–TiO 2 photocatalyst exhibited significant inhibition of both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, showcasing its capability to curb their growth even without MNB aeration. This underscores its potential for applications in environmental remediation and microbial control. [Display omitted] • The hybrid photocatalyst with micro-nano bubbles (MNB) enhances dye degradation. • The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of dyes with and without MNB are compared. • The reaction mechanism of the photocatalytic process is described by the L-H model. • The AC/Ag/TiO 2 NPs exhibited promising Pesticide degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a production platform for recombinant proteins, plant leaf tissue has many advantages, but commercialization of this technology has been hindered by high recovery and purification costs. Vacuum infiltration-centrifugation (VI-C) is a technique to obtain extracellularly-targeted products from the apoplast wash fluid (AWF). Because of its selective recovery of secreted proteins without homogenizing the whole tissue, VI-C can potentially reduce downstream production costs. Lab scale experiments were conducted to quantitatively evaluate the VI-C method and compared to homogenization techniques in terms of product purity, concentration, and other desirable characteristics. From agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, up to 81% of a truncated version of E1 endoglucanase from Acidothermus cellulolyticus was recovered with VI-C versus homogenate extraction, and average purity and concentration increases of 4.2-fold and 3.1-fold, respectively, were observed. Formulas were developed to predict recovery yields of secreted protein obtained by performing multiple rounds of VI-C on the same leaf tissue. From this, it was determined that three rounds of VI-C recovered 97% of the total active recombinant protein accessible to the VI-C procedure. The results suggest that AWF recovery is an efficient process that could reduce downstream processing steps and costs for plant-made recombinant proteins.

A simple, rapid, accurate and precise spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination of atenolol in both pure form and in its pharmaceutical formulation. The method is based on the oxidation of atenolol with chromate in acidic medium of 1N H2SO4, the residual amount of oxidizing agent is then reacted with indigo carmine dye in the presence of oxalate as a catalyst, the increase in the absorbance of the dye, which is proportional to the amount of the determinants atenolol is then measured at 610 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 30-1500 µg/25 ml with a molar absorptivity of 0.73×104 l.mol-1.cm-1, Sandell's sensitivity index of 0.364 μg.cm-2, and a relative standard deviation of ± 0.263 to ± 0.376% depending on the concentration level. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) are 0.3259 and 1.0863 μg ml−1, respectively. The proposed method has been applied successfully to the determination of atenolol in pure and pharmaceutical preparation..

Cationization of cotton is emerging as an effective approach that solves problems associated with dyeing cellulosic fibers, especially cotton, by using indigo carmine. Indeed, this dye has no affinity for cellulosic fibers. Also, it has low fastness to light and washing. In this research, cotton modification is carried out by using Sera Fast GMX cationic agent in order to improve the yield of the exhaustion dyeing process by indigo carmine. The physical and chemical properties of unmodified cellulose fibers, as well as cationic modified cellulose fibers, were compared and investigated by SEM, FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of the cationization process conditions, namely cationizing agent concentration, temperature of cationization, time of cationization and alkali concentration on the performances of dyeing of cotton by indigo carmine were studied, then the results were assessed by measuring the color strength (K/S) and the dyeing bath exhaustion E(%). Finally, a Box-Behnken experimental plan was used for experimental design and optimization of the dyeing parameters. The dyeing results of the optimized process conditions illustrate that cationization improves the fabric dyeability compared to the untreated cotton and the different fastness properties.

Continuous waste discharge into natural water resources in many countries is a severe global issue, and seeking an effective solution is a researcher’s concern. Herein, toilet paper waste was a low-cost precursor for preparing carbon nanoparticles (TPCNPs). The characterization of TPCNPs revealed a 30 nm to 50 nm particle size, a 264 m2 g−1 surface area, and a cubical graphite lattice XRD pattern. The TPCNPs were tested for removing malachite green (MG), indigo carmine (IC), rhodamine B (RB), and methylene blue (MB) dyes from water. The solution parameters were examined for the sorption process, and a pH of 5.0 suited the MB removal, while a pH of 6.0 was suitable for MG, IC, and RB. The effect of concentration investigation showed an adsorption capacity of 110.9, 64.8, 73.5, and 98 mg g−1 for MG, IC, RB, and MB, respectively. The sorption of the four dyes fitted the Langmuir isotherm model; it was exothermic and spontaneous. The water remediation was tested using groundwater and seawater samples (GW and SW) spiked with pollutants. It is worth mentioning that one treatment sufficed for the remediation of GW and SW contaminated by 5 mg L−1 concentration, while a double treatment was required for 10 mg L−1 pollution in both samples.

Globally, the continuous contamination of natural water resources is a severe issue, and looking for a solution for such a massive problem should be the researcher’s concern. Herein, Al2O3, Al2O3-CuO, Al2O3-NiO, and Al2O3-CoO were prepared via a simple and fast route, utilizing glucose as a capping material. All synthesis conditions were uniform to make the fabricated nanomaterials’ characteristics exclusively influenced by only the ion type. The SEM analysis showed that the particles of the synthesized Al2O3, Al2O3-CuO, Al2O3-NiO, and Al2O3-CoO were all less than 25 nm. The Al2O3-NiO showed the smallest particle size (11 to 14 nm) and the best BET surface area of 125.6 m2 g−1. All sorbents were tested for removing organic pollutants, as exemplified by indigo carmine (IGC) dye. The Al2O3-NiO possessed the highest adsorption capacity among the other sorbents for which it had been selected for further investigations. The IGC sorption reached equilibrium within 2.0 h, and the kinetic study revealed that the IGC removal by Al2O3-NiO nanocomposite fitted the FOM and the LFM. The sorbent showed an experimental adsorption capacity (qt) of 456.3 mg g−1 from a 200 mg L−1 IGC solution and followed the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic findings indicated an endothermic, spontaneous, and physisorption nature. The seawater and groundwater samples contaminated with 5.0 mg L−1 IGC concentrations were fully remediated using the Al2O3-NiO nanocomposite. The reuse study showed 93.3% average efficiency during four successive cycles. Consequently, prepared Al2O3-NiO nanocomposite is recommended for the treatment of contaminated water.

Background and Objectives: As the number of minimally invasive surgeries, including video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, increases, small, deeply located lung nodules are difficult to visualize or palpate; therefore, localization is important. We studied the use of a mixture of indigo—carmine and lipiodol, coupled with a transbronchial approach—to achieve accurate localization and minimize patient discomfort and complications. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 patients were enrolled from May 2019 to April 2022, and surgery was performed after the bronchoscopy procedure. Wedge resection or segmentectomy was performed, depending on the location and size of the lesion. Results: In 58/60 (96.7%) patients, the localization of the nodules was successful after localization, and 2/60 required c-arm assistance. None of the patients complained of discomfort during the procedure; in all cases, margins were found to be free from carcinoma, as determined by the final pathology results. Conclusions: We recommend this localization technique using mixture of indigo carmine and lipiodol, in concert with the transbronchial approach, because the procedure time is short, patient’s discomfort is low, and success rate is high.

The hematite-based nanomaterials are involved in several catalytic organic and inorganic processes, including water decontamination from organic pollutants. In order to develop such species, a series of bimetallic hematite-based nanocomposites were obtained by some goethite composites-controlled calcination. Their composition consists of various phases such as α-FeOOH, α-Fe2O3 or γ-Fe2O3 combined with amorphous (Mn2O3, Co3O4, NiO, ZnO) or crystalline (CuO) oxides of the second transition ion from the structure. The component dimensions, either in the 10–30 or in the 100–200 nm range, together with the quasi-spherical or nanorod-like shapes, were provided by Mössbauer spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction as well as transmission electron microscopy data. The textural characterization showed a decrease in the specific area of the hematite-based nanocomposites compared with corresponding goethites, with the pore volume ranging between 0.219 and 0.278 cm3g−1. The best catalytic activity concerning indigo carmine removal from water in hydrogen peroxide presence was exhibited by a copper-containing hematite-based nanocomposite sample that reached a dye removal extent of over 99%, which correlates with both the base/acid site ratio and pore size. Moreover, Cu-hbnc preserves its catalytic activity even after four recyclings, when it still reached a dye removal extent higher than 90%.

Indigo carmine is a commonly used industrial blue dye. To determine its concentration in a commercially available food dye composed of a mixture of indigo carmine and D-glucose, this paper characterizes it through (ATR, KBr) FTIR micro-Raman as well as UV/Vis and clock: Briggs–Rauscher (BR) oscillatory reaction methods. The indigo carmine was detected in the bulk food dye only by applying micro-Raman spectroscopy, indicating a low percentage of the indigo carmine present. This research provides an improvement in the deviations from the experimental Raman spectrum as calculated by the B97D/cc-pVTZ level of theory one, resulting in a better geometrical optimization of the indigo carmine molecule compared to data within the literature. The analytical curves used to determine indigo carmine concentrations (and quantities) in an aqueous solution of food dye were applied by means of UV/Vis and BR methods. BR yielded significantly better analytical parameters: 100 times lower LOD and LOQ compared to commonly used UV/Vis. The remarkable sensitivity of the BR reaction towards indigo carmine suggests that not only does indigo carmine react in an oscillatory reaction but also its decomposition products, meaning that the multiple oxidation reactions have an important role in the BR’s indigo carmine mechanism. The novelty of this research is the investigation of indigo carmine using a clock BR reaction, opening new possibilities to determine indigo carmine in other complex samples (pharmaceutical, food, etc.).