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Controlling the temporal coherence of thermal radiation plays an important role in energy harvesting and thermal management. Conventional approaches for thermal radiation control rely on resonances in bulk thermal emitters, which usually have a large footprint and display little tunability. In this work, we explore the possibility to control coherent thermal emission with atomically thin emitters. We show that, despite the atomic thickness, the peak emissivity of these emitters could be as high as the bulk emitters. We identify several linear scaling laws for the radiative properties of atomic-scale systems, providing a pathway for controlling thermal radiation with atomic precision.

In this study, we propose an analog CMOS integrate-and-fire (I & F) neuron circuit with a synaptic off-state current blocking operation. The proposed circuit prevents unintended potential changes in the membrane capacitor owing to the off-state current of synaptic devices, thereby preventing a decrease in the accuracy of the spiking neural network (SNN) inference system. Compared to the conventional I & F neuron circuit, the basic I & F and synaptic off-current blocking operations of the proposed I & F neuron circuit were confirmed in a circuit-level simulation. Furthermore, to verify the effect of the proposed circuit on the neural network, a multi-layer SNN simulation was performed, and the accuracy of the inference system was compared for the conventional and proposed I & F neuron circuits. The simulation and analysis results demonstrate the robustness of the I & F neuron circuit to the drop in accuracy of inference systems due to off-state currents in synaptic devices.

Buoyancy-aided unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has a powerful advantage in terms of flight time and safety, compared to conventional multirotors. However, previously developed platforms showed limited flight maneuverability (i.e. omnidirectional translation) and posture transition (i.e. omniorientational rotation) owing to lack of number of actuators or limit of design specifications. As a solution, this study presents a symmetric torus blimp, which is pierced in the middle of envelope and surrounded by four tiltable actuator. All flight-aid electric parts are located in the center of the hole to match center of buoyancy with center of mass. And four motors mounted along the edge of the hull can be tilted by each linked servo. Owing to symmetric design and sufficient number and allocation of actuators, stable independent omniorientational and omnidirectional motion during flight that standard blimp or multirotors hard to do can be easily performed. This performance can be achieved by simple feedback control algorithm based on aerodynamic model. Also, a novel control allocation based on a fully-actuated system is described for independent orientation and position control. The result of various angle tracking orientation control and stabilization control experiments performed are presented. In addition, omnidirectional control with manual control keeping orientation independently is validated. Finally, narrow space passing and omnidirectional wall interaction results are described to demonstrate the advantages of the specification of this platform.

Spin-transfer torque magnetic random-access memory (STT-MRAM) is the most promising next-generation memory technology that combines the advantages of mainstream memory technologies, such as SRAM, DRAM, and flash. In the STT-MRAM, a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is used as a bit-cell to store the data, and its magnetic properties have a critical role in thermal noise-aware STT-switching operations. This work analyzes the impact of MTJ material and geometric parameter variations, such as saturation magnetization ( $M_{S}$ ), magnetic anisotropy ( $H_{K}$ ), damping factor ( $\alpha $ ), spin polarization efficiency factor ( $\eta $ ), oxide thickness ( $t_{OX}$ ), free layer thickness ( $t_{F}$ ), tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR), and cross-sectional area of free layer ( $A_{F}$ ) variations on write error rate (WER) and read disturbance rate (RDR) for reliable write and read operations, respectively. To evaluate the scalability of MRAM devices, we investigate both WER and RDR with a wide range of MTJ diameters between 90 and 30 nm, which corresponds to mainstream technology nodes from 40 up to 14 nm advance node. In our work, the Fokker–Planck (FP) numerical approach is mainly utilized for an efficient analysis, which allows for parametric variation and evaluates its impact on switching. Although the impact of material and geometric parameter variations on WER is decreased as MTJ scales down from 90 to 30 nm, the variation effect can be still critical with small MTJ diameter, and the most significant influential variation is $\eta $ , $M_{S}$ , $H_{K}$ , and $\alpha $ in that order. By contrast, the impact of material and geometric parameter variation on RDR increases in MTJ scaling, and we show that negative variations of $H_{K}$ and $M_{S}$ could be a critical bottleneck in 30 and 40 nm MTJ diameters. Our work finally emphasizes the necessity of the WER and RDR analysis by considering the parameter variation in MTJ scaling for practical STT-MRAM development.

Background Complete resection is a standard treatment for patients with Masaoka-Koga stages II and III thymoma, however the role of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) is controversial. We analyzed data collected from 4 Korean hospitals to determine the effectiveness of PORT in stage II and III thymoma patients. Methods Between January 2000 and December 2013, 1,663 patients underwent surgery for thymic tumors at the 4 hospitals. Among them, 668 patients (527 with stage II and 141 with stage III) were investigated, among whom, 443 received PORT (335 with stage II and 108 with stage III). Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed, and 404 patients (346 with stage II and 58 with stage III) were selected. Results Perioperative characteristics were similar in the PORT and non-PORT groups after PSM. On survival analysis of stage II patients, the PORT and non-PORT groups showed no difference in either 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) (96.3% vs. 96.6%, P=0.622) or 5-year overall survival (OS) (94.6% vs. 93.8%, P=0.839). However, among stage III patients, the PORT group showed significantly better 5-year RFS (75.7% vs. 50.1%, P=0.040) and 5-year OS (86.5% vs. 54.7%, P=0.001). On multivariate Cox regression analysis, PORT was a significant positive prognostic factor in terms of both RFS (P=0.005) and OS (P=0.004) in patients with stage III thymomas, but not in those with stage II disease (P=0.987 and 0.968, respectively). Conclusions PORT improved the RFS and OS in stage III thymoma patients, but showed no survival benefit in stage II patients.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic situation is a state that has had a great impact on the medical system and society. To respond to the pandemic situation, various methods, such as a pre-triage system, are being implemented in the emergency medical field. However, there are insufficient studies on the effects of this pandemic situation on patients visiting the emergency department (ED), especially those with cardio/cerebrovascular diseases (CVD)We performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort of patients from April 2020 to December 2020 (April 2020 was when the pre-triage system was established) compared to a parallel comparison patient cohort from 2019. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. CVD was defined by the patient's final diagnosis.During the same period, the number of patients who had visited the ED after COVID-19 had decreased to 79.1% of the number of patients who had visited the ED before COVID-19. The overall patient mortality and the mortality in the patients cardiovascular disease had both increased, while the mortality from cerebrovascular disease did not increase. Meanwhile, the ED length of stay had increased in all patients but did not increase in the patients with cardiovascular disease.As with prior studies conducted in other regions, in our study, the total number of ED visits were decreased compared to before COVID-19. The overall mortality had increased, particularly in the patients with cardiovascular disease.

The rhizome of Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai. (Dryopteridaceae) has been used in traditional medicine in East Asia and has recently been reported to have anticancer, anti-inflammation, and antibacterial activity as well as antiviral activity. Natural phloroglucinols from D. crassirhizoma, dryocrassin ABBA and filixic acid ABA were reported to inhibit influenza virus infection with an inhibitory activity on neuraminidase. In this study, we found that dryocrassin ABBA and filixic acid ABA have an inhibitory activity against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, dryocrassin ABBA and filixic acid ABA exhibited inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero cells dose-dependently using the immunofluorescence-based antiviral assays. Moreover, these compounds inhibited SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infection, suggesting their broad-spectrum anticoronaviral activity. In addition, a 5-day repeated-dose toxicity study of dryocrassin ABBA and filixic acid ABA suggested that an approximately lethal dose of these compounds in mice was >10 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic studies of dryocrassin ABBA showed good microsomal stability, low hERG inhibition, and low CYP450 inhibition. In vivo pharmacokinetic properties of dryocrassin ABBA showed a long half-life (5.5–12.6 h) and high plasma exposure (AUC 19.3–65 μg·h/mL). Therefore, dryocrassin ABBA has therapeutic potential against emerging coronavirus infections, including COVID-19.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is an important technique for biological science research. Cytoplasm injection cloning technology (CICT) was developed to improve the reprogramming efficiency a...

Purpose To investigate optic opacification of hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) depending on hydration and temperature conditions. Methods IOL (Acrysof® MA60BM Alcon, Fort Worth, Texas, USA) extracted from a 55-year-old male who underwent binocular cataract 11 years ago were used for the analysis. On slit lamp examination, the binocular IOL optics showed homogenous opacification. After extraction of the IOLs, the IOL opacification disappeared during dry storage at 4°C. To investigate the changes in IOL opacification according to temperature and hydration, an extracted IOL was stored in either dry conditions or normal saline at 4°C, room temperature, or 37°C for 24 hours, and then the degree of haziness was examined. To investigate the impact of an opaque optic on visual function, light transmission was performed using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (U-3000, Hitachi High-Technologies Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Results The extracted IOL optics at 4°C, room temperature, and 37°C were transparent at dry conditions. When the dried IOL was immersed in normal saline at room temperature and 37°C, opacification appeared. However, when the dried IOL was immersed in normal saline at 4°C, opacification of the IOL did not appear. When compared with the control, light transmission of the extracted IOLs from the right and left eyes stored in 37°C normal saline decreased by 4.7% at 453 nm and by 5.1% at 482 nm, respectively. Conclusion In acrylic hydrophobic IOLs, optic opacification can occur depending on temperature and hydration conditions.

Increased oxidative stress is one of the main causes of poorly developed embryos in assisted reproductive technologies. Nicotinamide (NAM) has been shown to suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through its potent antioxidative and anti-senescent effects. In the present study, we explored the effects of short-term NAM-treatment (3 and 5 h) during in vitro fertilization (IVF) on the development of bovine embryos. Treatment with 10 mM NAM for 3 h significantly increased the blastocyst formation but extending the treatment to 5 h did not enhance the benefits any further. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that treatment with 10 mM NAM for 3 h decreased the expression of intracellular ROS, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine, caspase-3, and increased the expression of Sirt1, and incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine in one-cell stage embryos. Similarly, the level of H3K56ac significantly increased in the NAM-treated (3 and 5 h) one-cell stage embryos. Contrastingly, the treatment with 10 mM NAM for 5 h increased the caspase-9 level in blastocysts. Collectively, these findings suggest that NAM possesses antioxidant activity and supplementation of IVF medium with 10 mM NAM for 3 h improves the in vitro developmental competence of bovine embryos.

Background: Radiographic modalities have been commonly used to evaluate pectus carinatum (PC), and compressive orthotic bracing is the most widely accepted treatment method. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of 3-dimensional (3D) body surface scanning as an alternative modality for the evaluation of PC.Methods: The medical records of 63 patients with PC who were treated with compres-sive orthotic bracing therapy between July 2017 and February 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Using both 2-view chest radiography (posteroanterior and lateral view) and 3D body scanning, the height of maximal protrusion of the chest wall was measured both be-fore and after 2 weeks of bracing therapy. The difference between the pre- and post-treat-ment measurements was calculated for both modalities, and these differences were com-pared and analyzed.Results: Based on the comparison between the pre- and post-treatment radiographs, bracing therapy produced favorable outcomes in all patients (p

Hypothermic storage of gametes and embryos at 4 °C can be used as an alternative to cryopreservation, but hypothermic preservation can maintain embryo viability for a short duration only. This study investigated the effect of insulin-transferrin-sodium selenite (ITS) in embryo culture medium on hypothermic storage of bovine embryos at 4 °C. Day 7 bovine embryos were subjected to hypothermic storage in tissue culture medium 199 supplemented with 50% fetal bovine serum and 25 mM HEPES for different time durations. After recovery, the embryos were assessed for survival and hatching rate and gene and protein expression levels. Supplementation of embryo culture medium with ITS significantly increased (P 0.05) the survival and hatching ability of blastocysts stored at 4 °C for 72 h compared to the control group (100% and 76.3% vs 68.5% and 40.5%, respectively). Furthermore, the beneficial effects of ITS on embryos were associated with greater (P 0.05) total cell number per blastocyst and lesser apoptotic cells number. Moreover, embryos cultured in ITS had lower intracellular lipid content. The protein expression of sirt1 was greater (P 0.05) in the ITS group, however, caspase3 protein expression was significantly lesser (P 0.05) in the ITS group. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR indicated that the mRNA levels of SIRT1 and HSP70 were (P 0.05) increased upon culture with ITS; however, the mRNA levels of the pro-apoptotic genes BAX and CASP3 were reduced (P 0.05). Taken together, these data suggest that supplementation of embryo culture medium with ITS improves in vitro bovine embryo quality and survival following hypothermic storage.

Hypertension is a major health problem in most developed and developing countries. Worldwide, approximately 1 billion people have hypertension, and 13% of all deaths are closely related to hypertension. Recently, the prevalence of elevated blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents has increased, probably due to the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity among youths. Increasing evidence suggests that adult hypertension has its antecedents in childhood, as childhood BP predicts adult BP. Additionally, pediatric hypertension may cause premature atherosclerosis and early development of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the identification and treatment of hypertension in childhood is likely to have an important impact on long-term outcomes of cardiovascular disease. International hypertension guidelines for children and adolescents have recently been significantly revised, especially regarding the diagnosis of hypertension. This review presents the recent guidelines for the diagnosis, evaluation, management, and treatment of hypertension in children and adolescents.

The highly engineerable scattering properties of resonant optical antennas underpin the operation of metasurface-based flat optics. Thus far, the choice of antenna has been limited to shaped metallic and high-index semiconductor nanostructures that support geometrical plasmonic or Mie resonances. Whereas these resonant elements offer strong light–matter interaction and excellent control over the scattering phase and amplitude, their electrical tunability has proven to be quite limited. Here, we demonstrate how excitonic resonances in atomically thin semiconductors can be harnessed as a different, third type of resonance to create mutable, flat optics. These strong materials-based resonances are unmatched in their tunability with various external stimuli. To illustrate the concept, we first demonstrate how excitons can enhance the focusing efficiency of a millimetre-scale, patterned WS2 zone plate lens. We also show how electrical gating can completely turn on and off the exciton resonance and thereby modulate the focusing efficiency by 33%. By harnessing the excitonic resonances of a monolayer of WS2 in the visible spectral range, large-area, actively tunable and atomically thin optical lenses can be realized.

Successful implantation is closely linked to the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, which greatly influence the ability of an embryo to degrade the basement membrane of the uterine epithelium, mainly composed of type IV collagen, and invade the uterine stroma. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of MMP-2 and MMP-9 co-transfer with embryos on reproductive performance in mice. Using invasion assay, we tested the effect of MMP-2 and MMP-9 for their ability to support trophoblastic invasion in vitro. We performed co-transfer of MMP-2 and MMP-9 with mouse embryos to 2.5 days post-coitum (dpc) pseudo-pregnant uteri using nonsurgical embryo transfer (NSET) technique and evaluated the pregnancy outcomes. Uterine tissue samples were collected to determine collagen content by Masson’s trichrome staining. Our results showed that in vitro treatment of MMP-2 and MMP-9 significantly promoted both spreading and invasion of mouse trophoblastic cells compared to the non-treated blastocysts. Moreover, embryo transfer results showed that MMP-9 co-transfer enhanced pregnancy outcome inform of live pup rate by degrading the extracellular matrix, collagen, and facilitate embryo implantation. Taken together our findings imply that MMP-9 can regulate trophoblastic cell invasion during preimplantation, which may have important consequences on embryo implantation, and shed the light on new strategies to avoid miscarriage and provides a platform for successful human embryo transfer technologies.

Bladder cancer (BC) is the sixth most common cancer in men. Moreover, chemotherapy for BC leads to various side effects. Metformin is known to induce apoptosis in vitro in many types of cancer. Furthermore, it has feasibility as a drug repositioning used for the treatment of cancer. The molecular mechanism of metformin mediating apoptosis in BC is still unclear. In this study, we showed that metformin stimulated the caspase-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway in T24 cells, a human BC cell line. Moreover, the induced apoptosis was partially inhibited by a general caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, which suggested that metformin-induced apoptosis in T24 cells is partially caspase-independent. Notably, we observed the nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factors (AIFs) in metformin-promoted apoptosis, which is a typical characteristic of the caspase-independent apoptotic pathway. In addition, we found that metformin-mediated apoptosis occurred via degradation of the cellular FADD-like interleukin-1β-converting enzyme inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) by facilitating ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated c-FLIPL degradation. Furthermore, treatment with the reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetylcysteine, failed to suppress metformin-induced apoptosis and c-FLIPL protein degradation in metformin-treated T24 cells. In conclusion, these results indicate that metformin-induced apoptosis was mediated through AIF-promoted caspase-independent pathways as well as caspase-dependent pathways in T24 cells. As such, metformin could be used as a possible apoptotic agent for the treatment of BC.

We report the design and experiment of advanced bends which are composed of widening width and varying radius. Advanced bends are based on silicon nitride waveguide for the wavelength of 850 nm and silicon waveguide for the wavelength of 1550 nm. The reduction of bending loss from 0.13 to 0.04 dB/90° by the advanced shape on a silicon nitride waveguide bend with 15 μm-radius at the wavelength of 850 nm was achieved. The bending loss from the silicon advanced bend was measured to be 0.012 dB/90° when R = 2 μm at the wavelength of 1550 nm. This is the best result of 2 μm-bends in a 220 nm-SOI platform at 1550 nm.

Objective The National Early Warning Score (NEWS), based on the patients’ vital signs, detects clinical deterioration in critically ill patients and is used to reduce the incidence of in-hospital cardiac arrest. However, although mortality prediction based on vital signs may be difficult in older patients, the effectiveness of the NEWS has not yet been evaluated in this population. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that an elevated NEWS at admission increases the mortality risk in older patients admitted to the emergency department (ED). Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective study, including patients admitted to the ED between November 2016 and February 2017. We included patients aged >65 years who were admitted to the ED for any medical problem. The NEWS was calculated at the time of ED admission. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Results In total, 3,169 patients were included in this study. Median age was 75 years (interquartile range [IQR], 70 to 80 years), and 1,557 (49.1%) patients were male. The in-hospital mortality rate was 5.1% (161 patients). Median NEWS was higher in non-survivors than in survivors (5 [IQR, 3–8] vs. 1 [IQR, 0–3], P65 years.

The safety of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has long been a critical issue for their widespread application. The ever-increasing requirements for large-scale applications such as electric vehicles and stationary energy storage systems have spurred great interest in ensuring high standards of safety, which requires an understanding of the thermal runaway features of cells and modules. In this study, we evaluated the thermal runaway of pouch-type LIB cells with cell capacities of 33–3300 mA h by using accelerated rate calorimetry (ARC) and lab-made hotbox ramping measurements. The large-capacity cells (1000 and 3300 mA h) exhibited distinct stage behaviors of the self-heating rate in the ARC profiles and large exothermic reactions accompanied by an abrupt open-circuit voltage drop (internal short circuit) in the ramping test. The small-capacity cell (33 mA h) showed an incomplete thermal runaway feature. These findings were attributed to the large proportion of inactive components relative to the active components, which is discussed in terms of the heat capacity. The data sensitivity factor is also suggested as a reliable measure of thermal runaway evaluation of LIB cells.

In this study, IrRu/Al2O3 bimetallic catalysts with various iridium : ruthenium (Ir : Ru) ratios were prepared for application in the reduction of NO with CO under lean conditions. The effect on the catalytic activity and the physicochemical properties of IrRu/Al2O3 catalysts caused by introducing Ru onto Ir with different amounts is investigated. Bimetallic IrRu catalysts were prepared by co-impregnation of iridium and ruthenium onto the alumina support, where the total amount of iridium and ruthenium combined was kept constant. IrRu bimetallic catalysts were analyzed using various characterization methods such as XRD, H2-TPR, CO chemisorption, H2-TPD, TEM, EDX-mapping, and XPS analyses. Activity results indicate that IrRu bimetallic catalysts led to a drastic enhancement of de-NOx activity in the low-temperature region, while monometallic Ir and Ru catalysts exhibited diminished or even zero activity toward NOx reduction. Detailed examination of XRD patterns and SEM/EDX mapping analyses implied the formation of an IrRu alloy after reduction. Hence, the synergetic effect between Ir and Ru is expected to originate from the intrinsic characteristics of the IrRu alloy phase rather than Ir and Ru acting separately as independent dual active sites. The utilization of bimetallic IrRu catalysts in NOx reduction using CO as a reductant under lean conditions is expected to enable the reduction of NOx with high efficiency at low temperatures without the need of using urea-based reductants even under oxidative conditions.

This study employs a series of bimetallic IrRu/Al2O3 catalysts with differing Ir:Ru compositions for lean NOx reduction by CO (CO-SCR). Catalytic activity assessments reveal that bimetallic IrRu/Al2O3 catalysts exhibit drastically enhanced de-NOx activities in the low-temperature region, compared with monometallic Ir/Al2O3 or Ru/Al2O3 catalysts. Furthermore, additional characterization and kinetic studies are used to elucidate the origin of the superior catalytic activity observed on bimetallic IrRu/Al2O3 catalysts. DRIFTS analyses show different adsorption affinities of the catalysts towards NO and CO, with CO for Ir and NO for Ru, respectively. The possibility of NCO intermediate formation is ruled out, which implies that the reduction of NOx proceeds through the dissociation of NO and the subsequent recombination of surface N species. Kinetic studies show that a monometallic Ir/Al2O3 catalyst favorably adsorbs CO, which acts as an inhibitor for facile NO adsorption and dissociation. However, bimetallic IrRu/Al2O3 catalysts exhibit higher affinity towards the adsorption of NO which, in terms of catalytic activities, would prove to be beneficial. Calculation of the activation energies for NO consumption and CO oxidation suggests that the rate determining step shifts from the dissociation of NO on a monometallic Ir/Al2O3 catalyst, to the removal of surface O with CO on bimetallic IrRu/Al2O3 catalysts. It is anticipated that the facile uptake of surface O through a CO oxidation reaction prevents the catalyst surface from being predominantly covered by CO or O species which could act as a poison, and leads to enhanced adsorption/dissociation of NO, resulting in a higher catalytic activity on the bimetallic IrRu/Al2O3 catalysts.

Background and Aim: There is paucity of data regarding the epidemiology of pediatric IBD in Asia compared to that of Western countries. We aimed to investigate the incidence and prevalence trends of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the Daegu-Kyungpook province of South Korea from 2017 to 2020.Methods: This study was a multicenter, retrospective study conducted in eight IBD referral centers located in the Daegu-Kyungpook province. Children and adolescents of ≤18 years who were initially diagnosed with IBD between 2017 and 2020 were included. The annual number of children and adolescents newly diagnosed with IBD and the annual resident population of children and adolescents ≤18 years of age in the Daegu-Kyungpook province were investigated to calculate the annual incidence and prevalence in the region.Results: A total 304 children and adolescents that had been diagnosed with IBD were included in this study. Among these patients, 71.4% had been diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD), and 28.6% with ulcerative colitis (UC). The population based annual incidences of IBD from 2017 to 2020 were each 7.24, 6.82, 10.27, and 13.33 per 100,000, respectively (P for trend P for trend P for trend = 0.174).Conclusion: Pediatric IBD, especially CD has significantly increased recently in the Daegu-Kyungpook province. Epidemiology studies from other regions of Asia are required to better elucidate this trend of increase in Asia.

본 연구는 예비교사 교육자의 체육수업 운영 경험을 통해 수업절차의 문제를 인식하고, 이를 해결하기 위해 탐구하는 셀프연구이다. 본 연구는 연구 참여자의 자기성찰 메모, 수업일지, 기억자료, 세미나 기록지를 토대로 자료를 수집하였고, Connelly와 Clandinin(1990)이 제시한 분석 단계(넓게 보기, 심층적으로 파악하기, 이야기하기, 다시 이야기하기)를 사용하여 분석을 하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다 수업일체화를 위한 수업절차의 개선은 목표설정→ 출발점행동진단 → 수업 → 평가의 수업절차에서 실태분석→ 목표설정 → 수업(내용+방법)→ 평가의 절차로 개선되어야 한다. 즉 학생의 실태분석을 통해 목표와 방향이 설정되고, 목표와 방향에 부합하는 수업(내용+방법)이 이루어지고, 이 맥락에서 타당한 평가가 이루어 져야 한다. 이는 학생의 교육적 성장을 돕는 수업의 일체화에 부합하는 구조이며, 수업의 일체화는 학생들에게 체육수업의 동기와 학습의지를 가지고 수업에 적극적으로 참여할 수 있게 하여, 체육교육의 진정한 가치를 느낄 수 있도록 한다. 구체적으로 살펴보면, 첫째, 실태분석이다. 학생에 대한 정확한 정보와 현재 상태에 대한 자료를 통해 학생의 실태를 확인하고, 정확한 분석을 통해 학생을 이해할 수 있을 때 그 수업의 성공을 담보할 수 있다. 둘째, 목표설정이다. 실태분석을 통한 학생의 정보는 학생 수준에 맞는 명확한 목표를 설정하게 하며, 이렇게 설정된 목표는 학생으로 하여금 수업에 동기와 흥미를 가지고 수업에 적극적으로 참여하게 한다. 셋째, 수업실행이다. 실태분석에 따른 명확한 수업목표는 수업의 내용과 방법을 최적화 시킨다. 명확한 수업목표에 부합하는 수업을 진행하기 위하여 다양한 내용과 방법을 고안하여 최적의 수업을 진행하게 한다. 넷째, 수업평가이다. 실태분석을 통한 수업목표설정과 수업목표를 달성하기 위한 수업실행(내용+방법)과정의 맥락에서 이루어지는 평가는 수업의 전 과정을 유기적으로 연결하며, 타당한 평가를 가능케 하고,, 수업의 일체화를 이루게 한다. 이처럼 예비교사 교육자의 체육수업운영 경험을 통해 본 수업절차개선에 관한 이야기에서 탐색된 의미는 ‘수업일체화를 위한 수업절차의 개선 노력’ 이라는 교육적 의미가 담겨있다.

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Objectives: To date, there is no consensual definition of what constitutes a postoperative recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), despite there being many studies reporting a high incidence of recurrence. This study aims to describe the long-term recurrence rates of pneumothorax and to suggest a possible way to differentiate recurrence events based on temporal patterns. Methods: This single-center study retrospectively evaluated all postoperative recurrence of PSP from January 2007 to May 2019. Patients’ demographics, history of pneumothorax, radiologic data, surgical technique, and the time between operation and recurrence were analyzed. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to find potential risk factors related to long-term recurrence. Results: Of the 77 postoperative recurrent cases of pneumothorax, 21 (27.2%) occurred within 30 days after surgery and, thus, were classified as early recurrences (ER), while the remaining cases were classified as late recurrences (LR). There was no difference in preoperative variables between the two groups. However, the rate of incidence of second recurrence (SR), which represented a long-term prognosis, was significantly higher in the LR group (28.6% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.030). On univariate and multivariable analyses, late recurrence was the only significant factor predicting later recurrence events. Conclusion: Postoperative recurrence (PoR) within 30 days had a lower SR rate. Therefore, it might not be a ‘true’ postoperative recurrence with a favorable prognosis. Further studies investigating postoperative recurrence based on temporal patterns would be warranted to improve the classification of PoR.

Background The association of body mass index with outcome in patients treated with targeted temperature management (TTM) after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of body mass index (BMI) on neurological outcomes and mortality in resuscitated patients treated with TTM after OHCA. Methods This multicenter, prospective, observational study was performed with data from 22 hospitals included in the Korean Hypothermia Network KORHN-PRO registry. Comatose adult patients treated with TTM after OHCA between October 2015 and December 2018 were enrolled. The BMI of each patient was calculated and classified according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). Each group was analyzed in terms of demographic characteristics and associations with six-month neurologic outcomes and mortality after cardiac arrest (CA). Results Of 1,373 patients treated with TTM identified in the registry, 1,315 were included in this study. One hundred two patients were underweight (BMI 2), 798 were normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), 332 were overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2), and 73 were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). The higher BMI group had younger patients and a greater incidence of diabetes and hypertension. Six-month neurologic outcomes and mortality were not different among the BMI groups (p = 0.111, p = 0.234). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that BMI classification was not associated with six-month neurologic outcomes or mortality. In the subgroup analysis, the underweight group treated with TTM at 33°C was associated with poor neurologic outcomes six months after CA (OR 2.090, 95% CI 1.010–4.325, p = 0.047), whereas the TTM at 36°C group was not (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.249–3.112, p = 0.843). Conclusions BMI was not associated with six-month neurologic outcomes or mortality in patients surviving OHCA. However, in the subgroup analysis, underweight patients were associated with poor neurologic outcomes when treated with TTM at 33°C.

Cardiotonic steroids are steroid-like natural compounds known to inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase pumps. To develop a broad-spectrum antiviral drug against the emerging coronavirus infection, this study assessed the antiviral properties of these compounds. The activity of seven types of cardiotonic steroids against the MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus varieties was analyzed using immunofluorescence antiviral assay in virus-infected cells. Bufalin, cinobufagin, and telocinobufagin showed high anti-MERS-CoV activities (IC50, 0.017~0.027 μM), bufalin showed the most potent anti-SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 activity (IC50, 0.016~0.019 μM), cinobufotalin and resibufogenin showed comparatively low anti-coronavirus activity (IC50, 0.231~1.612 μM). Differentially expressed genes in Calu3 cells treated with cinobufagin, telocinobufagin, or bufalin, which had high antiviral activity during MERS-CoV infection were analyzed using QuantSeq 3′ mRNA-Seq analysis and data showed similar gene expression patterns. Furthermore, the intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg/day bufalin, cinobufagin, or digitoxin induced 100% death after 1, 2, and 4 days in 5-day repeated dose toxicity studies and it indicated that bufalin had the strongest toxicity. Pharmacokinetic studies suggested that telocinobufagin, which had high anti-coronavirus activity and low toxicity, had better microsomal stability, lower CYP inhibition, and better oral bioavailability than cinobufagin. Therefore, telocinobufagin might be the most promising cardiotonic steroid as a therapeutic for emerging coronavirus infections, including COVID-19.

Metasurface-based optical elements typically manipulate light waves by imparting space-variant changes in the amplitude and phase with a dense array of scattering nanostructures. The highly localized and low optical-quality-factor (Q) modes of nanostructures are beneficial for wavefront shaping as they afford quasi-local control over the electromagnetic fields. However, many emerging imaging, sensing, communication, display and nonlinear optics applications instead require flat, high-Q optical elements that provide substantial energy storage and a much higher degree of spectral control over the wavefront. Here, we demonstrate high-Q, non-local metasurfaces with atomically thin metasurface elements that offer notably enhanced light–matter interaction and fully decoupled optical functions at different wavelengths. We illustrate a possible use of such a flat optic in eye tracking for eyewear. Here, a metasurface patterned on a regular pair of eye glasses provides an unperturbed view of the world across the visible spectrum and redirects near-infrared light to a camera to allow imaging of the eye. High optical-quality-factor, non-local metasurfaces enable independent functions across different wavelength bands.