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The refinement of β grains is an effective approach to optimize the grain boundary α phase and enhance the mechanical properties for laser‐directed energy deposited (L‐DED) titanium alloys. In this study, the primary β grain size is refined by adding 0.05 and 0.10 wt% boron in Ti55531, respectively. It was found that the addition of trace boron can not only reduce the primary β grain size during molten pool solidification process, but also can suppress the primary β grain coarsening during in‐situ thermal cycling process. The Ti55531 + 0.05B alloy exhibited higher strength and elongation. This is attributed to the enhanced coordinated deformation ability resulting from the refined β grains and little harmful effect resulting from the presence of needle TiB. In contrast, when the boron content increased to 0.10 wt%, the harmful effect of excessive TiB whiskers at the grain boundaries outweighed the favorable effect of the further β grain refinement, which leads to the decrease in plasticity. This study suggests that an appropriate boron content added can refine primary β grain significantly and meanwhile avoid too much TiB precipitation, achieving superior comprehensive mechanical properties for additive manufacturing near β titanium alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperplasia of mesenteric tissues in Crohn's disease, called creeping fat (CrF), is associated with surgical recurrence. Although microbiota translocation and colonization have been found in CrF, convincing mouse phenotypes and the underlying mechanisms of CrF formation remain unclear. Utilizing single-nucleus RNA (snRNA) sequencing of CrF and different mouse models, we demonstrate that the commensal Achromobacter pulmonis induces mesenteric adipogenesis through macrophage alteration. Targeted metabolome analysis reveals that L-kynurenine is the most enriched metabolite in CrF. Upregulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) enhances kynurenine metabolism and drives mesenteric adipogenesis. Leveraging single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing of mouse mesenteric tissues and macrophage-specific IDO1 knockout mice, we verify the role of macrophage-sourced L-kynurenine in mesenteric adipogenesis. Mechanistically, L-kynurenine-induced adipogenesis is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptors in adipocytes. Administration of an IDO1 inhibitor or bacteria engineered to degrade L-kynurenine alleviates mesenteric adipogenesis in mice. Collectively, our study demonstrates that microbiota-induced modulation of macrophage metabolism potentiates CrF formation. [Display omitted] • The commensal Achromobacter pulmonis induces mesenteric adipogenesis • Macrophage-derived L-kynurenine via IDO1 is responsible for mesenteric adipogenesis • L-kynurenine-induced adipogenesis is mediated by AHR activation in adipocytes • Targeting kynurenine metabolism alleviates the formation of mesenteric adipogenesis Wu et al. reveal that the commensal Achromobacter pulmonis induces mesenteric adipogenesis through macrophages alteration. Mechanistically, macrophage-derived L-kynurenine via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) promotes adipogenesis by aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation in adipocytes. Targeting kynurenine metabolism with an IDO1 inhibitor or bacteria engineered to degrade L-kynurenine alleviates mesenteric adipogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reiner Gamma is a potential target for low-orbiting spacecraft or even surface-landed missions in the near future. Unfortunately, thus far, no comprehensive low-altitude (below 20 km) or surface measurements of the magnetic field, magnetic source and plasma environment have been made post-Apollo to complement and complete our understanding of the solar wind interaction with lunar magnetic anomalies and swirl formation. Acquiring the detailed geological knowledge of the Reiner Gamma region is significant for the above scientific targets. In this study, the following research work in the lunar Reiner Gamma magnetic anomaly region was carried out for the regional geological investigation: (1) topographic and geomorphologic analysis; (2) element, mineral, and sequence analysis; and (3) a 1:10,000 regional geological map analysis. Our work helps define measurement requirements for possible future low-orbiting or surface-landed missions to the Reiner Gamma area or similarly magnetized regions of the lunar surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high yield ratio and low strain hardening ability of titanium alloys significantly limit their engineering applications. In this work, a Ti65Zr30Cu5 (at.%) alloy with nanoscale α laths was additively manufactured and achieved a high yield strength of 1274 MPa and a high strain hardening rate up to 40% of the shear modulus. Results show that universal basal/pyramidal dislocation reactions occur during the tensile deformation process. This triggers high-density sessile 〈c 〉 dislocation junctions, which accumulate and pin other mobile dislocations. Consequently, abundant dislocation walls are induced, leading to a strong hetero-deformation-induced strain hardening effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methanol is widely existed in fermented fruit wines (FFWs), and the concentration is excessive at times due to inappropriate fermentation conditions. Methanol is neurotoxic, and its metabolites of formaldehyde and formic acid can cause organic lesions and central respiratory system disorders. FFWs with unspecified methanol limits are often produced with reference to grape wine standards (250/400 mg/L). To clarify the causes of methanol production in FFWs and minimize the methanol content, this study summarizes the current process methods commonly applied for methanol reduction in FFWs and proposes novel potential controlling strategies from the perspective of raw materials (pectin, pectinase, and yeast), which are mainly the low esterification modification and removal of pectin, passivation of the pectinase activity, and the gene editing of yeast to target the secretion of pectinases and modulation of the glycine metabolic pathway. The modified raw materials combined with optimized fermentation processes will hopefully be able to improve the current situation of high methanol content in FFWs. Methanol detection technologies have been outlined and combined with machine learning that will potentially guide the production of low‐methanol FFWs and the setting of methanol limits for specific FFW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growth of social media and live-streaming technology, live-stream selling has become integral to the digital economy. Using differential game theory, this paper examines how fairness concerns impact the profits of internet celebrities and brand manufacturers under the "pure commission" model. We analyzed no fairness concern, gap fairness concern, and self-due fairness concern models, to investigate the optimal decisions and corresponding profits for an internet celebrity and a brand manufacturer. The results show that the internet celebrity earned the highest profits with low commission rates under the self-due fairness concern model, whereas higher commission rates yielded higher profits for the internet celebrity under the gap fairness concern model. Simultaneously, fairness concerns significantly affected the cooperation stability and long-term benefits, motivating the internet celebrity to maintain efficient collaborations with the brand manufacturer. Furthermore, the self-due fairness concern model was more practical than the gap fairness concern model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]