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Correction for "Rising between-workplace inequalities in highincome countries," by Donald Tomaskovic-Devey, Anthony Rainey, Dustin Avent-Holt, Nina Bandelj, István Boza, David Cort, Olivier Godechot, Gergely Hajdu, Martin Hällsten, Lasse Folke Henriksen, Are Skeie Hermansen, Feng Hou, Jiwook Jung, Aleksandra Kanjuo- Mrčela, Joe King, Naomi Kodama, Tali Kristal, Alena Křížková, Zoltán Lippényi, Silvia Maja Melzer, Eunmi Mun, Andrew Penner, Trond Petersen, Andreja Poje, Mirna Safi, Max Thaning, and Zaibu Tufail, which was first published April 13, 2020; 10.1073/ pnas.1918249117 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117, 9277-9283). The authors note that the affiliation for Silvia Maja Melzer should instead appear as Department of Political and Social Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08005, Spain. The corrected author and affiliation lines appear below. The online version has been corrected.

It is well documented that earnings inequalities have risen in many high-income countries. Less clear are the linkages between rising income inequality and workplace dynamics, how within- and between-workplace inequality varies across countries, and to what extent these inequalities are moderated by national labor market institutions. In order to describe changes in the initial between- and within-firm market income distribution we analyze administrative records for 2,000,000,000+ job years nested within 50,000,000+ workplace years for 14 high-income countries in North America, Scandinavia, Continental and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia. We find that countries vary a great deal in their levels and trends in earnings inequality but that the between-workplace share of wage inequality is growing in almost all countries examined and is in no country declining. We also find that earnings inequalities and the share of between-workplace inequalities are lower and grew less strongly in countries with stronger institutional employment protections and rose faster when these labor market protections weakened. Our findings suggest that firm-level restructuring and increasing wage inequalities between workplaces are more central contributors to rising income inequality than previously recognized.

It is well documented that earnings inequalities have risen in many high-income countries. Less clear are the linkages between rising income inequality and workplace dynamics, how within- and between-workplace inequality varies across countries, and to what extent these inequalities are moderated by national labor market institutions. In order to describe changes in the initial between- and within-firm market income distribution we analyze administrative records for 2,000,000,000+ job years nested within 50,000,000+ workplace years for 14 high-income countries in North America, Scandinavia, Continental and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia. We find that countries vary a great deal in their levels and trends in earnings inequality but that the between-workplace share of wage inequality is growing in almost all countries examined and is in no country declining. We also find that earnings inequalities and the share of between-workplace inequalities are lower and grew less strongly in countries with stronger institutional employment protections and rose faster when these labor market protections weakened. Our findings suggest that firm-level restructuring and increasing wage inequalities between workplaces are more central contributors to rising income inequality than previously recognized.

Abstract Background Birth weight is considered not only to undermine future growth, but also to induce lifelong diseases; the aim of this study is to explore the relationship between birth weight and adult bone mass. Methods We performed multivariable regression analyses to assess the association of birth weight with bone parameters measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and by quantitative ultrasound (QUS), independently. We also implemented a systemic Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal association between them with both fetal-specific and maternal-specific instrumental variables. Results In the observational analyses, we found that higher birth weight could increase the adult bone area (lumbar spine, β-coefficient= 0.17, P < 2.00 × 10−16; lateral spine, β-coefficient = 0.02, P = 0.04), decrease bone mineral content-adjusted bone area (BMCadjArea) (lumbar spine, β-coefficient= − 0.01, P = 2.27 × 10−14; lateral spine, β-coefficient = − 0.05, P = 0.001), and decrease adult bone mineral density (BMD) (lumbar spine, β-coefficient = − 0.04, P = 0.007; lateral spine; β-coefficient = − 0.03, P = 0.02; heel, β-coefficient = − 0.06, P < 2.00 × 10−16), and we observed that the effect of birth weight on bone size was larger than that on BMC. In MR analyses, the higher fetal-specific genetically determined birth weight was identified to be associated with higher bone area (lumbar spine; β-coefficient = 0.15, P = 1.26 × 10−6, total hip, β-coefficient = 0.15, P = 0.005; intertrochanteric area, β-coefficient = 0.13, P = 0.0009; trochanter area, β-coefficient = 0.11, P = 0.03) but lower BMD (lumbar spine, β-coefficient = − 0.10, P = 0.01; lateral spine, β-coefficient = − 0.12, P = 0.0003, and heel β-coefficient = − 0.11, P = 3.33 × 10−13). In addition, we found that the higher maternal-specific genetically determined offspring birth weight was associated with lower offspring adult heel BMD (β-coefficient = − 0.001, P = 0.04). Conclusions The observational analyses suggested that higher birth weight was associated with the increased adult bone area but decreased BMD. By leveraging the genetic instrumental variables with maternal- and fetal-specific effects on birth weight, the observed relationship could be reflected by both the direct fetal and indirect maternal genetic effects.

The body size of an animal plays a crucial role in determining its trophic level and position within the food web, as well as its interactions with other species. In the symbiosis between Termitomyces and fungus-growing termites, termites rely on nutrition of fungal nodules produced by Termitomyces. To understand whether the size of termites and fungal nodules are related to their partner specificity, we quantified the size of termite farmer caste, and the size and density of nodules in termite nests of four genera of fungus-growing termites, and identified their cultivated Termitomyces fungus species based on internal transcribed spacer regions and partial large subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. The results showed that the size and density of fungal nodules were different among Termitomyces clades and revealed a constant trade-off between size and density among clades. The nodule size of each clade has low variation and fits normal distribution, indicating that size is a stabilized trait. Moreover, we found larger termite genera cultivated Termitomyces with larger but less numerous nodules. Based on these results, we concluded that there is a size specificity between Termitomyces and fungus-growing termites, which may lead to diversification of Termitomyces as adaptations to different termite genera.

In recent years, photocured ceramics has become one of the rapidly developing additive manufacturing technologies. Bioceramics have a promising future in tissue engineering due to their good cellular compatibility, however, a single bioceramic material is difficult to take into account both mechanical properties and biocompatibility, so the application and promotion are greatly limited. In this paper, the modification and design methods of bioceramic materials suitable for photocuring were reviewed. The comprehensive effects of material modification, surface modification, structural design and microstructural regulation on the biological properties such as bone conduction, bone induction, antibacterial, angiogenesis promotion and other biological properties as well as and basic mechanical properties of were discussed. It was pointed out that the function of photocurable bioceramics can be fully realized and its further application can be promoted through the combination of modification and regulation methods, and the realization and interaction mechanism of multifunction should be explored.

Abstract PKM2 is an important regulator of the aerobic glycolysis that plays a vital role in cancer cell metabolic reprogramming. In general, Trib2 is considered as a “pseudokinase”, contributing to different kinds of cancer. However, the detailed roles of TRIB2 in regulating cancer metabolism by PKM2 remain unclear. This study demonstrated that TRIB2, not a “pseudokinase”, has the kinase activity to directly phosphorylate PKM2 at serine 37 in cancer cells. The elevated pSer37-PKM2 would subsequently promote the PKM2 dimers to enter into nucleus and increase the expression of LDHA, GLUT1, and PTBP1. The aerobic glycolysis is then elevated to promote cancer cell proliferation and migration in TRIB2- or PKM2-overexpressed cultures. The glucose uptake and lactate production increased, but the ATP content decreased in TRIB2- or PKM2-treated cultures. Experiments of TRIB2−/− mice further supported that TRIB2 could regulate aerobic glycolysis by PKM2. Thus, these results reveal the new kinase activity of TRIB2 and its mechanism in cancer metabolism may be related to regulating PKM2 to promote lung cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, suggesting promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapy by controlling cancer metabolism.

Biobanks of genetic data have been primarily in European populations, which gives us an incomplete understanding of complex traits across populations. Here, the authors initiate the Westlake BioBank for Chinese (WBBC) pilot project with 4,535 whole genome sequences and 5,841 high-density genotypes from China, characterizing large-scale genomic variation in Chinese populations.

Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via the two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e−‐ORR) provides an alternative method to the energy‐intensive anthraquinone method. Metal macrocycles with precise coordination are widely used for 2e−‐ORR electrocatalysis, but they have to be commonly loaded on conductive substrates, thus exposing a large number of 2e−‐ORR‐inactive sites that result in poor H2O2 production rate and efficiency. Herein, guided by first‐principle predictions, a substrate‐free and two‐dimensional conductive metal–organic framework (Ni‐TCPP(Co)), composed of CoN4 sites in porphine(Co) centers and Ni2O8 nodes, is designed as a multi‐site catalyst for H2O2 electrosynthesis. The approperiate distance between the CoN4 and Ni2O8 sites in Ni‐TCPP(Co) weakens the electron transfer between them, thus ensuring their inherent activities and creating high‐density active sites. Meanwhile, the intrinsic electronic conductivity and porosity of Ni‐TCPP(Co) further facilitate rapid reaction kinetics. Therefore, outstanding 2e−‐ORR electrocatalytic performance has been achieved in both alkaline and neutral electrolytes (>90 %/85 % H2O2 selectivity within 0–0.8 V vs. RHE and >18.2/18.0 mol g−1 h−1 H2O2 yield under alkaline/neutral conditions), with confirmed feasibility for water purification and disinfection applications. This strategy thus provides a new avenue for designing catalysts with precise coordination and high‐density active sites, promoting high‐efficiency electrosynthesis of H2O2 and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was used as a dispersant and combined with ultrasonic technology to disperse multi walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs). A water-based dispersion of MWCNTs was prepared, and it was used as a doping phase to prepare fly ash concrete. The influence of multi walled carbon nanotube content on the mechanical and durability properties of fly ash concrete was studied through TEM, XRD, SEM, FT-1R, mechanical performance testing and rapid freeze-thaw experiments. The results indicated that PVP combined with ultrasonic technology could effectively disperse MWCNTs, and the addition of MWCNTs to fly ash concrete could accelerate the cement hydration reaction and increase the generation of hydration products such as C-S-H and Ca(OH)2. Moderate doping of MWCNTs could refine the internal pore structure of cement, reduce the number of cracks and large-sized pores, and transform the failure mode of fly ash concrete from brittle fracture to ductile fracture. The peak load and deformation of the MWCNTs-0.3 % specimen reached their maximum values, which were 41.6 kN and 2.92 mm, respectively. The compressive strength and flexural strength reached their maximum values, which were 60.5 and 11.2 MPa, respectively. After 100 rapid freeze-thaw cycles, the mass loss rate of the MWCNTs-0.3 % sample was the lowest value of 0.271 %, and the maximum relative dynamic elastic modulus was 84.34%, indicating a significant improvement in frost resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]