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Trotz der europäischen Schuldenkrise ist der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt bis zuletzt stabil geblieben. Die Erwerbstätigkeit legt immer noch zu und der Anstieg der Arbeitslosigkeit hält sich in engen Grenzen. Mit der deutlich verbesserten Arbeitsmarktlage hat auch die Zahl der Personen abgenommen, die Leistungen der Grundsicherung beziehen. Trotzdem gibt es viele Menschen, die gleichzeitig Erwerbseinkommen und Transferleistungen erhalten, die sogenannten Aufstocker. Hier wird untersucht, warum es für sie schwer ist, den Leistungsbezug zu beenden, und wo es Ansatzpunkte gibt, die Aufstockern einen Ausstieg aus der Grundsicherung erleichtern können.

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is common in men with systemic sclerosis (SSc) but the demographics, risk factors and treatment coverage for ED are not well known. Method: This study was carried out prospectively in the multinational EULAR Scleroderma Trial and Research database by amending the electronic data-entry system with the International Index of Erectile Function-5 and items related to ED risk factors and treatment. Centres participating in this EULAR Scleroderma Trial and Research substudy were asked to recruit patients consecutively. Results: Of the 130 men studied, only 23 (17.7%) had a normal International Index of Erectile Function-5 score. Thirty-eight per cent of all participants had severe ED (International Index of Erectile Function-5 score

This meta-analysis of 68 studies (770 effect sizes) used random effects models to examine whether children's achievement differed depending on whether their mothers were employed. Four achievement outcomes were emphasized: formal tests of achievement and intellectual functioning, grades, and teacher ratings of cognitive competence. When all employment was compared with nonemployment for combined and separate achievement outcomes without moderators, effects were nonsignificant. Small beneficial effects of part-time compared with full-time employment were apparent for all achievement outcomes combined and for each individual achievement outcome. Significant sample-level moderators of the associations between maternal employment and achievement for all outcomes combined included family structure, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status; associations were positive when samples were majority 1-parent families and mixed 1- and 2-parent families, racially/ethnically diverse or international in composition, and not middle-upper class. Analyses of child gender indicated more positive effects for girls. Children's age was a significant moderator for the outcome of intellectual functioning. The identification of sample-level moderators of the relationship between maternal employment and children's achievement highlights the importance of social context in understanding work-family linkages.

Background: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystem autoimmune disease, which is classified into a diffuse cutaneous (dcSSc) and a limited cutaneous (IcSSc) subset according to the skin involvement. In order to better understand the vascular, immunological and fibrotic processes of SSc and to guide its treatment, the EULAR Scleroderma Trials And Research (EUSTAR) group was formed in June 2004. Aims and methods: EUSTAR collects prospectively the Minimal Essential Data Set (MEDS) on all sequential patients fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology diagnostic criteria in participating centres. We aimed to characterise demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of disease presentation in SSc and analysed EUSTAR baseline visits. Results: In April 2006, a total of 3656 patients (1349 with dcSSc and 2101 with IcSSc) were enrolled in 102 centres and 30 countries. 1330 individuals had autoantibodies against Scl70 and 1106 against anticentromere antibodies. 87% of patients were women. On multivariate analysis, scleroderma subsets (dcSSc vs IcSSc), antibody status and age at onset of Raynaud's phenomenon, but not gender, were found to be independently associated with the prevalence of organ manifestations. Autoantibody status in this analysis was more closely associated with clinical manifestations than were SSc subsets. Conclusion: dcSSc and IcSSc subsets are associated with particular organ manifestations, but in this analysis the clinical distinction seemed to be superseded by an antibody-based classification in predicting some scleroderma complications. The EUSTAR MEDS database facilitates the analysis of clinical patterns in SSc, and contributes to the standardised assessment and monitoring of SSc internationally.

Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk for upper aerodigestive tract cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Increased acetaldehyde production via alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) has been implicated in the pathogenesis. The allele ADH1C*1 of ADH1C encodes for an enzyme with a high capacity to generate acetaldehyde. So far, the association between the ADH1C*1 allele and alcohol-related cancers among heavy drinkers is controversial. ADH1C genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism in a total of 818 patients with alcohol-associated esophageal (n=123), head and neck (n=84) and hepatocellular cancer (n=86) as well as in patients with alcoholic pancreatitis (n=117), alcoholic liver cirrhosis (n=217), combined liver cirrhosis and pancreatitis (n=17) and in alcoholics without gastrointestinal organ damage (n=174). The ADH1C*1 allele and genotype ADH1C*1/1 were significantly more frequent in patients with alcohol-related cancers than that in individuals with nonmalignant alcohol-related organ damage. Using multivariate analysis, ADH1C*1 allele frequency and rate of homozygosity were significantly associated with an increased risk for alcohol-related cancers (p0.001 in all instances). The odds ratio for genotype ADH1C*1/1 regarding the development of esophageal, hepatocellular and head and neck cancer were 2.93 (CI, 1.84-4.67), 3.56 (CI, 1.33-9.53) and 2.2 (CI, 1.11-4.36), respectively. The data identify genotype ADH1C*1/1 as an independent risk factor for the development of alcohol-associated tumors among heavy drinkers, indicating a genetic predisposition of individuals carrying this genotype.

Unter dem Aspekt der steigenden Inzidenz der Syphilis und häufiger Komorbidität mit HIV-Infektion sowie zahlreicher Berichte über atypische klinische und serologische Befunde bei HIV-infizierten Syphilispatienten wurde in einer prospektiven Studie eine Gruppe (1) von 29 HIV-positiven Patienten (26 Männer und 3 Frauen, Alter median 33 J.) mit einer Gruppe (2) von 28 HIV-negativen Patienten (24 Männer, 4 Frauen, Alter median 32 J.), die alle eine aktive, therapiebedürftige Syphilis hatten, unter standardisierter Therapie bezüglich serologischer und klinischer Verläufe sowie des Therapieerfolges verglichen. Über 50 % aller männlichen Patienten (76 % in Gruppe 1, 25 % in Gruppe 2) gehörten zu der Risikogruppe der Männer die Sex mit Männern haben. Bei HIV-Infizierten kam eine Syphilis latens häufiger als in der Kontrollgruppe vor (41 % vs. 21 % / p = 0,09; n.s.). Syphilis maligna kam ausschließlich bei zwei HIV-Infizierten vor, und trat bei CD4+ Zellzahlen von 494/µl bzw. 390/µl auf. HIV-Patienten mit primärer und sekundärer Syphilis sowie mit Neurosyphilis zeigten ansonsten die gleichen klinischen Symptome wie die Patienten der Kontrollgruppe. Bei HIV-Patienten wurden anamnestisch signifikant häufiger andere STDs als bei nicht HIV-Infizierten gefunden (34,5 % vs. 10,7 % / p < 0,05). Bei HIV-Infizierten wurden falsch negative Seroreaktionen im VDRL-, 19s IgM-FTA-Abs-, IgG-FTA-Abs- und TPHA-Tests registriert. Zum einen traten diese Befunde bei CD4+Zellzahlen 30 %) in beiden Gruppen beobachtet. Sie fielen vor allem bei Patienten mit neurologischer Beteiligung in beiden Gruppen auf. Eine Seroreversion des TPHA-Titers, die gleichzeitig ein Verschwinden der Seronarbe bedeutet, konnten wir ausschließlich bei HIV-positiven Patienten finden (n=3 Patienten). Ein nicht reaktiver TPHA-Test schließt bei HIV-Patienten eine frühere Syphilisinfektion nicht aus, weswegen bei diesen Patienten ein TPHA-Test alleine als Screening nicht ausreicht. Bei HIV-negativen Patienten wurden häufiger niedrigere, bei HIV-Infizierten häufiger höhere TPHA-Titer gefunden. Eine frühe serologische Antwort auf die Therapie (mindestens zweifacher Titerabfall im VDRL-Test drei Monate nach Therapiebeginn) war bei HIV-negativen Patienten (75 % vs. 55 %) häufiger zu finden als bei den immundefizienten HIV-Patienten. Ein gehäuftes Vorkommen von Neurosyphilis konnten wir bei den HIV-infizierten Patienten nicht finden. Eine Beteiligung des ZNS bei frühen Formen der Syphilis wird auch bei nicht HIV-Infizierten beobachtet. Die klinische Relevanz ist ungeklärt. Nicht immer führt die Liquorpunktion zu einer klaren Aussage. Sie sollte dennoch bei allen Syphilispatienten mit neurologischen Symptomen, bei ausbleibendem Titerabfall nach einer Therapie und bei ungewöhnlichen klinischen und serologischen Manifestationen erfolgen. Am Ende der einjährigen Nachbeobachtungszeit wurde kein klinisch definierter, aber ein serologisch definierter Therapieversager in der HIV-infizierten Gruppe diagnostiziert. Alle HIV-negativen Patienten waren sowohl klinisch als auch nach serologischen Kriterien erfolgreich therapiert. Die aktuellen Therapieempfehlungen der DSTDG sind auch bei HIV-infizierten Patienten wirksam. Eine erkennbare Verschlechterung der HIV-Infektion (deutliche Abnahme der CD4+T-Zellzahl) konnten wir bei den HIV-Patienten im ersten Jahr nach Therapiebeginn nicht beobachten. In a prospective study, a group (1) of 29 HIV-positive patients was compared to a group (2) of 28 HIV-negative patients, who all suffered from an active syphilis requiring therapy using standardized therapy regarding serological and clinical processes as well as therapy results. The focus of this study was on increasing incidence of syphilis and frequent comorbidity with HIV-infection as well as numerous reports on atypical clinical features and serological findings among HIV-infected syphilis patients. More than fifty percent of all male patients (76 % group 1; 25 % group 2) belonged to the risk group of men who have sex with men. In the HIV-infected group active latent syphilis was twice as frequent as in group 2 (41 % vs. 21 % p= 0,09 n.s). Syphilis maligna was observed in 2 HIV-positive patients exclusively and associated with CD4 count 494/µl and 390/µl. HIV-infected patients showed the same clinical symptoms of primary, secondary and neurosyphilis as HIV-negative controls. HIV-infected patients had a significantly higher number of previous STDs in their history than patients without HIV-infection. (34,5 % vs. 10,7 % / p< 0,05). Several false negative results of VDRL-, 19S IgM-, IgG-FTA-Abs- and TPHA-tests were observed in HIV-positive patients exclusively. These findings were associated with CD4-counts < 500 which are an indicator of acquired immunodeficiency. Furthermore, the HIV-infected patients had a high rate of latent syphilis. Extremely high TPHA-titers (>= 1:10240) were observed in both groups and found especially in patients with neurological involvement. Seroreversion of positive TPHA-titers which implicates the disappearance of the syphilis serostigma, was found in HIV-infected patients exclusively. Because a non-reactive TPHA-test does not rule out an active syphilis infection, the TPHA-test alone is not sufficient for the screening these patients. Lower TPHA-titers were found frequently in HIV-negative patients, whereas high titers were more typical for HIV-infected patients. Early serological response to the therapy (twofold decrease of VDRL-titers after three months) was more frequent in the HIV-negative patients (75 % vs. 55 %) than in HIV-positive Patients with acquired immunodeficiency. The prevalence of neurosyphilis was comparable in groups of patients. Invasion of the central nervous system in early syphilis could be observed in HIV-negative patients too. The clinical relevance of these findings still has to be clarified and the liquor punction does not always lead to a clear result. Therefore, CSF diagnostics should be performed in all patients with neurological symptoms and in patients with asymptomatic latent syphilis. Posttreatment controls are necessary in all patients who continue to have uncommon clinical and serological findings or did not show a twofold decrease of VDRL-titers 3 months after therapy. After one year of follow up no clinical but one serological treatment failure was observed in the HIV-infected patients group. The standardised treatment resulted in complete clinical and serological cure in all HIV-negative patients. The current treatment recommendations of the German STD Society for syphilis treatment are effective in HIV-infected patients too. One year after treatment no negative influence of syphilis infection on the course of HIV-infection (notable decline of CD4-cell count) was observed.

Abstract 964 Background: High dose immunosuppressive therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has shown efficacy in severe or rapidly progressive systemic sclerosis (SSc) in phase 1 and 2 trials with durable responses in two thirds of patients (pts), while a recent phase 2 randomised trial in 19 SSc pts showed superior benefit of HSCT over iv pulse cyclophosphamide (Cy) on skin score and lung function. Methods: The ASTIS-trial (Autologous Stem cell Transplantation International Scleroderma trial) is a multinational prospective randomized controlled phase 3 trial, comparing safety and efficacy of HSCT versus Cy in early progressive dcSSc pts with disease duration of a) 4 years or less and evidence of organ involvement or b) of 2 years or less and evidence of systemic inflammation with or without major organ involvement. Major exclusion criteria were: concomitant severe SSc disease (mean PAP > 50 mmHg, DLCO < 40% predicted, creatinine clearance (CCl) 5gr iv or >3months oral) treatment), liver failure. Pts randomized to the transplant arm underwent mobilization with Cy 2×2 g/m2 + G-CSF 10mcg/kg/d, conditioning with Cy 200 mg/kg, rbATG 7.5 mg/kg, followed by reinfusion of CD34+ autologous HSCT. Controls were treated with 12× monthly iv pulse Cy 750 mg/m2. Crossing over was allowed after 2 years. The primary endpoint was event-free survival (EFS), defined as survival until death or development of major organ failure at 2 yrs. Toxicity according to WHO criteria and progression free survival (defined as worsening of modified Rodnan skin score, functional ability, major organ function) were the main secondary endpoints. The effects of treatment were analyzed on an ITT basis and by comparing EFS using the KM survival curves (using log-rank test) and Cox models. Results: 156 pts (female 59%), from 27 centers were enrolled in 10 countries from March 2001 until October 2009 and randomized to HSCT (n=79) or iv pulse Cy (n=77). Seventy-five pts in each arm started treatment, 70 pts in HSCT and 58 pts in control groups completed treatment. The median time (Interquartile Range (IR)) from randomization to completion of treatment was 93 (43.0) days in the HSCT and 338 (41.75) days in the control groups respectively. Baseline characteristics (mean (SD)) of the pts were: age 44 (11.2) yrs, SSc duration 1.4 (1.3) yrs, BMI 24 (14.4), Rodnan skin score 25 (8), HAQ 1.35 (0.8), prior Cy therapy 22%, creat cl 116 (39.5) ml/min, LVEF 65% (8.5), DLCO 59% (14), with no significant differences between the 2 arms. With data cut at 1 May 2012, median follow-up (IR) are 33 (42.0) and 27 (34.0) months in the HSCT and control groups respectively. Forty two events occurred : 18 in the HSCT group (16 deaths and 2 irreversible renal failures) and 24 in the control group (24 deaths). Event-free survival was time-dependent with a hazard ratio at 84 months of 0.22 (95% CI 0.08–0.58, P= 0.002). Eight deaths (including 1 during mobilization and 1 after conditioning) in the HSCT group were deemed treatment-related by the independent data monitoring committee with heart failure (3), ARDS (2), multiple organ failure (2) and pulmonary oedema (1) as the causes of death. In the control group, none died from treatment causes and most deaths were due to progressive disease. Eight pts in the control arm received rescue HSCT treatment, one of whom later died from secondary acute myeloid leukaemia. Two HSCT pts received rescue iv Cy therapy. Conclusions: The ASTIS-trial is the first international, investigator-initiated, phase 3 HSCT trial in early diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. The data show that despite 10% treatment-related mortality, long term event-free survival and overall survival were better in the HSCT group than in the group treated with iv pulse cyclophosphamide. (Funded by the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, European League Against Rheumatism, AP-HP, NIHR, DIGR, Imtix-Sangstat, Miltenyi-Biotec, Amgen Europe; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN 54371254). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Glucose tolerance and insulin response were evaluated in 9 normal-weight and 6 obese cats after IV administration of 0.5 g of glucose/kg of body weight. Blood samples for glucose and insulin determinations were collected immediately prior to and 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after glucose infusion. Baseline glucose concentrations were not significantly different between normal-weight and obese cats; however, mean +/- SEM glucose tolerance was significantly impaired in obese vs normal-weight cats after glucose infusion (half time for glucose disappearance in serum--77 +/- 7 vs 51 +/- 4 minutes, P less than 0.01; glucose disappearance coefficient--0.95 +/- 0.10 vs 1.44 +/- 0.10%/min, P less than 0.01; insulinogenic index--0.20 +/- 0.02 vs 0.12 +/- 0.01, P less than 0.005, respectively). Baseline serum insulin concentrations were not significantly different between obese and normal-weight cats. Insulin peak response after glucose infusion was significantly (P less than 0.005) greater in obese than in normal-weight cats. Insulin secretion during the first 60 minutes (P less than 0.02), second 60 minutes (P less than 0.001), and total 120 minutes (P less than 0.0003) after glucose infusion was also significantly greater in obese than in normal-weight cats. Most insulin was secreted during the first hour after glucose infusion in normal-weight cats and during the second hour in obese cats. The impaired glucose tolerance and altered insulin response to glucose infusion in the obese cats was believed to be attributable to deleterious effects of obesity on insulin action and beta-cell responsiveness to stimuli (ie, glucose).

Al- and Si Kβx emission spectra as well as Mn- and Fe L2,3 emission and self-absorption spectra of the alloys are measured using a primary Bragg-Soller spectrometer. Within error limits, the energetical positions of features in the spectra agree with those from calculated band structures. It follows that the APW method is applicable also to magnetic alloys if the band model of ferromagnetism is used. In non-SCF calculations the transition metal configuration 3dn-14s1 gives better results than 3dn-24s2, as it is concluded from the relative position of s- and d-bands. Die Al- und Si Kβx Emissionsspektren wie auch die Mn- und Fe L2,3 Emissions- und Selbstabsorptionsspektren der Legierungen werden mit einem Bragg-Soller-Spektrometer gemessen. Beim Vergleich der Energielagen einzelner Strukturen mit berechneten Energiebandern ergibt sich eine Ubereinstimmung im Rahmen der Fehlergrenzen, woraus folgt, das die APW-Methode bei Anwendung des Bandermodells des Ferromagnetismus auch fur magnetische Legierungen anwendbar ist. Bei nicht selbstkonsistenten Rechnungen liefert die Ubergangsmetall-Konfiguration 3dn-14s1 bessere Ergebnisse als 3dn-24s2, wenn man die relative Lage von s- und d-Bandern betrachtet.