Search

Quartär – Internationales Jahrbuch zur Erforschung des Eiszeitalters und der Steinzeit, Bd. 66 (2019): Quartär. Internationales Jahrbuch zur Eiszeitalter- und Steinzeitforschung

Quartär – Internationales Jahrbuch zur Erforschung des Eiszeitalters und der Steinzeit, Bd. 62 (2015): Quartär. Internationales Jahrbuch zur Eiszeitalter- und Steinzeitforschung

International audience; Following their dispersal out of Africa, modern humans admixed with Neandertals ~60,000-50,000 years ago, and then expanded into Europe a few thousand years before Neandertals disappeared. The genetic composition of these first Europeans is, so far, not well characterized since only a very limited number of individuals older than 40,000 years have been genetically analyzed. Those include Fumane 2 (Benazzi et al., 2015), Oase 1 (Fu et al., 2015) and Bacho Kiro individuals (Hajdinjak et al., 2021) from Europe, Tianyuan in East Asia (Yang et al., 2017) and Ust’-Ishim (Fu et al., 2014) in Siberia. However, none of the analyzed individuals is associated with an almost complete skull like is the case for Zlatý kůň, which was discovered more than 70 years ago in present-day Czechia. The age of this specimen estimated with archeological, morphological and radiocarbon dating methods is inconsistent and highly disputed. Here, we report both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), genome-wide capture data and a ~4-fold shotgun genome generated from the temporal bone of Zlatý kůň to shed light on its age and assess its genetic profile. In a phylogenetic analysis, the complete mtDNA sequence of this individual falls within mtDNA haplogroup N and exhibits a short branch length. In addition, the nuclear genome represents a deeply divergent out-of-African lineage that did not contribute genetically to either Europeans or Asians but carries a similar proportion of Neandertal ancestry like other Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers. Several radiocarbon dating attempts resulted in inconclusive results though the length of the introgressed Neandertal blocks are longer than those observed in the 45,000-year-old Ust’-Ishim genome from Siberia. This suggests that Zlatý kůň is at least as old as Ust’-Ishim and thus is the earliest modern human skull sequenced from Europe to date. In conclusion, similarly to Neandertals, the genetic ancestry uncovered in Zlatý kůň and in other pre-40,000-year-old modern humans largely disappeared from Europe. This provides interesting implications for a possible common demise of European early modern humans and Neandertals, which will require further interdisciplinary investigations.ReferencesBenazzi, S., Slon, V., Talamo, S., Negrino, F., Peresani, M., Bailey, S.E., Sawyer, S., Panetta, D., Vicino, G., Starnini, E., Mannino, M.A., Salvadori, P.A., Meyer, M., Paabo, S., Hublin, J.J., 2015. Archaeology. The makers of the Protoaurignacian and implications for Neandertal extinction. Science 348, 793-796.Fu, Q., Hajdinjak, M., Moldovan, O.T., Constantin, S., Mallick, S., Skoglund, P., Patterson, N., Rohland, N., Lazaridis, I., Nickel, B., Viola, B., Prufer, K., Meyer, M., Kelso, J., Reich, D., Paabo, S., 2015. An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor. Nature 524, 216-219.Fu, Q., Li, H., Moorjani, P., Jay, F., Slepchenko, S.M., Bondarev, A.A., Johnson, P.L., Aximu-Petri, A., Prufer, K., de Filippo, C., Meyer, M., Zwyns, N., Salazar-Garcia, D.C., Kuzmin, Y.V., Keates, S.G., Kosintsev, P.A., Razhev, D.I., Richards, M.P., Peristov, N.V., Lachmann, M., Douka, K., Higham, T.F., Slatkin, M., Hublin, J.J., Reich, D., Kelso, J., Viola, T.B., Paabo, S., 2014. Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia. Nature 514, 445-449.Hajdinjak, M., Mafessoni, F., Skov, L., Vernot, B., Hübner, A., Fu, Q., Essel, E., Nagel, S., Nickel, B., Richter, J., 2021. Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry. Nature 592, 253-257.Yang, M.A., Gao, X., Theunert, C., Tong, H., Aximu-Petri, A., Nickel, B., Slatkin, M., Meyer, M., Paabo, S., Kelso, J., Fu, Q., 2017. 40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia. Curr Biol 27, 3202-3208 e3209.

Plates of engravings from volumes 1 and 2 of the 3 volume work ‘Excursions through Ireland: comprising topographical and historical delineations of each province; together with descriptions of the residences of the nobility and gentry, remains of antiquity and every other object of interest or curiosity forming a complete guide for the traveller and tourist.’ Illustrated with six hundred engravings by Thomas Cromwell. The text of volumes 1 and 2 are bound together in one volume, O.k.37. The Library does not hold volume 3. Some plates lacking. This volume contains: Frontispiece: Cromleck at Kilternan. --1. Bank of Ireland, Dublin. --2. Carlilse Bridge and the Custom House, Dublin. --3. West view of Christ’s Cathedral, Dublin. --4. Earl Strongbow’s Monument, Christ’s Cathedral, Dublin. --5. The Four Courts, Dublin. --6. Barrack and Queen’s Bridges, Dublin. --7. The Pier at Balbriggan, Co. of Dublin. --8. The Church and Castle of Baldongan, Co. of Dublin. --9. Bullock Castle. Co. of Dublin. --10. The coast between Dunleary and Bullock Co. of Dublin. --11. Round Tower, Clondalkin, Co. of Dublin. --12. Cromlech at Brennanstown, Co. of Dublin. --13. Cromlech on Shankhill Co. of Dublin. --14. Dalkey, Co. of Dublin. --15. Dalkey Island, Bay of Dublin. --16. Killeney Bay and Dalkey Island, Co. of Dublin. --17. Old Pier Dunleary, Co. of Dublin. --18. Drymnagh Castle, Co. of Dublin. --19. Drymnagh Castle, Co. of Dublin. --20. Howth Castle, the seat of the Rt. Hon. The Earl of Howth, Co. of Dublin. --21. Remains of the College at Houth, Co. of Dublin. --22. Jigginstown Castle, Co. of Dublin. --23. Remains of the Abbey of Kilbarrick, Co. of Dublin. --24. Kilgobbin Castle, Co. of Dublin. --25. Loughlinstown, Co. of Dublin. --26. Malahide Castle, the seat of R.W. Talbot, Esq., Co. of Dublin. --27. Malahide Abbey, Co. of Dublin. --28. Monkstown Castle, Co. of Dublin. --29. Black Castle of the Naul, Co. of Dublin. --30. Poll a Phuca waterfall, Co. of Dublin. --31. Puck’s Castle, Co of Dublin. --32. Rathmichael Church Co of Dublin. --33. The Quay, Skerries, Co. of Dublin. --34. Remains of the Castle at Swords, Co. of Dublin. --35. Round Tower, Swords, Co of Dublin. --36. Remains of Tullagh Church, Co. of Dublin. --37. Remains of Timon Castle, Co. of Dublin. --38. Athcarne Castle, Co. of Eastmeath. --39. Interior of the cloisters Bective Abbey, Co. of Eastmeath. --40. Church of Duleek, Co of Eastmeath. --41. Dunmow Castle, Co. of Eastmeath. --42. Dunsany Castle, the seat of Lord Dunsany Co. of Eastmeath. --43. Kells, Co. of Eastmeath. --44. Stone cross, Kells, Eastmeath. --45. Killeen Castle, the seat of the Earl of Fingal, Co. of Eastmeath. --46. The Lady’s Finger and Maiden Tower, Co. of Eastmeath. --47. Mornington, Co. of Eastmeath. --48. Remains of Newtown Abbey, Co. of Eastmeath. --49. Bridge and Priory, Newtown, Co. of Eastmeath. --50. Church and castle, of Scurlogstown, Co. of Eastmeath. --51. Slane Castle, the seat of the Marquis of Cunningham, Co. of Eastmeath. --52. The Hermitage of Sr. Eire, Slane, Co. of Eastmeath. --53. Trim Castle, Co. of Eastmeath. --54. Interior of Trim Castle Co. Eastmeath. --55. Remains of the Yellow Tower, Trim Co. of Eastmeath. --56. North Gate, Athlone. --57. Castletown Delvin, Co. of Westmeath. --58. Door of St. Fechin’s Church, Fore Co. of Westmeath. --59. Door of St. Fechin’s Church, Fore Co. of Westmeath. --60. St. Lawrence’s Gate, Drogheda Co of Louth. --61. St. Mary Magdalen Drogheda, Co. of Louth. --62. St. Mary’s Church Drogheda, Co. of Louth. --63. St. Patrick’s Cross, Monasterboice, Co. of Louth. --64. Termonfeckan Castle, Co. of Louth. --65. The Castle and Abbey of Castledermot, Co. of Kildare. --66. The east window of the Abbey of Castledermot, Co. of Kildare. --67. Church and Round Tower Castledermot, Co. of Kildare. --68. Stone Cross of Castledermot, Co. of Kildare. --69. Kilcullen Bridge, Co. of Kildare. --70. Remains of the Church and Round Tower, Old Kilcullen Co. of Kiladare. --71. Remains of a Stone Cross, old Kilcullen, Co. of Kildare. --72. The Cathedral, Kildare. --73. Round Tower, Kildare. --74. Banagher, King’s County. --75. Cloghnony Castle, King’s County. --76. The Castle at Clonmacnois, King’s County. --77. Macarthy’s Church and Tower, Clonmacnois, King’s County. --78. Garry Castle, King’s County. --79. Remains of the Carlow Castle, Co. of Carlow. --80. The Rath and Loughlin-Bridge, Co. of Carlow. --81. Kilkenny Castle. --82. The Franciscan Abbey, Killkenny. --83. Annamo, Co. of Wicklow. --84. Remains of the Black Castle, Co. of Wicklow. --85. Deralossory Church, Co. of Wicklow. --86. Glen Malure, Co. of Wicklow. --87. The Ess in Glenmalure, Co. of Wicklow. --88. Ancient Archway, Glandalough, Co. of Wicklow. --89. St. Kevin’s Kitchen, Glandalough, Co. of Wicklow. --90. Castle Kevin, Co. of Wicklow. --91. Lara Bridge, entrance to Glandalough, Co, of Wicklow. --92. Lough Bray, Co. of Wicklow. --93. Eagle Rock, Lough Bray, Co. of Wicklow. --94. Lough Dan, Co. of Wicklow. --95. Powerscourt Waterfall, Co. of Wicklow. Plates, dated 1819-1821, engraved by T. Higham, W. Deeble, J. Greig, T. Barber, E. Roberts, T. Ranson, J. Hawkins, W. Wallis, A. Acon, T.A. Dale, J.C. Varrall, from drawings by J. Greig, Geo. Petrie, H. Grattan, G. Gabrielli, T.B. Godwin, S.F. Brocas, M. Dennot, I. Aldis, T. Mills and J. Ross.

89th Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Physical-Anthropologists (AAPA), Los Angeles, CA, APR 15-18, 2020; International audience; Well-preserved collagen, an organic component of bone, can reveal much about the human past. While archaeological collagen can help illuminate the history of past populations, diagenetic processes can result in rapid and sometimes inconspicuous collagen degradation. As a result, recent sites may have poor preservation, while ancient sites may have some specimens that are surprisingly well-preserved. Consequently, there has been considerable interest in potential methods to prescreen bone for collagen content. Here we compare the efܪcacy of FTIR-ATR, whole bone percent nitrogen (%N), and NIR to select well-preserved samples from collections of unprocessed bone. FTIR utilizes the presence of Amide I (1651 cm-1) and Amide II (1553 cm-1) peaks and the Amide I/Phosphate peak-to-peak ratio to identify well-preserved specimen. A threshold of 0.76 %N suggests a sample preserves a sufܪcient amount of collagen. NIR uses chemometric models, built using PCA and PLSR of from specimens of known collagen yield, to characterize well-preserved specimens. Here, we compare FTIR-ATR and NIR spectra taken on samples from the Judean Desert, Israel, and the northern Saqqara region of Egypt. We then compare %N to NIR spectra from specimens from Zafarraya, a Neanderthal cave site in Spain. The results show agreement between FTIR-ATR and NIR, but among the Zafarraya collection, NIR correctly characterizes collagen content in 78.6% of samples compared to only 72.0% for %N. Near-infrared light proves to be advantageous because it penetrates deeply and can predict the collagen yield of unprocessed bone in a timely, cost-efficient, and non-destructive manner.

[EN] The current phylogeographic pattern of European brown bears (Ursus arctos) has commonly been explained by postglacial recolonization out of geographically distinct refugia in southern Europe, a pattern well in accordance with the expansion/contraction model. Studies of ancient DNA from brown bear remains have questioned this pattern, but have failed to explain the glacial distribution of mitochondrial brown bear clades and their subsequent expansion across the European continent. We here present 136 new mitochondrial sequences generated from 346 remains from Europe, ranging in age between the Late Pleistocene and historical times. The genetic data show a high Late Pleistocene diversity across the continent and challenge the strict confinement of bears to traditional southern refugia during the last glacial maximum (LGM). The mitochondrial data further suggest a genetic turnover just before this time, as well as a steep demographic decline starting in the mid‐Holocene. Levels of stable nitrogen isotopes from the remains confirm a previously proposed shift toward increasing herbivory around the LGM in Europe. Overall, these results suggest that in addition to climate, anthropogenic impact and inter‐specific competition may have had more important effects on the brown bear's ecology, demography, and genetic structure than previously thought, We are very thankful to all institutions and individuals that provided samples for this study: the Natural History Museums of Mainz (Germany), Rotterdam (The Netherlands), Brussels (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), Verona (Italy), Vienna (Austria), Sofia (Bulgaria), Budapest (Hungary), Zagreb (Croatia), the Emil Racoviță Institute of Speleology (Romania), the Aranzadi Society of Sciences (Basque Country, Spain), the Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals PAS (Poland), and the Zoological Institute of Saint‐Petersburg (Russia). For providing samples from within Sweden, we wish to acknowledge Friedrike Johansson at the Natural History Museum in Gothenburg, Linda Wickström at SGU in Uppsala, Maria Mostadius at the Zoological Museum in Lund, and finally Gunilla Eriksson and Markus Fjellström at the Department of Archaeology, Stockholm University. For access to samples from the North Sea, we are in gratitude to Charles Schouwenburg and Albert Hoekman/NorthSeaFossils. For valuable assistance in the DNA Lab at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, we would like to thank Martin Irestedt, Bodil Cronholm, and Rodrigo Esparza‐Salas. Dr. Rebecka Miller sadly passed away during work on this manuscript. Her contribution was very much appreciated and her work at Trou Al'Wesse was funded by the Region Wallonne. Financial support for this study was obtained from the Swedish Research Council (VR), Tullbergs stiftelse, and FORMAS through the FP6 BiodivERsA ERA‐NET program. The samples from Polish sites were partially financed by the National Science Centre, grant nr 2015/17/D/ST10/01907, “The history of the brown bear (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758) evolution in Central Europe as a key to modern species conservation,” awarded to Adrian Marciszak