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This thesis was scanned from the print manuscript for digital preservation and is copyright the author. Researchers can access this thesis by asking their local university, institution or public library to make a request on their behalf. Monash staff and postgraduate students can use the link in the References field.

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-spr-10.1177_02654075221075773 for Romantic nostalgia as a resource for healthy relationships by Nicholas D. Evans, Jacob Juhl, Erica G. Hepper, Tim Wildschut, Constantine Sedikides and Adam K. Fetterman in Journal of Social and Personal Relationships

Improving the quality of life for individuals with severe dysphagia is a priority when considering new areas of dysphagia management, especially if this increases opportunities to participate in social activities associated with eating and drinking. Edible foam is widely researched and available in the food industry; however, the use of edible foam within the field of dysphagia remains unexplored. Despite no research published on effectiveness and safety, a commercial product currently on the market is widely distributed across both Europe and the UK, including 28 NHS Trusts, suggesting that it is increasingly being used in clinical practice.To explore the perceptions and experiences of healthcare professionals on the use of stabilized edible foam (SEF) with adults with severe dysphagia in order to inform areas for future research in this novel dysphagia intervention.Healthcare professionals were recruited using purposeful sampling and snowballing technique. A total of 56 healthcare professionals were initially approached, of which 10 completed the semi-structured interviews. Interview questions were developed from a topic guide and a pilot questionnaire.Thematic analysis was used to identify three themes: potential impact, consideration of risk and perceived experiences. Overarching each of these themes was the element of the unknown.Use of SEF with adults with dysphagia is in its infancy. Whilst results indicate that some clinicians are embracing this novel approach, others express concerns. Therefore, further research is needed, particularly in relation of direct experience of individuals and contra-indications.What is already known on the subject The use of SEF with individuals with swallowing problems is a relatively novel area of dysphagia intervention in the UK. There are currently no published studies on its effectiveness and safety profile. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This study provides valuable preliminary work into the area of SEF and adults with severe dysphagia, capturing the experience and perceptions of healthcare professions who have an awareness of SEF. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Increasing clinicians and researcher's awareness of this novel area of dysphagia management.

Summary Injury scoring systems can be used for triaging, predicting morbidity and mortality, and prognosis in mass casualty incidents. Recent conflicts and civilian incidents have highlighted the unique nature of blast injuries, exposing deficiencies in current scoring systems. Here, we classify and describe deficiencies with current systems used for blast injury. Although current scoring systems highlight survival trends for populations, there are several major limitations. The reliable prediction of mortality on an individual basis is inaccurate. Other limitations include the saturation effect (where scoring systems are unable to discriminate between high injury score individuals), the effect of the overall injury burden, lack of precision in discriminating between mechanisms of injury, and a lack of data underpinning scoring system coefficients. Other factors influence outcomes, including the level of healthcare and the delay between injury and presentation. We recommend that a new score incorporates the severity of injuries with the mechanism of blast injury. This may include refined or additional codes, severity scores, or both, being added to the Abbreviated Injury Scale for high-frequency, blast-specific injuries; weighting for body regions associated with a higher risk for death; and blast-specific trauma coefficients. Finally, the saturation effect (maximum value) should be removed, which would enable the classification of more severe constellations of injury. An early accurate assessment of blast injury may improve management of mass casualty incidents.

Injury scoring systems can be used for triaging, predicting morbidity and mortality, and prognosis. Recent conflicts and civilian incidents have highlighted the unique nature of blast injuries, exposing deficiencies in current scoring systems. This review’s aim was to classify and describe the issues with current systems when used in blast, identify deficiencies in the literature, and propose scope for improvements of scoring systems. Strengths of current scoring systems include the ability to highlight survival trends for populations, thus allowing for assessment of medical advances. The review identified the major limitations of current scoring systems as: the inability to accurately and reliably predict mortality outcomes for an individual patient; the saturation effect, where scoring systems are unable to discriminate between high injury score individuals; and underrepresentation of blast injuries by omitting: systemic effects, the effect of the overall injury burden, lack of precision in discriminating between injury mechanism, and lack of data underpinning scoring system coefficients. Other factors influence outcomes, including the level of healthcare, and the delay between injury and presentation. It is an open question whether these should be incorporated in scoring systems. We recommend that a new score adapt the severity of injuries to the blast mechanism. This may include refined and additional codes, and severity scores, being added to the AIS system for high frequency blast-specific injuries; a weighting for body regions of higher risk of fatality; and blast specific trauma coefficients. Finally, the saturation effect (maximum value) be removed enabling classification of more severe injury constellations

Conducted energy devices (CEDs) are designed to immobilise aggressive individuals through the application of an electrical discharge administered via probes fired at the subject. Although the discharge is intended to disrupt voluntary movement, CEDs have their limitations and several factors are qualitatively understood to adversely influence CED effectiveness. The introduction of the twin-cartridge TASER X2™ into UK policing in 2017 provided a unique opportunity to undertake a quantitative assessment of the factors modulating probe discharge effectiveness based on data reported by police officers firing the device operationally. The overall operational subdual effectiveness of the TASER X2™ was 68.5%. However, several factors were identified that could alter the likelihood of achieving subdual of the subject. The officer-reported data show that probe discharge was highly effective at subduing subjects when both probes had penetrated the skin, least effective when both probes were in clothing and confirmed the reduced effectiveness of narrow probe spreads. The most commonly cited reasons why probe discharge failed to subdue the subject were thick or loose clothing, probe misses and narrow probe spread. These findings, which are likely to generalise to other types of CED, may be used to inform tactics and training to optimise the likelihood of achieving incapacitation when probes are deployed, with benefits for the safety of both the police and the public. The findings may also assist investigations requiring the reconstruction of incidents in which probe discharge has been deployed.

BackgroundThe objectives of this secondary analysis were to compare the; (i) cognitive and (ii) behavioural outcomes in children born congenitally normal, non-preterm, and non-growth restricted that were breastfed beyond one month of age with those that were not breastfed or breastfed for MethodsAn original prospective cohort study conducted on n=2097 fetuses compared children with normal fetal UAD PI (Umbilical Artery Doppler Pulsatility Index) against those with an elevated UAD PI and assessed neurocognitive development at twelve years of age using British Ability Scale Version II (BAS II) and the Achenbach Behavioural Checklist Parent Rated Version (CBCL). This secondary analysis included children where maternal breastfeeding status was known (n=252). Childhood cognitive and behavioural scores were analysed and compared for the breastfed versus the non-breastfed group. Linear regression analysis was performed, controlling for confounders including gender, age at assessment, Townsend Score, and UAD PI. Results Excluding congenitally abnormal, preterm and growth restricted babies, n=206 were included. The mean age at follow-up was 12.2 years (±0.6 SD) for both groups with 43.5% (n=20) and 50.3% (n=81) of male gender in both groups respectively. When comparing those children who were breastfed against those who were not or for Conclusion Term babies who are breastfed for >1-month have more optimal scores in neurocognition when analysed at 12-years with no differences in parent observed behaviour compared to non-breastfed/breastfed for

Forgiveness, as a response to interpersonal transgressions, has multiple societal and individual benefits. Individual differences in attachment have been identified as a predictor not only of forgiveness but of state responses frequently associated with forgiveness. The current meta-analysis is the first systematic analysis of the effect of attachment dimensions (i.e., anxiety and avoidance) on forgiveness of others. Analysis of published and unpublished studies ( k = 26) identified significant, small-to-medium effects of attachment anxiety ( r = −.25) and attachment avoidance ( r = −.18) on forgiveness of others. No significant difference was obtained between measures of state and trait forgiveness. The moderating effects of study paradigm, attachment measure, publication type, and sample population were also investigated. The findings of a stable negative effect of insecure attachment dimensions on forgiveness of others provide a base for future research that may focus on reducing attachment anxiety and avoidance to support forgiveness.

Evidence suggests that paw preferences are related to emotional functioning in the domestic dog. Whether motor bias in this species is related to the display of behaviour problems, which often have their basis in emotional reactivity, is still unknown. This study therefore explored the relationship between lateralised motor behaviour in the form of paw preferences and the occurrence of canine behaviour problems. Fifty-two dogs presenting with one or more behaviour problems, and 61 control animals, had their paw preferences assessed using the commonly employed Kong™ ball test. The dogs’ behavioural profile was determined using the C-BARQ, a psychometric tool designed to provide standardized evaluations of canine behaviour. Analysis revealed a roughly equal split in the proportion of dogs classified as ambilateral and lateralised, although dogs were more like to be ambilateral than left- or right-pawed. Dogs differed significantly in their behavioural profile, with animals in the behaviour problem group displaying more severe patterns of stranger- and dog-directed aggression and fear, non-social fear and touch sensitivity than those in the control group. There was no significant difference in the distribution, direction or strength of the dogs’ paw use between the two groups of animals. The dogs’ paw preference classification was significantly associated with one of the C-BARQ subscale scores, namely stranger-directed aggression, with left-pawed dogs having lower scores on this subscale than right-pawed or ambilateral animals. The direction of the dogs’ paw use in the behaviour problem group was significantly correlated with C-BARQ scores for the subscales of stranger-directed aggression, stranger-directed fear and attention-seeking behaviour, with higher subscale scores associated with increasing right-pawedness. There was no significant correlation between the direction of the dogs’ paw use and any of the other C-BARQ subscale scores. The strength of the dogs’ paw preferences was not significantly correlated with any of the C-BARQ subscale scores for either the control or behaviour problem group of animals. Canine sex was not significantly related to either the dogs’ paw preferences or the presentation of behaviour problems. Overall, this study provides little evidence in support of a relationship between paw preference and the occurrence of behaviour problems in the domestic dog. Further, longitudinal, work is recommended in an effort to unravel the ontogeny of lateralisation and its association with emotional reactivity in this species.

This qualitative study follows the two questions, how the factor of the generation, an educator in training belongs to, influences his or her general concept of how sustainability-related lessons should be conducted and how the factor of living in groups influences this as well. For this interviews with 206 students were held and their own educational approaches monitored. In conclusion, this study has three major findings. The first is the attempt to define the difference between the concept of environmental education and environmental instruction, as being different approaches to the same subject, with the latter being less participative and effective, according to this study. The second is, that there is apparently a generational gap between the Generations X, Y, and Z, concerning their approach on this subject. Apparently Education for Sustainable Development is becoming more and more implemented, with each generation. Finally, in-house living in everyday situations can make change towards sustainability happen with students and learners, but the other way is possible to. Considering this, learning in a group in an everyday situation might be a new approach for teacher training in Education for Sustainable Development.

Summary Conditions required for the combined culture of either Glomus caledonium (Nicol. &Gerd.) Trappe &Gerdemann or Glomus mosseae (Nicol. &Gerd.) Gerdemann &Trappe with suspension-cultured plant cells have been investigated. Sucrose levels (0.05 to 0.5%, w/v) lower than those used for growth of plant cells were optimal for hyphal growth of both G. caledonium and G. mosseae. In vitro hyphal growth from chlamydospores of G. caledonium was stimulated by addition of cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Maris Butler), lucerne (Medicago sativa L. cv. Europ) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Maris Piper). The presence of wheat cells similarly stimulated hyphal growth from chlamydospores of G. mosseae. Further tests on the effect of lucerne cells on G. caledonium indicated that a volatile substance was involved in the improvement of hyphal growth.

Glycolysis is regulated by numerous mechanisms including allosteric regulation, post-translational modification or protein-protein interactions (PPI). While glycolytic enzymes have been found to interact with hundreds of proteins, the impact of only some of these PPIs on glycolysis is well understood. Here we investigate which of these interactions may affect glycolysis in E. coli and possibly across numerous other bacteria, based on the stoichiometry of interacting protein pairs (from proteomic studies) and their conservation across bacteria. We present a list of 339 protein-protein interactions involving glycolytic enzymes but predict that ~70% of glycolytic interactors are not present in adequate amounts to have a significant impact on glycolysis. Finally, we identify a conserved but uncharacterized subset of interactions that are likely to affect glycolysis and deserve further study.