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Introduction Girls and women are at risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer from male and female sexual partners throughout the life course. However, no study has assessed how sex of sexual partners, a dimension of sexual orientation, may relate to HPV vaccination among girls and women. Methods In 2014, data from the 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth were used to conduct logistic regression analyses estimating the relationship between sex of lifetime and past-year sexual partners and HPV vaccine awareness and initiation among U.S. girls and women aged 15–25 years (N=3,253). Results Among U.S. girls and women aged 15–25 years, the prevalence of HPV vaccine awareness and HPV vaccine initiation was 84.4% and 28.5%, respectively. Adjusting for sociodemographic factors, participants with only female past-year sexual partners had significantly lower odds of initiating HPV vaccination relative to those with only male past-year sexual partners (OR=0.16, 95% CI=0.05, 0.55). Similarly, respondents with no lifetime (OR=0.65, 95% CI=0.46, 0.92) or past-year (OR=0.69, 95% CI=0.50, 0.94) sexual partners had significantly lower adjusted odds of HPV vaccine initiation compared with those with only male sexual partners. No difference was apparent in the odds of initiating HPV vaccination between participants with male and female sexual partners and those with only male sexual partners. Conclusions Medical and public health professionals should ensure that girls and women with only female or no sexual partners are included in HPV vaccine education and promotion efforts.

International audience; Many organs throughout the body maintain epithelial homeostasis by employing amucosal barrier which acts as a lubricant and helps to preserve a near-sterileepithelium. Goblet cells are largely responsible for secreting components of thismucosal barrier and represent a major cellular component of the innate defense system.In this review, we summarize what is known about the signaling pathways that controlgoblet cell differentiation in the intestine, the lung and the ocular surface and discuss anovel functional role for goblet cells in mucosal epithelial immunology. We highlight thecell type specificity of the circuitry regulating goblet cell differentiation and shed light onhow alteration of these pathways affects goblet function, which represent prominentfeatures of mucosal-associated diseases.

Background Social media provides a context for billions of users to connect, express sentiments, and provide in-the-moment status updates. Because Twitter users tend to tweet emotional updates from daily life, the platform provides unique insights into experiences of mental health problems. Depression is not only one of the most prevalent health conditions but also carries a social stigma. Yet, opening up about one’s depression and seeking social support may provide relief from symptoms. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the public discourse of the trending hashtag #MyDepressionLooksLike to look more closely at how users talk about their depressive symptoms on Twitter. Methods We captured 3225 original content tweets for the hashtag #MyDepressionLooksLike that circulated in May of 2016. Eliminating public service announcements, spam, and tweets with links to pictures or videos resulted in a total of 1978 tweets. Using qualitative content analysis, we coded the tweets to detect themes. Results The content analysis revealed seven themes: dysfunctional thoughts, lifestyle challenges, social struggles, hiding behind a mask, apathy and sadness, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and seeking relief. Conclusions The themes revealed important information about the content of the public messages that people share about depression on Twitter. More research is needed to understand the effects of the hashtag on increasing social support for users and reducing social stigma related to depression.

Purpose: Transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) youth report higher rates of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating than their cisgender peers. Despite this, systematic screening tools and evidence-based treatment for disordered eating have not yet been developed for TGNC youth. Gender affirming care may impact body dissatisfaction and disordered eating, which often arise in the context of gender dysphoria and other experiences associated with identifying as TGNC; however, the extent to which gender affirming care affects body dissatisfaction and disordered eating remains unclear. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the association between gender …

Patient-initiated partner notification of sexually transmitted infection (STI), i.e. patients informing their sexual partners of a diagnosis, is a cornerstone of STI prevention. Growing evidence suggests that women exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) may fear such notification, or face negative consequences in response to STI disclosure. The current study assessed associations of IPV with fear of partner notification, and experiences of partner notification, among adolescent and young adult female family planning clinic patients. Women aged 16–29 years attending five family planning clinics in Northern California, USA ( n = 1282) participated in a cross-sectional survey. A history of physical or sexual IPV was associated with fear of partner notification. Moreover, participants exposed to IPV were more likely to have partners say that it was not from them or otherwise accuse them of cheating in response to partner notification. Such partners were less likely to seek indicated STI treatment or testing. Current findings suggest that partner notification for STI may be compromised by IPV. Clinical practices and policies to support effective partner notification should include IPV assessment, and provide mechanisms to address related fears concerning partner notification.

This study explored gender norms with cricket coaches and athletes in India to adapt a coach-delivered gender violence prevention program from the United States for the urban Indian context. Interviews and focus groups conducted among coaches and adolescent cricketers highlight the extent to which coaches and athletes articulate prevailing inequitable notions about gender and recognition of the power coaches wield. Adapting a violence prevention program that emphasizes gender norms change may be feasible with Indian cricket coaches but is likely to require attention to defining gender equity and challenging cultural assumptions with coaches prior to implementing the program with athletes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Few evidence-based interventions address adolescent relationship abuse in clinical settings. This cluster randomized controlled trial tested the effectiveness of a brief relationship abuse education and counseling intervention in school health centers (SHCs). METHODS: In 2012–2013, 11 SHCs (10 clusters) were randomized to intervention (SHC providers received training to implement) or standard-of-care control condition. Among 1062 eligible students ages 14 to 19 years at 8 SHCs who continued participation after randomization, 1011 completed computer-assisted surveys before a clinic visit; 939 completed surveys 3 months later (93% retention). RESULTS: Intervention versus control adjusted mean differences (95% confidence interval) on changes in primary outcomes were not statistically significant: recognition of abuse = 0.10 (−0.02 to 0.22); intentions to intervene = 0.03 (−0.09 to 0.15); and knowledge of resources = 0.18 (−0.06 to 0.42). Intervention participants had improved recognition of sexual coercion compared with controls (adjusted mean difference = 0.10 [0.01 to 0.18]). In exploratory analyses adjusting for intensity of intervention uptake, intervention effects were significant for increased knowledge of relationship abuse resources and self-efficacy to use harm reduction behaviors. Among participants reporting relationship abuse at baseline, intervention participants were less likely to report such abuse at follow-up (mean risk difference = −0.17 [−0.21 to −0.12]). Adolescents in intervention clinics who reported ever being in an unhealthy relationship were more likely to report disclosing this during the SHC visit (adjusted odds ratio = 2.77 [1.29 to 5.95]). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first evidence of the potential benefit of a SHC intervention to address abusive relationships among adolescents.

The ocular surface epithelia, including the stratified but non-keratinized corneal, limbal and conjunctival epithelium, in concert with the epidermal keratinized eyelid epithelium, function together to maintain eye health and vision. Abnormalities in cellular proliferation or differentiation in any of these surface epithelia are central in the pathogenesis of many ocular surface disorders. Goblet cells are important secretory cell components of various epithelia, including the conjunctiva; however, mechanisms that regulate goblet cell differentiation in the conjunctiva are not well understood. Herein, we report that conditional deletion of transforming growth factor β receptor II (Tgfbr2) in keratin 14-positive stratified epithelia causes ocular surface epithelial hyperplasia and conjunctival goblet cell expansion that invaginates into the subconjunctival stroma in the mouse eye. We found that, in the absence of an external phenotype, the ocular surface epithelium develops properly, but young mice displayed conjunctival goblet cell expansion, demonstrating that TGFβ signaling is required for normal restriction of goblet cells within the conjunctiva. We observed increased expression of SAM-pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) in stratified conjunctival epithelial cells in Tgfbr2 cKO mice, suggesting that TGFβ restricted goblet cell differentiation directly by repressing Spdef transcription. Gain of function of Spdef in keratin 14-positive epithelia resulted in the ectopic formation of goblet cells in the eyelid and peripheral cornea in adult mice. We found that Smad3 bound two distinct sites on the Spdef promoter and that treatment of keratin 14-positive cells with TGFβ inhibited SPDEF activation, thereby identifying a novel mechanistic role for TGFβ in regulating goblet cell differentiation.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of cyber dating abuse among youth aged 14 to 19 years seeking care at school-based health centers and associations with other forms of adolescent relationship abuse (ARA), sexual violence, and reproductive and sexual health indicators. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during the 2012–2013 school year (participant n = 1008). Associations between cyber dating abuse and study outcomes were assessed via logistic regression models for clustered survey data. RESULTS: Past 3-month cyber dating abuse was reported by 41.4% of this clinic-based sample. More female than male participants reported cyber dating abuse victimization (44.6% vs 31.0%). Compared with no exposure, low- (“a few times”) and high-frequency (“once or twice a month” or more) cyber dating abuse were significantly associated with physical or sexual ARA (low: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8–4.4; high: aOR 5.4, 95% CI 4.0–7.5) and nonpartner sexual assault (low: aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3–5.5; high: aOR 4.1, 95% CI 2.8–5.9). Analysis with female participants found an association between cyber dating abuse exposure and contraceptive nonuse (low: aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.7; high: aOR 4.1, 95% CI 2.0–8.4) and reproductive coercion (low: aOR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4–6.2; high: aOR 5.7, 95% CI 2.8–11.6). CONCLUSIONS: Cyber dating abuse is common and associated with ARA and sexual assault in an adolescent clinic-based sample. The associations of cyber dating abuse with sexual behavior and pregnancy risk behaviors suggest a need to integrate ARA education and harm reduction counseling into sexual health assessments in clinical settings.

Purpose Little is known about adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) and related sexual and reproductive health among females who either identify as lesbian or bisexual or engage in sexual behavior with female partners (i.e., sexual minority girls [SMGs]). Methods Baseline data were collected from 564 sexually active girls ages 14–19 years seeking care at eight California school-based health centers participating in a randomized controlled trial. Associations between ARA, sexual minority status and study outcomes (vaginal, oral, and anal sex, number and age of sex partners, contraceptive nonuse, reproductive coercion, sexually transmitted infection [STI] and pregnancy testing) were assessed via logistic regression models for clustered survey data. Results SMGs comprised 23% (n = 130) of the sample. Controlling for exposure to ARA, SMGs were less likely to report recent vaginal sex (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], .51; 95% confidence interval [CI], .35–.75) and more likely to report recent oral sex (AOR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.38–2.92) and anal sex (AOR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.26–2.46) compared with heterosexual girls. Heterosexual girls with ARA exposure (AOR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.07–7.59) and SMGs without ARA exposure (AOR, 3.01; 95% CI, 2.01–4.50) were more likely than nonabused heterosexual girls be seeking care for STI testing or treatment than heterosexual girls without recent victimization. Conclusions Findings suggest the need for attention to STI risk among all girls, but SMGs in particular. Clinicians should be trained to assess youth for sexual contacts and sexual identity and counsel all youth on healthy relationships, consensual sex, and safer sex practices relevant to their sexual experiences.

Luchtenberg and colleagues' account of how children and adolescents view their own participation in clinical research challenges many presumptions common to both researchers and institutional revie...

Objective Reproductive coercion (RC) — birth control sabotage and coercion by male partners to become pregnant and to control the outcome of a pregnancy — has been associated with a history of both intimate partner physical and sexual violence (IPV) and unintended pregnancy among females utilizing reproductive health services. The temporal nature of associations of RC and unintended pregnancy (distinct from the impact of IPV), however, has remained less clear. Study Design A survey was administered to females aged 16–29 years seeking care in 24 rural and urban family planning clinics in Pennsylvania ( n = 3539). Results Five percent of respondents reported RC in the past 3 months, and 12% reported an unintended pregnancy in the past year. Among those who reported recent RC, 21% reported past-year unintended pregnancy. Compared to women exposed to neither condition, exposure to recent RC increased the odds of past-year unintended pregnancy, both in the absence of a history of IPV [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.79, 1.06–2.03] and in combination with a history of IPV (AOR 2.00, 1.15–3.48); history of IPV without recent RC was also associated with unintended pregnancy (AOR 1.80, 1.42–2.26). Conclusions Findings indicate the temporal proximity of the association of RC and unintended pregnancy, with recent RC related to past-year unintended pregnancy, both independently and in combination with a history of IPV. Recent RC is relatively prevalent among young women using family planning clinics and is associated with increased risk for past-year unintended pregnancy even in the absence of IPV. Implications Recent RC and a history of IPV are prevalent among female family planning clients, particularly younger women, and these experiences are each associated with unintended pregnancy. Pregnancy prevention counseling should include not only assessment for physical and sexual partner violence but also specific inquiry about RC.

Orthotopic transplantation of tumor tissue into recipient mice has long been established to study the role of the microenvironment in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Many of these transplantation assays involve the surgical implantation of an undissociated piece of tumor tissue. However, dissociation of tumor tissue into a single cell suspension prior to orthotopic transplantation enables the injection of fewer cell numbers, the selection of tumor-initiating populations by specific purification using antibody staining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and the analysis of tumor-forming efficiency.In this chapter, we provide a method to perform serial transplantation of tumor cells into their niche of origin. Visualization of the location of transplanted tumor cells is essential to confirm the success of the transplant as well as the viability of transplanted cells. We also describe an optimized immunofluorescence protocol to visualize tumor cells shortly after transplantation. This serial transplantation protocol allows for an experimental tumorigenesis assay to more closely mimic spontaneous tumor formation and is applicable to many microenvironments.

The impact of several experimental parameters on static headspace sampling for volatile impurities is discussed. Figures of merit are provided for some common organic solvents dissolved in dimethylacetamide. The performance is compound specific, but in the best case, detectability is about 0.2 mg/L with the mass spectrometer operating in the scanning mode. Sensitivity improves by about a factor of 50 when single ion monitoring is used. Linearity extends for about 4 orders of magnitude. This system is used to determine acetone as a residual solvent in the sulfonamide antibiotic, sulfamethazine, at levels of 1 to 15 mg/kg with precision of 3 to 5%.

Objective To examine the relationship between gender expression (GE) and BMI in adolescence. Methods Repeated measures of weight-related behaviors and BMI were collected 1996-2011 via annual/biennial self-report surveys from youth ages 10 to 23 years (6,693 females, 2,978 males) in the longitudinal Growing Up Today Study. GE (very conforming [referent], mostly conforming, nonconforming) was assessed in 2010/11. Sex-stratified, multivariable linear models estimated GE group differences in BMI and the contribution of sexual orientation and weight-related exposures to group differences. Models for males included interaction terms for GE with age. Results In females, mostly conforming youth had 0.53 kg/m2 and nonconforming had 1.23 kg/m2 higher BMI; when adding adjustment for sexual orientation and weight-related exposures, GE-group estimates were attenuated up to 8% and remained statistically significant. In males, mostly conforming youth had −0.67 kg/m2 and nonconforming had −1.99 kg/m2 lower BMI (age [in years] interactions were between −0.09 to −0.14 kg/m2; when adding adjustment for sexual orientation and weight-related exposures, GE-group estimates were attenuated up to 11% and remained statistically significant. Conclusions GE is a strong independent predictor of BMI in adolescence. Obesity prevention and treatment interventions with youth must address ways that gender norms may reinforce or undermine healthful behaviors.

Perpetration of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse is prevalent in adolescent relationships. One strategy for reducing such violence is to increase the likelihood that youth will intervene when they see peers engaging in disrespectful and abusive behaviors.This 12-month follow-up of a cluster RCT examined the longer-term effectiveness of Coaching Boys Into Men, a dating violence prevention program targeting high school male athletes.This cluster RCT was conducted from 2009 to 2011. The unit of randomization was the school, and the unit of analysis was the athlete. Data were analyzed in 2012.Participants were male athletes in Grades 9-11 (N=1513) participating in athletics in 16 high schools.The intervention consisted of training athletic coaches to integrate violence prevention messages into coaching activities through brief, weekly, scripted discussions with athletes.Primary outcomes were intentions to intervene, recognition of abusive behaviors, and gender-equitable attitudes. Secondary outcomes included bystander behaviors and abuse perpetration. Intervention effects were expressed as adjusted mean between-arm differences in changes in outcomes over time, estimated via regression models for clustered, longitudinal data.Perpetration of dating violence in the past 3 months was less prevalent among intervention athletes relative to control athletes, resulting in an estimated intervention effect of -0.15 (95% CI=-0.27, -0.03). Intervention athletes also reported lower levels of negative bystander behaviors (i.e., laughing and going along with peers' abusive behaviors) compared to controls (-0.41, 95% CI=-0.72, -0.10). No differences were observed in intentions to intervene (0.04, 95% CI=-0.07, 0.16); gender-equitable attitudes (-0.04, 95% CI=-0.11, 0.04); recognition of abusive behaviors (-0.03, 95% CI=-0.15, 0.09); or positive bystander behaviors (0.04, 95% CI=-0.11, 0.19).This school athletics-based dating violence prevention program is a promising approach to reduce perpetration and negative bystander behaviors that condone dating violence among male athletes.This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCTO1367704.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between bullying peers as a child and adult intimate partner violence perpetration in a clinic-based sample of adult men. School bullying perpetration and intimate partner violence perpetration are both thought to stem from desire for power and control over others. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between January 2005 and December 2006. SETTING: Three urban community health centers in Boston, Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS: Men aged 18 to 35 years (n = 1491) seeking services at participating community health centers. Main Exposure School bullying perpetration. Outcome Measure Past-year physical or sexual violence perpetration against a female partner (intimate-partner violence [IPV]). RESULTS: Two-fifths of men reported perpetrating school bullying as a child (n = 610; 40.9%). Men who rarely bullied in school were 1.53 times more likely to perpetrate past-year IPV than men who did not bully (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-2.29); this risk was elevated to 3.82 times more likely to perpetrate any past-year IPV for those men who bullied peers frequently (95% CI, 2.55-5.73). CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicates that bullying peers in school as a child, especially frequent bullying perpetration, is associated with increased risk for men's perpetration of IPV as an adult. The effect remains strong after controlling for common prior risk factors for both bullying and IPV perpetration. Future research is needed to discern the mechanisms and underlying root causes of abusive behavior, such as power and control, as a means to prevent violence perpetration across settings and life stages. Language: en

Objectives To examine associations between intimate partner violence (IPV) against Indian women and risk of death among their infants and children, as well as related gender-based disparities. Design Analyses of nationally representative data to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and attributable risks for infant and child mortality based on child gender and on IPV against mothers. Setting India. Participants Women aged 15 to 49 years (n = 59 467) across all 29 Indian states participating in the Indian National Family Health Survey 3 provided information about 158 439 births and about infant and child mortality occurring during the 20 years before the survey. Main Outcome Measures Maternal IPV and infant and child ( Results Infant mortality was greater among infants whose mothers experienced IPV (79.2 of 1000 births) vs those whose mothers did not experience IPV (59.1 of 1000 births) (aHR, 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.15); this effect was significant only for girls (1.15; 1.07-1.24; for boys, 1.04; 0.97-1.11). Child mortality was also greater among children whose mothers experienced IPV (103.6 of 1000 births) vs those whose mothers did not experience IPV (74.8 per 1000 births) (aHR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05-1.15); again, this effect was significant only for girls (1.14; 1.07-1.21; for boys, 1.05; 0.99-1.12). An estimated 58 021 infant girl deaths and 89 264 girl child deaths were related to spousal violence against wives annually, or approximately 1.2 million female infant deaths and 1.8 million girl deaths in India between December 1985 and August 2005. Conclusion Intimate partner violence against women should be considered an urgent priority within programs and policies aimed at maximizing survival of children in India, particularly those attempting to increase the survival of girls 5 years and younger.

We appreciate Scheidell's interest in our study. Indeed, the Gender-Equitable Norms scale was originally developed and tested among a sample of Brazilian young men(1) and has been used in modified form by researchers in numerous settings in the United States and elsewhere, among both adolescents and adults.(2,3) Our team previously tested a version of the scale among a clinic-based sample of 14- to 20-year-old males in the Northeastern United States and found that, similar to the Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) study, boys holding traditional gender attitudes were more likely to report dating violence perpetration.(3) Because the psychometric properties of any scale are dependent on the population in which data are collected, we then conducted extensive pilot testing of these measures for the CBIM study in collaboration with Futures Without Violence and the Waitt Institute for Violence Prevention (nonprofit violence prevention organizations). (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print January 16, 2014: e1. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301795). Language: en

A 2010 study done in Calcutta a potential sex-trafficking hub for sexual exploitation across South Asia emphasizes the importance of understanding trafficking mechanisms. The study focuses on women and girls who had been trafficked for sexual exploitation were either removed by police or escaped and were receiving help from Sanlaap an NGO based in Calcutta. The findings highlight the persistence of sex trafficking within Calcutta while highlighting the need for trafficking prevention efforts especially because of the high rate of HIV infection among women and girls. Copyright © 2011 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Men aged 18 to 35 years (n = 1318) completed assessments of perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV), abortion involvement, and conflict regarding decisions to seek abortion. IPV was associated with greater involvement by men in pregnancies ending in abortion and greater conflict regarding decisions to seek abortion. IPV should be considered within family planning and abortion services; policies requiring women to notify or obtain consent of partners before seeking an abortion should be reconsidered; they may facilitate endangerment and coercion regarding such decisions.

Background/Objectives Commercial sex work is a primary context for heterosexual HIV/AIDS transmission. Violence victimisation is considered to compromise women9s ability to protect against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STI); little research has investigated violence as it relates to sexual risk and STI among female sex workers (FSW). This study sought to compare sexual risk and STI symptoms among FSW based on recent violence exposure. Methods Data from 815 FSW in Thailand were used to assess the prevalence of physical or sexual violence within the context of sex work, and associations of victimisation with sexual risk and STI symptoms. Results Approximately one in seven FSW (14.6%) had experienced violence in the week before the survey. Compared with their unexposed counterparts, FSW exposed to violence demonstrated a greater risk of condom failure (19.6% vs 12.3%, ARR 1.92, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.95) and client condom refusal (85.7% vs 69.0%, ARR 1.24, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.35). In analyses adjusted for sexual risk, violence related to STI symptoms collectively (ARR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.21) and genital lesions as an individual STI symptom (ARR 1.78, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.66). Conclusion Physical and sexual violence against FSW in Thailand appears to be common, with women experiencing such violence demonstrating diminished capacity for STI/HIV harm reduction and greater prevalence of STI symptoms. Efforts to reduce violence towards this vulnerable population must be prioritised, as a means of protecting the health and wellbeing of FSW, and as a key component of STI/HIV prevention and control.

Background: This study examined the efficacy of a family-planning-clinic-based intervention to address intimate partner violence (IPV) and reproductive coercion. Study Design: Four free-standing urban family planning clinics in Northern California were randomized to intervention (trained family planning counselors) or standard of care. English-speaking and Spanish-speaking females ages 16-29 years (N=906) completed audio computer-assisted surveys prior to a clinic visit and 12-24 weeks later (75% retention rate). Analyses included assessment of intervention effects on recent IPV, awareness of IPV services and reproductive coercion. Results: Among women reporting past-3-months IPV at baseline, there was a 71% reduction in the odds of pregnancy coercion among participants in intervention clinics compared to participants in the control clinics that provided standard of care. Women in the intervention arm were more likely to report ending a relationship because the relationship was unhealthy or because they felt unsafe regardless of IPV status (adjusted odds ratio=1.63; 95% confidence interval=1.01-2.63). Conclusions: Results of this pilot study suggest that this intervention may reduce the risk for reproductive coercion from abusive male partners among family planning clients and support such women to leave unsafe relationships. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

This article focuses on trafficking of women and girls for commercial sex work (CSW) in Cambodia. It discusses characteristics and data of sex trafficking such as: age of girl or woman location parental participation and whether the case involved a female trafficker. In addition it provides data on violence victimization which includes: forced sexual acts sexual abuse beatings deprivation of food and movement and STI infection. It concludes that current evidence suggests that young trafficked women in Cambodia are vulnerable to sex trafficking primarily within their country and by individuals that include family members. Copyright © 2010 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

analytic sample included 77 sexually experienced males to date. Patients reported on SRHC receipt by doctor assessed here with 4 composite scores summed across items within each domain: sexual history taking (practices, partner number and gender, protection, past STD andHIV test, sexual identity, plans for children); counseling (reducing STD/HIV risk, correct condom use); materials provided (condoms, lubrication); and screening tests (HIV, urine-based STD). Higher scores represent greater quality of service receipt. Patient characteristics assessed included: age; race/ethnicity; sexual attraction; visit reason (annual, STD, other); time since last visit (first visit

Commercial moist snuff products are used by placing a portion of tobacco inside the mouth between the inner cheek or lip and gum. Nicotine is absorbed into the blood stream via transfer across various oral membranes including the buccal mucosa (cheek lining). The resulting salivary pH when a given moist snuff product is placed in the mouth is an important factor for nicotine absorption because it will affect the proportion of free base nicotine that is readily available for absorption. The resulting salivary pH for a given moist snuff product will be determined in part by the relative acid-base buffering capacities of the saliva and moist snuff, as well as the pHs of the saliva and moist snuff prior to coming in contact with one another. In the current study, the acid-base buffering capacities (mu eq/g) of a series of commercial moist snuff products were determined and compared to the acid-base buffering capacity for unstimulated, whole human saliva. The buffering capacities of the moist snuff products were determined to be 10-20 times higher than the buffering capacity of human saliva. The resulting salivary pH ranges after contact between an artifical saliva and the various moist snuff products were also determined; the results were used to predict the proportion of free base nicotine that can be expected to occur in the mouth during the first few minutes of product use. These studies provide a basis for examining and understanding the effects that moist snuff product pHs and buffering capacities may be expected to have on nicotine absorption.

A reversed phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic method for the determination of nicotine in commercial tobacco products was previously developed and optimized (Ciolino, L. A.; Turner, J. A.; McCauley, H. A.; Smallwood, A. W.; Yi, T. Y. J. Chromatogr. 1999a, 852 (2), 451-463) and provided reliable results for the determination of nicotine in commercial moist snuff (Ciolino, L. A.; McCauley, H. A.; Fraser, D. B.; Barnett, D. Y.; Yi, T. Y.; Turner, J. A. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999b, 47, 3706-3712). The method uses an aqueous-based sample extraction and provides rapid separation of nicotine from the minor tobacco alkaloids and other commercial tobacco components. In the present work, the method is evaluated for the determination of nicotine in commercial cigarettes and compared to both an official AOAC method for total alkaloids in tobacco (AOAC, AOAC Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed.; AOAC International: Gaithersburg, MD, 1995; pp 30-31), and a published GC method (Lyerly, L. A.; Greene, G. H. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 1976, 8 (6), 359-361). Good agreement was obtained between the ion-pair LC method and the GC method with relative differences in determined nicotine contents of 0.6 to 5% for a series of commercial and reference cigarettes.

The official methods for the determination of nicotine in commercial tobacco products (AOAC, CORESTA) are based on approaches that are not selective for nicotine (colorimetric measurement, steam distillation, perchloric acid titration), and the availability of published methods based on state-of-the-art chromatographic methods is limited. Reversed phase ion-pair liquid chromatography has been established as a viable alternative for the analysis of basic analytes. A reversed phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic method for the determination of nicotine in commercial tobacco products was developed and optimized in separate experiments (Ciolino, L. A.; Turner, J. A.; McCauley, H. A.; Smallwood, A. W.; Yi, T. Y. J. Chromatogr. 1999a, 852 (2), 451-463). An extensive within-laboratory performance study of the optimized method was subsequently conducted, and results are presented here for the determination of nicotine in commercial moist snuff. Results for the determination of nicotine in commercial cigarettes are presented in a subsequent paper.

The availability of published methods for the determination of nicotine in commercial tobacco products based on state-of-the-art chromatographic methods is limited. Nicotine is a diprotic base with pKa’s of 3.12 (pyridine ring) and 8.02 (pyrrolidine ring). Other monoprotic and diprotic bases are also present in commercial tobacco including anatabine, nornicotine, anabasine, and cotinine. In this paper, the chromatography of nicotine and the minor tobacco alkaloids under reversed-phase ion-pairing conditions is thoroughly studied. The results of this study are used to understand the retention mechanisms of the tobacco alkaloids, to examine their observed elution order with respect to fundamental analyte properties (size, functionality, and acid–base strength), and to select optimum chromatographic conditions for the determination of nicotine in commercial tobacco products.

In this work, the interconversion of GHB and GBL in a variety of aqueous media was studied. The effects of solution pH and time were determined by spiking GHB or GBL into pure water and buffered aqueous solutions, and determining the GHB and GBL contents at various time intervals. The degree of GBL hydrolysis to GHB was determined for several commercial aqueous-based GBL products, and further studied as a function of time. The effects of temperature and time were also determined for five commercial beverages spiked with GHB or GBL. GHB and GBL contents were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). GHB and/or GBL confirmations were made using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and/or infrared spectroscopy (IR). Solution pH, time, and storage temperature were determined to be important factors affecting the rate and extent of GBL hydrolysis to GHB. Under strongly alkaline conditions (pH 12.0), GBL was completely converted to GHB within minutes. In pure water, GBL reacted to form an equilibrium mixture comprising ca. 2:1 GBL:GHB over a period of months. This same equilibrium mixture was established from either GHB or GBL in strongly acidic solution (pH 2.0) within days. A substantial portion of GBL (ca. 1/3) was hydrolyzed to GHB in aqueous-based GBL products, and in spiked commercial beverages, after ambient storage for a period ranging from several weeks to several months. Heat increased and refrigeration decreased the rate of GBL hydrolysis relative to ambient conditions. These studies show that hydrolysis of GBL to GHB does occur in aqueous-based solutions, with samples and time frames that are relevant to forensic testing. Implications for forensic testing and recommendations are discussed.

© 2015 Tancredi et al. Background: Women ages 16-29 utilizing family planning clinics for medical services experience higher rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) and reproductive coercion (RC) than their same-age peers, increasing risk for unintended pregnancy and related poor reproductive health outcomes. Brief interventions integrated into routine family planning care have shown promise in reducing risk for RC, but longer-term intervention effects on partner violence victimization, RC, and unintended pregnancy have not been examined. Methods/Design: The 'Addressing Reproductive Coercion in Health Settings (ARCHES)' Intervention Study is a cluster randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a brief, clinician-delivered universal education and counseling intervention to reduce IPV, RC and unintended pregnancy compared to standard-of-care in family planning clinic settings. The ARCHES intervention was refined based on formative research. Twenty five family planning clinics were randomized (in 17 clusters) to either a three hour training for all family planning clinic staff on how to deliver the ARCHES intervention or to a standard-of-care control condition. All women ages 16-29 seeking care in these family planning clinics were eligible to participate. Consenting clients use laptop computers to answer survey questions immediately prior to their clinic visit, a brief exit survey immediately after the clinic visit, a first follow up survey 12-20 weeks after the baseline visit (T2), and a final survey 12 months after the baseline (T3). Medical record chart review provides additional data about IPV and RC assessment and disclosure, sexual and reproductive health diagnoses, and health care utilization. Of 4009 women approached and determined to be eligible based on age (16-29 years old), 3687 (92 % participation) completed the baseline survey and were included in the sample. Discussion: The ARCHES Intervention Study is a community-partnered study designed to provide arigorous assessment of the short (3-4 months) and long-term (12 months) effects of a brief, clinician-delivered universal education and counseling intervention to reduce IPC, RC and unintended pregnancy in family planning clinic settings. The trial features a cluster randomized controlled trial design, a comprehensive data collection schedule and a large sample size with excellent retention. Trial Registration: ClinicialTrials.gov NCT01459458 Registered 10 October 2011.

Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests that early menarche, defined as onset of menses at age 11 or earlier, has increased in prevalence in recent birth cohorts and is associated with multiple poor medical and mental health outcomes in adulthood. There is evidence that childhood adversities occurring prior to menarche contribute to early menarche. Methods: Data collected in face-to-face interviews with a nationally representative sample of women age 18 and over (N = 3288), as part of the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication, were analyzed. Associations between pre-menarchal childhood adversities and menarche at age 11 or earlier were estimated in discrete time survival models with statistical adjustment for age at interview, ethnicity, and body mass index. Adversities investigated included physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, biological father absence from the home, other parent loss, parent mental illness, parent substance abuse, parent criminality, inter-parental violence, serious physical illness in childhood, and family economic adversity. Results: Mean age at menarche varied across decadal birth cohorts (χ 2 ₍₄₎= 21.41, p < .001) ranging from a high of 12.9 years in the oldest cohort (age 59 or older at the time of interview) to a low of 12.4 in the second youngest cohort (age 28-37). Childhood adversities were also more common in younger than older cohorts. Of the 11 childhood adversities, 5 were associated with menarche at age 11 or earlier, with OR of 1.3 or greater. Each of these five adversities is associated with a 26% increase in the odds of early menarche (OR= 1.26, 95% CI 1.14-1.39). The relationship between childhood sexual abuse and early menarche was sustained after adjustment for co-occurring adversities. (OR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.21-2.6). Conclusions: Evidence from this study is consistent with hypothesized physiological effects of early childhood family environment on endocrine development. Childhood sexual abuse is the adversity most strongly associated with early menarche. However, because of the complex way that childhood adversities cluster within families, the more generalized influence of highly dysfunctional family environments cannot be ruled out.