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This paper argues that the application of loss aversion to wage determination can explain the deflation puzzle: the failure of persistently high unemployment to exert a persistent downward impact on the rate of inflation in money wages. This is an improvement on other theories of the deflation puzzle which simply assume downward wage rigidity, namely the hysteresis theory, the lubrication theory and the efficiency wage theory. The paper presents estimates that support the loss-aversion explanation of the deflation puzzle for both the US and Australia. Furthermore, our estimation approach gives a more precise estimate of the potential rate of unemployment than does the natural rate approach and reveals potential rates of unemployment for the US and Australia at the end of 2017 of about 4 per cent and 3.3 per cent respectively.

In this paper, the process of training an artificial neural network (ANN) on predicting the hysteresis of a viscoelastic ball and ash wood bat colliding system is discussed. To study how the material properties and the impact speed affect the hysteresis phenomenon, many experiments were conducted for colliding three types of viscoelastic balls known as sliotars at two different speeds. The aim of the study is to innovate a neural network model to predict the hysteresis phenomenon of the collision of viscoelastic materials. The model accurately captured the input data and was able to produce data sets out of the input ranges. The results show that the ANN model predicted the impact hysteresis accurately with

As COVID-19 spread across the world in 2020, health and economic activities have been impacted, and unemployment has risen across many countries. The consequences have been particularly harmful to vulnerable populations such as women, racial minorities, or part-time workers. While many governments enacted employment and income support policies as a response to this economic and health crisis, there has been a lack of comparative and evaluative reviews of how policies have addressed unemployment and inequality during the pandemic. In this study, we draw on Esping-Andersen’s (1990) frame of a liberal versus social-democratic welfare state to contextualize some employment and income support polices during the early phases of COVID-19 from the U.S., Denmark, and Taiwan, aiming to enhance the understanding of such policies. We found that the U.S., being more aligned with a liberal welfare state regime, relied on more market mechanisms to address labor and employment issues. Denmark and Taiwan, being more aligned with a social-democratic welfare state, enacted more interventions in and redistributions outside of the market to address employment problems. The human costs of unemployment and unemployment and labor market hysteresis are addressed in light of these two different approaches and outcomes.

In the article principles of construction and design of spring valve units are considered, which allow to obtain a given dynamic quality to ensure constant hysteresis of spool safety valves of direct action. The analysis of efficiency of devices of correction of dynamic quality of spring valve units for ensuring their working capacity at variation of external operating factors by purposeful management of kinematic and force parameters of elastic-damping elements, and also the reasons influencing hysteresis It is noted that one of the reasons for the increase in hysteresis is damage to the rubber seals of the spool safety valves of direct action. Identifying the main causes of damage to rubber seals: constant friction of the edge of the radial holes of the spool on the seal ring; reverse the direction of the operating pressure; the pressure drop created by the axial hole of the spool when the valve is fully open. A spool spring valve with a mechanical spring having high throughput and low hysteresis is proposed. This characteristic was achieved through the use of high quality materials, which allowed to have a high throughput with minimal dimensions; optimization of geometrical characteristics of the flowing part of the valve; reducing the seal tension and, as a consequence, reducing the hysteresis. It is noted that the absence of contact of the radial holes of the spool with the rubber seal in the extreme off position protects the seal from plastic deformation during reverse flow. The prospect of further research in obtaining experimental dependences of the influence of spool speed, rubber stiffness, geometrical characteristics of the contact gap and pressure on the change of the valve hysteresis is revealed.

Industrial structure can describe not only the structural relationships between industrial output capacities, but also the structural relationships between industrial economic outputs. Fixed-asset investment affects industrial structure through the formation of capital stock and contemporaneous demand. Based on VAR model, this paper utilizes Granger causality test and other econometric methods to analyze the hysteresis relationships between fixed-asset investment and industrial structure in China from 1991 to 2017. In addition, the contemporaneous relationships are identified by employing the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) analysis. The results show that: The hysteresis relationships exist in primary and secondary industries between fixed-asset investment and their respective value added. The fixed-asset investment in primary and tertiary industries are the contemporaneous causes of positive effect to the value added of primary industry. And the value added of secondary industry is the contemporaneous cause of positive effect to its fixed-asset investment.

It is widely recognized that aggregate employment dynamics is characterized by hysteresis. In the presence of hysteresis, the long run level of employment instead of being unique and history-independent, depends on the adjustment path that is taken, which includes the monetary and fiscal measures. It is thus important to study the presence of hysteresis in the macrodynamics of employment to understand whether the recession followed 2007s financial crisis will have permanent effects, and prospectively to conduct fiscal and monetary policies. The main contribution of this paper is to analyse the relative impact of the main sources hysteresis (non-convex adjustment costs, uncertainty and the flexibility of working time arrangements) to the width of the employment band of inaction. For that purpose, a switching employment equation was estimated from a computational implementation of the linear play model of hysteresis. From our results we found significant hysteresis effects in the aggregate employment dynamics caused by the presence of non-convex adjustment costs as uncertainty. We also found that the flexibility firms may have to adjust labour input by varying the number of hours of work per employee helps to mitigate the effect of uncertainty upon the band of inaction.

Conventional streamflow monitoring methods entail one-to-one relationships between two flow variables obtained by combining direct flow measurements with statistical analyses. These relationships (...

This paper is concerned with an adaptive neural output-feedback control for a class of stochastic nonlinear systems with unknown control directions and hysteresis input. An output-feedback controll...

Aims: To develop a flow-moisture model that allows determining the variation of suction over time, as well as the suction stresses, using the finite element method in a two-dimensional model of unsaturated soil through an analogy with a transient thermal problem. Study Design: The variables used in this study were soil suction, hydraulic conductivity, diffusivity and degree of saturation which was represented as the parameter of the Bishop’s effective stress equation. Place and Duration of Study: Graduate Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, between November 2019 and August 2020. Methodology: To establish the model, experimental Soil-Water Retention Curve was taken from Galaviz (2016). With this information, the curves of hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity were calculated with the methods of Fredlund et al. (2012) and Li (1996). In ANSYS 19.2, an analogous transient thermal analysis was run to determine suction changes over time in a 12 x 2.4 meters two-dimensional medium with an impermeable membrane at the center of its surface which was 4.8 meters long. Through these suction changes, the hydraulic hysteresis algorithm presented by Zhou et al. (2012) was used to calculate the respective degrees of saturation, which were considered as the parameter to obtain the suction stresses. Results: The changes in soil suction, degree of saturation and suction stress were properly modeled. Conclusion: When considering the hydraulic hysteresis cycles, both spatial and temporal variations behaved in a similar way in the parameters as well as in the suction stresses. Such stresses depended on the analysis period, increasing in the dry season, according to the precipitation-evapotranspiration model, and decreasing in the wetting season. A time lag was observed between the maximum and minimum stresses as greater depths were studied. Along the horizontal axis, considering the same depth, the stresses varied more in the areas adjacent to the impermeable membrane, while at the center this variation was practically null.

This paper shows that smaller and less productive firms, as well as first‐time exporters, are overproportionally affected by services trade barriers using micro‐data from Belgium, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. For these firms, both the propensity to export and export volumes to less restrictive destinations are significantly higher than to more restrictive destinations. In contrast, policy barriers measured by the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) do not affect export decisions of the largest, most productive and experience services firms. The pattern holds for two major modes of supply, cross‐border services exports and foreign affiliate sales of services firms. The findings are consistent with firm sorting mechanisms in trade models with heterogeneous firms and hysteresis of export participation in the presence of sunk export costs.

OBJECTIVES Hysteresis of the respiratory system pressure-volume curve is related to alveolar surface forces, lung stress relaxation, and tidal reexpansion/collapse. Hysteresis has been suggested as a means of assessing lung recruitment. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between hysteresis, mechanical characteristics of the respiratory system, and lung recruitment assessed by a CT scan in mechanically ventilated acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING General ICU of a university hospital. PATIENTS Twenty-five consecutive sedated and paralyzed patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (age 64 ± 15 yr, body mass index 26 ± 6 kg/m, PaO2/FIO2 147 ± 42, and positive end-expiratory pressure 9.3 ± 1.4 cm H2O) were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS A low-flow inflation and deflation pressure-volume curve (5-45 cm H2O) and a sustained inflation recruitment maneuver (45 cm H2O for 30 s) were performed. A lung CT scan was performed during breath-holding pressure at 5 cm H2O and during the recruitment maneuver at 45 cm H2O. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Lung recruitment was computed as the difference in noninflated tissue and in gas volume measured at 5 and at 45 cm H2O. Hysteresis was calculated as the ratio of the area enclosed by the pressure-volume curve and expressed as the hysteresis ratio. Hysteresis was correlated with respiratory system compliance computed at 5 cm H2O and the lung gas volume entering the lung during inflation of the pressure-volume curve (R = 0.749, p < 0.001 and R = 0.851, p < 0.001). The hysteresis ratio was related to both lung tissue and gas recruitment (R = 0.266, p = 0.008, R = 0.357, p = 0.002, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the optimal cutoff value to predict lung tissue recruitment for the hysteresis ratio was 28% (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.62-0.98), with sensitivity and specificity of 0.75 and 0.77, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Hysteresis of the respiratory system computed by low-flow pressure-volume curve is related to the anatomical lung characteristics and has an acceptable accuracy to predict lung recruitment.

As the “Volcker shock” is believed to have generated useful information on the effects of monetary policy, this paper develops a transparent procedure to identify other significant monetary contractions. The approach is applied to a panel data set spanning 162 countries (over the period 1970-2017), in which it identifies 147 large monetary contractions. The procedure selects episodes where a protracted period of loose monetary policy was suddenly followed by sizeable interest rate increases. Focusing on contractions of significant size increases the signal-to-noise ratio, while they are unlikely to be accompanied by confounding “information effects” (markets interpreting a rate hike as the Central Bank being optimistic about the real side of the economy). A subsequent panel VAR analysis suggests that, on average, a 100-basis point rate hike reduces real GDP by 0.5 percent. This reduction in output seems to be persistent, pointing to a certain degree of hysteresis. The price level falls by 1.5 percent, indicating that the medium-/long-run impact of contractionary monetary shocks is not characterized by a neo-Fisherian response. Advanced economies appear to display more price stickiness than emerging/developing countries, as the former combine a more muted price response with a larger effect on output.

Hysteresis nonlinearity is a common phenomenon in mechanical actuators. Specially, it appears when the direction of motion of mechanical actuated joint is reversed in robotic manipulator. This paper focuses on the force feedback control problem for bilateral teleoperation system with unknown Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) hysteresis. First, an improved sliding mode observer with adaptive gains is provided for estimating the external force signals acting on the manipulators. This removes the need for force sensors and reduces hardware-cost. Next, to improve transparency and guarantee the passivity of the communication network, a four-channel wave variable transformation scheme including force information is introduced. Then, an adaptive switching-based control framework is proposed to deal with Prandtl-Ishlinskii hysteresis dynamics. Finally, the theoretical findings are supported by simulation and experiment results.

In the Chinese context of a stratified higher education system and significant urban–rural inequality, rural students are generally facing constrained possibilities for social mobility through higher education. Despite these structural constraints, some exceptional rural students, like all the participants in this research, manage to get themselves enrolled in the urban university. Drawing on participants’ subjective narratives about their first encounters in the urban university, I argue that the rural students in this research were confronted with two levels of habitus–field disjunctures, namely, the rural–urban disjuncture and academic disjuncture. Then, through examining participants’ narratives about their hysteresis effects and emotional suffering, I suggest the sense of feeling lost and inferior reveals how various types of domination in the external structure of the field of the urban university play a part in affecting rural students’ inner emotional worlds.

Kaleckians describe a normal rate of capacity utilization that is subject to hysteresis effects. This means that the normal rate varies directly with the actual rate of capacity utilization, ensuring that steady‐state equilibrium conditions in the Kaleckian model are fully adjusted (the actual and normal rates of capacity utilization are equalized) but without this last condition implying that the rate of capacity utilization is constant in the long run. The relationship between distribution and growth unique to the Kaleckian model is, thus, preserved. The hysteresis mechanism has been criticized from various quarters, however, these criticisms focusing on its alleged lack of behavioral foundations. This paper shows that consistent with the stylized facts, variation in the normal rate of capacity utilization in response to variation in the actual capacity utilization rate can be derived from the links between both variables and the volatility of the macroeconomic environment—volatility, in the presence of fundamental uncertainty, being an important reason why firms deliberately under‐utilize capacity (even in the long run) in the first place. The result is an empirically grounded behavioral foundation for hysteresis in the normal rate of capacity utilization.

Neural network adaptive control is proposed for a class of nonlinear system preceded by hysteresis. A novel model is developed to represent the hysteresis characteristics in explicit form. Furthermore, the auxiliary variable of the proposed model is proved to be bounded, which is essential for controller design. Then, neural network adaptive controller is directly applied to mitigate the influence of the hysteresis without constructing the hysteresis inverse. The updated law and control law of the controllers are derived from Lyapunov stability theorem, so that the boundedness of the close-loop system is guaranteed. Finally, the experimental tests are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Since the 1960s, theoretical and empirical advances in limnology have offered lake managers different approaches to address lake eutrophication problems. The Vollenweider input–output model and the...

This study presents a dynamic Kaleckian model with different demand and distribution regimes, a monetary policy rule and hysteresis in the natural output level. We analyse the local stability of the steady state and the transitional dynamics in different combinations of demand and distribution regimes. Our model indicates that the initial condition in an economy matters for the steady state selection from multiple ones. Using impulse response function analysis, we show that a temporary shock to the income distribution can cause permanent effects on the dynamics of endogenous variables. Moreover, the degree of hysteresis influences the magnitude of impact on output levels. Monetary policy cannot stabilise output levels in the face of temporary shocks. Finally, we find that in a wage-led demand regime, a rise in inequality of functional income may lead to secular stagnation.

Hysteresis in piezoelectric actuators (PEAs) causes significant position errors and limits the application of PEAs. Compensating hysteresis via inverse models is one of the most popular approaches to reduce its effects. However, the construction of an accurate model is very challenging since hysteresis is coupled with creep and high-order dynamics, and hysteresis properties are also affected by operating conditions and aging effects. To overcome these challenges, this article proposes an adaptive generalized Maxwell-slip (AGMS) algorithm to identify and compensate for hysteresis online. By evenly distributing the saturation deformations throughout the desired range, a linear relation between the output force and the spring stiffness is generated, which enables a low-computational-complexity algorithm, such as the recursive least-squares algorithm, to update the stiffness online. Since the GMS model is self-invertible, an inverse model can be further analytically constructed in real time and utilized to compensate for the hysteresis. Experimental and comparison studies are carried out. The results show that this approach relaxes the requirement on the precision of the model and is robust to the operating conditions due to the capability of updating model parameters online. The normalized root mean square tracking error is approximately 0.4%.

This work is a review of the use of hysteresis to quantify sediment discharge dynamics. We reviewed 71 journal articles from the year 1953 to the present day focusing on two topics: the factors that influence hysteresis; and hysteresis quantification. The main factors influencing hysteresis are: (a) magnitude and sequence of events; (b) sediment particle size distribution; (c) basin size; and (d) land use and sediment source. Hysteresis quantification can be done using several different methods that can be grouped as: (a) hysteresis indexes; (b) statistical analysis; and (c) uncertainty analysis. Most studies were conducted in Western Europe and the USA. The studies, in general, show how the factors listed above influence the shape and patterns of hysteresis. However, the sediment dynamics are complex, and the hysteresis patterns may be linked to many other factors, such as slope and drainage systems. The quantification of hysteresis still appears, mainly with the hysteresis index and statistical analysis. Therefore, there are still many other factors that influence hysteresis patterns, as well as hysteresis rates and uncertainty analyses.

Recent work has found that the behavior of an individual can be altered when infected by a parasite. Here we explore the question: under what conditions, in principle, can a general parasitic infection control system-wide social behaviors? We analyze fixed points and hysteresis effects under the Master Equation, with transitions between two behaviors given two different subpopulations, healthy vs. parasitically-infected, within a population which is kept fixed overall. The key model choices are: (i) the internal opinion of infected humans may differ from that of the healthy population, (ii) the extent that interaction drives behavioral changes may also differ, and (iii) indirect interactions are most important. We find that the socio-configuration can be controlled by the parasitically-infected population, under some conditions, even if the healthy population is the majority and of opposite opinion., 7 pages, 6 figures; accepted in Journal of Statistical Physics (2020)

In this paper, a global decentralized adaptive output feedback control is proposed for a class of nonlinear interconnected time delay systems, in which each subsystem covers unknown parameters, the unmeasured states dependent nonlinearities, and unknown saturated PI hysteresis. By constructing modified dynamic high-gain observers, together with backstepping technique, the unmeasured states dependent nonlinearities that fail to match global Lipschitz condition can be well disposed and global stability of the overall closed-loop system is obtained. With the aid of a new adaptive law, the restrictive assumption requiring known bounds of the time-varying delays in the existing literature is removed. Furthermore, based on the prescribed performance technique, it can be proved that both steady state and prespecified transient tracking performance are able to be guaranteed.

This paper proposes a protocol to measure the cost of unemployment by taking into account three different aspects: incidence, severity and hysteresis. Incidence refers to the conventional unemployment rate; severity takes into account both unemployment duration and the associated income loss; and hysteresis refers to the probability of remaining unemployed. The cost of unemployment is regarded as a welfare loss, which is measured by a utilitarian social welfare function whose arguments are the individual disutilities of unemployed workers. Each individual disutility is modelled as a function of income loss, unemployment duration and hysteresis. The resulting formula is simple and easy to understand and implement. We apply this assessment protocol to the Spanish labour market, focusing on the regional differences and using the official register of unemployed workers compiled by the Public Employment Service.

Reducing the modeling errors of hysteresis model is of great significance for improving the control accuracy of pneumatic artificial muscles. However, the asymmetry and complexity of its hysteresis loops limit the effect of existing modeling approach, especially for the irregular loops. This article extends the least squares support vector machine approach to the domain of asymmetric and irregular hysteresis characterization for pneumatic artificial muscles. Compared with the established hysteresis models, the significance of this approach is that it does not depend on the shapes of hysteresis loops and possess the advantages of both few identification parameters and high accuracy. The effectiveness and advantage of the presented model is compared with modified symmetric generalized Prandtl–Ishlinskii model. In addition, the length–pressure hysteresis experiment and modeling comparison on both of Festo commercial and self-made pneumatic artificial muscles are presented. The modeling errors of least squares support vector machine model for both loops are suppressed to a negligible level, and are not affected by the shape and complexity of hysteresis loops, which validates the effectiveness of this approach.

Concrete covering damage is often caused by inadequate control of the grouting process. As such, in this work, a grouting nonlinear dynamic damage model was established to explore the concrete covering damage mechanism, which is crucial to the safety of dam grouting. Specifically, this study was designed to: (1) investigate the hysteresis energy dissipation and hysteresis damage mechanisms during the concrete covering’s dynamic response process and (2) assess the concrete covering’s nonlinear dynamic response and hysteresis energy dissipation under different grouting pressures, joint apertures, cement liquid viscosities, and grouting flows. The results show that the pulsation amplitude and cumulative hysteresis energy dissipation signifcantly affects the concrete covering damage rate, which quickly increases with damage energy dissipation rate in unstable grouting pressure.

The present research work provides a methodology of calibration of the vehicle-following behavior in VISSIM using vehicle trajectory data obtained under non-lane-based mixed traffic conditions. In ...

This paper proposes a new way of testing the effect of labor market reforms in the employment adjustment at the macro level. Following the approach to hysteresis based on the presence of non-convex costs of adjustment, a switching aggregate employment equation is estimated, with an unknown splitting factor, from a computational implementation of the linear play hysteresis operator. The play hysteresis operator describes a dynamics where non-convex adjustment costs create intervals of weak reaction of employment to small variations in forcing variables, while spurts in employment adjustment may occur as a consequence of a large, or cumulative small shocks. The main contribution of this paper is to extend an existing approach for the case where there are disruptive breaks, by accommodating changes in the value of the switching parameter of the employment equation whenever labor market reforms are present. Numerical experiments on the Portuguese economy are performed.

As a result of climate and land‐use changes, grasslands have been subjected to intensifying drought regimes. Extreme droughts could interfere in the positive feedbacks between grasses and soil water content, pushing grasslands across critical thresholds of productivity and leading them to collapse. If this happens, systems may show hysteresis and costly management interventions might be necessary to restore predrought productivity. Thus, neglecting critical transitions may lead to mismanagement of grasslands and to irreversible loss of ecosystem services. Rainfall manipulation experiments constitute a powerful approach to investigate the risk of such critical transitions. However, experiments performed to date have rarely applied extreme droughts and have used resilience indices that disregard the existence of hysteresis. Here, we suggest how to incorporate critical transitions when designing rainfall manipulation experiments on grasslands and when measuring their resilience to drought. The ideas presented here have the potential to trigger a perspective shift among experimental researchers, into a new state where the existence of critical transitions will be discussed, experimentally tested, and largely considered when assessing and managing vegetation resilience to global changes., We suggest two different approaches of how rainfall manipulation experiments in grasslands can be carried out to investigate critical transitions of productivity. We aim to trigger a perspective shift and guide researchers along the trajectory to a new state, where the existence of critical transitions will be discussed, experimentally tested, and largely considered when assessing and managing vegetation resilience to global changes.

To prevent excessive global warming, we have faced a situation to reduce the net carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. However, how the Earth’s terrestrial biosphere behaves under negative emission is highly uncertain. Here we show that there is a strong hysteresis in terrestrial carbon cycle in response to CO2 ramp-up and -down forcing. Due to this strong hysteresis lag, terrestrial biosphere stores more carbon at the end of simulation than its initial state, lessening the burden on the net negative emission. This hysteresis is latitudinally-dependent, showing a longer timescale of reversibility in high-latitudes and particularly carbon in boreal forests can be stored for a long time. However, the hysteresis of the carbon cycle in the pan-Arctic region strongly depends on the presence of permafrost processes. That is, an unexpected irreversible carbon emission might occur in permafrost even after achieving net-zero emission, which implies the importance of the permafrost processes, highly uncertain in our current knowledge.

Background Early evaluations of the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) mandates were constrained by the lack of empirical data, thereby also limiting model sophistication (e.g., models did not take into account the endogeneity of key variables). Methods Observational analysis using a behavioral four-equation structural model that accounts for the endogeneity of many variables and correlated unobservable country characteristics. The dataset includes information from 132 countries from February 15, 2020, to April 14, 2021, with data on confirmed cases and deaths, mobility, vaccination and testing rates, and NPI stringency. The main outcomes of interest are the growth rates of confirmed cases and deaths. Results There were strongly decreasing returns to more stringent NPI mandates. No additional impact was found for NPI mandates beyond a Stringency Index range of 51–60 for cases and 41–50 for deaths. A nonrestrictive policy of extensive and open testing constituted 51% [27% to 76%] of the impact on pandemic dynamics of the optimal NPIs. Reductions in mobility were found to increase, not decrease, both case $$\left( -0.0417,\left[ -0.0578,-0.0256\right] ,p - 0.0417 , - 0.0578 , - 0.0256 , p < 0.001 and death growth rates $$\left( -0.0162,\left[ -0.03,-0.002\right] ,p=0.025\right)$$ - 0.0162 , - 0.03 , - 0.002 , p = 0.025 . More stringent restrictions on gatherings and international movement were found to be effective. Governments conditioned policy choices on recent pandemic dynamics, and were found to be more hesitant in de-escalating NPIs than they were in imposing them. Conclusion At least 90% of the maximum effectiveness of NPI mandates is attainable with interventions associated with a Stringency Index in the range of 31–40, which impose minimal negative social externalities. This was significantly less than the average stringency level of implemented policies around the world during the same time period.