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This study proposed a new low-rise bolt–steel plate connection precast concrete sandwich wall structure (PCSWS). Shake table testing was conducted on an experimental model of the bolt–steel plate connection PCSWS with two stories. The experimental phenomenon, failure pattern, displacement response, dynamic characteristics, and global hysteresis were analyzed in detail. The test results revealed that the proposed structure demonstrated excellent seismic performance without any structural cracks when subjected to an excitation intensity level of IX for Model-1. The seismic damage was moderate with no significant structural cracks after an excitation intensity level of IX for Model-2. Cracks in Model-2 occurred in the sequence of the places at the bottoms of the columns, the door corners, window opening corners, and the filled surfaces in the bolt–steel plate connection joint zone on the first floor. The observed damage states were primarily light and moderate, indicating the structure's ability to withstand seismic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to establish a graphical relationship between sediment concentration (C) and water discharge (Q) during flood events in the Isser catchment. Hysteresis, indicating a time lag between discharge flow (Q) and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) curves, varies based on sediment availability, event magnitude, and sequence. Based on the 2026 data pairs of water discharge and suspended sediment concentration (Q-SSC), we have selected 22 flood events. The most frequent hysteresis loops were complex (10 loops), with 08 clockwise loops, 02 figure-eight loops, and 02 anti-clockwise loops. Complex hysteresis loops accounted for 63% of solid loads and 37% of water discharge loads, while 50% of total water yield and 23% of total sediment yield were associated with clockwise loops. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that water discharge load, mean concentration, maximum concentration, and concentration at the flow discharge peak are key variables influencing hysteresis patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow hysteresis in a channel with a supercritical flow in the vicinity of a spindleshaped bridge foundation (SSBF) with a change in flow rate has been investigated in a laboratory for the first time. Two spindle-shaped bridge foundations with diameters of 9 and 6.5 cm, which are placed at distances of 1.5 and 1 meter from the gate, have been used. The critical depth ranges between 0.027 and 0.0528 meters, and the used flow rates range from 250 to 600 liters/min. The flow regimes in the vicinity of the bridge foundations are classified based on the relative depths and Froude numbers created in sections B and C according based on the Froude number at the vena contracta. Sections B and C are near the bridge foundation and the flow passing through the center of the bridge foundation, respectively. The increase and subsequent decrease in velocity leads to different flow states. In some cases, two different behaviors can be seen from the flow with similar laboratory conditions. Hysteresis manifests in the range of Froude number 2.697~5.0. As the bridge foundations approach the valve, the hysteresis area becomes wider. Changes in the flow regime under the same conditions, called hysteresis, should be considered in designs. Also, with hysteresis, the relative residual energy and the downstream Froude number increased by 57.36% and 72.31%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Machine Tool & Hydraulics is the property of Guangzhou Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (GMERI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we test the persistence of involuntary part-time employment, making use of large historical series for the US and UK. We adopted a comprehensive macro-econometric approach, based on a battery of panel and time series unit root and stationarity tests, also allowing for flexible specifications as fractional integration and structural breaks in the series. For both countries, our results provide robust evidence on the existence of a long memory process and a structural break in the mean of the series in The Great Recession surroundings. Importantly, these findings suggest that relevant shocks affecting labour market outcomes (e.g. The Great Recession) are likely to have long-lasting structural effects on underemployment shares. Fortunately, this result also leaves room for designing effective labour market policies to counteract structural underemployment in the long-run. Finally, the micro-economic roots of this aggregate behaviour claim for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study was carried out using a cold-drawn wire of Ni50.8Ti at.% subjected to post-deformation solution treatment at 700 °C for 1 h to obtain a fine-grained recrystallized structure. Subsequent aging was carried out at a temperature range of 300, 430, and 500 °C for 1, 10, and 20 h. The time–temperature aging mode strongly affects the aging-induced microstructure. Variation of the aging-induced microstructure (using various aging modes) permits precise tuning of the characteristic temperature of the martensitic transformations and their specific temperature ranges upon cooling and heating. The latent heat and hysteresis exhibit different evolution vs. aging durations; this finding remains fair when using different aging temperatures. The aging mode strongly affects the stress–temperature behavior: (i) a dramatical expansion of the temperature range of realization of the transformation yield stress (σtr); and (ii) the magnitude of σtr at a chosen test temperature is generally determined by the position of the Ms temperature. An additional contribution of competing factors is discussed. The efficiency of the aging temperature under isochronous aging is significantly higher than the efficiency of the aging time under isothermal aging. Aging at 430 °C for 10–20 h provides the highest resource for the recovery strain. The strain–temperature behavior strongly depends on the relative position of the Rs and Ms temperatures (onset of B2→R and R→B19′ transformations, respectively). The regularities obtained can be used to predict the set of functional and mechanical properties of titanium nickelide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retention and mobility of arsenic (As) in soil depend on various physical and chemical factors. The knowledge of the sorption–desorption chemistry of As in soil is necessary for predicting the fate and behavior of As in soil environments. Therefore, this study assessed different organic (sugarcane bagasse and vermicompost) and inorganic amendments (steel slag and fly ash) for their impact on sorption–desorption of As in texturally different contaminated soils (of sandy clay (SC) and sandy clay loam (SCL) texture) to understand the effect of amendments on As retention and mobility. The results showed that the sorption data fitted well with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations. The As sorption capacity was significantly enhanced with the application of all amendments. At 30 °C, the adsorption maxima (qmax) of SC soils enhanced to a greater extent following the order: steel slag (278 mg kg−1) > sugarcane bagasse (264 mg kg−1) > vermicompost (246 mg kg−1) > fly ash (242 mg kg−1). Whereas, in SCL, the order of qmax was steel slag (145 mg kg−1) > sugarcane bagasse (132 mg kg−1) > fly ash (120 mg kg−1) > vermicompost (118 mg kg−1). Desorption index (DI) was invariably to > 1 at both temperatures with the application of amendments indicating hysteretic desorption of As. The free energy change (ΔG°) was negative in all treatments and soils (indicating a favorable sorption process) with positive entropy change (ΔS°) values. The study recommends steel slag as the most effective amendment for enhancing As (V) retention in contaminated soils, due to its higher sorption capacity compared to other amendments like sugarcane bagasse, vermicompost, and fly ash. The amendments generally improved As sorption in both soils, reducing As mobility and potentially limiting its environmental spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the seismic safety of components in a structure, an in-structure response spectrum (ISRS) must be obtained, and this also applies to seismically isolated structures. The main variables for designing seismic isolators are effective stiffness and effective damping, which can be given as the characteristic strength and secondary stiffness in seismic isolators for nonlinear behaviors. Many studies on the ISRS of isolated structures have been conducted to evaluate the effects of these two variables of isolators, but the effect of other variables related to the hysteresis curve of isolators also needs to be studied. This study focused on the effect of the initial stiffness of isolators on an ISRS because there were no clear criteria for determining the initial stiffness in isolator design standards, which has an effect on the ISRS that cannot be ignored. As a result, the initial stiffness contributed significantly to the ISRS not only at the natural frequency of the structure but also at low frequencies. An analysis was also performed in terms of the uncertainty of each variable. The sharpness of the yield point in the hysteresis curve was implemented using the Bouc–Wen model, and its impact was analyzed. In addition, the frequency content of the ISRS depending on the seismic intensity, which can considerably change the nonlinear hysteresis behavior, was examined. Through this study, although secondary stiffness and characteristic strength are the most important characteristics of seismic isolation design, it was confirmed that other variables also have a significant impact on the frequency content of an ISRS. Based on this study, the considerations when developing the ISRS of an isolated structure can be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently discovered twisted and coiled polymer actuators (TCPAs) show huge potentials in the field of soft robots due to advantages of low cost, large deformation and force, high energy density, long life, compact size, and easy to drive. To realize practical applications of the TCPA in soft robots, the study on its dynamic modeling is necessary. However, the TCPA has an obvious hysteresis nonlinearity, bringing obstacles to its modeling. Although some hysteresis models for the TCPA have been established, the study on its rate-dependent hysteresis modeling is still insufficient. To address this issue, a compound model has been established, in which the thermomechanical model is developed by cascading the backlash-like model and a dynamic linear system to depict the relationship between the output force and temperature. In addition, a thermoelectric model has been developed based on the first law of thermodynamics, whose function is to depict the relationship between the temperature and excitation current. All fitness values in the model validation of the compound model are larger than 87.949%. Hence, the compound model has a good generalization performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Due to the high torque ripple and stator current harmonics in direct torque control using a two-level inverter, the use of multi-level inverters has become common to reduce these two factors. Among the multilevel inverters, the Neutral-point-Clamped Inverter has been given more attention in the industry due to its advantages. This inverter has 27 voltage vectors by which torque and flux are controlled. In order to reduce torque ripple and current harmonic as much as possible, methods such as space vector modulation methods or the use of multi-level inverters with higher levels have been considered. But the main drawback of these methods is the increase of complexity and cost. Methods: In this article, virtual voltage vectors are used to increase the number of hysteresis controller levels. These vectors are obtained from the sum of two voltage vectors. In this way, we will have 12 voltage vectors in addition to the diode clamped inverter's voltage vectors. Therefore, we can increase the number of torque hysteresis levels from 7 levels to 11 levels. Results: Considering that the proposed method uses virtual vectors and voltage vectors, it does not increase the cost and computational complexity. Also, one of the requirements of using this method is the use of fixed switching frequency, which solves the variable switching frequency problem of conventional methods. Therefore, the proposed control reaches an overall optimization. Conclusion: To verify the feasibility of the proposed method and compare it with the conventional method, both of these methods are simulated in the MATLAB /Simulink environment and the simulation results represent the efficiency of the proposed control method. This method achieves less torque ripple and harmonic current without increasing the cost and computational complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic shape memory alloy-based actuators (MSMA-BAs) have extensive applications in the field of micro-nano positioning technology. However, complex hysteresis seriously affects its performance. To describe the hysteresis of MSMA-BA, this study proposes integrating a hysteresis operator and the rate-of-change function of the input signal into the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) framework to construct a rate-dependent dynamic hysteresis model for MSMA-BAs. The hysteresis operator converts the multi-valued mapping of hysteresis into a one-to-one mapping, while the rate-of-change function of the input signal captures the rate dependence of the hysteresis, thereby enhancing the model's ability to describe complex hysteresis. In addition, with the powerful nonlinear fitting capability and good generalization of LS-SVM, the dynamic performance of the proposed model is effectively improved. Experimental results show that the proposed model accurately describes the hysteresis of MSMA-BA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of perovskite‐based tandem solar cells (TSCs) is the last major scientific/technical challenge to be overcome before commercialization. Understanding the impact of mobile ions on the TSC performance is key to minimizing degradation. Here, a comprehensive study that combines an experimental analysis of ionic losses in Si/perovskite and all‐perovskite TSCs using scan‐rate‐dependent current–voltage (J–V) measurements with drift‐diffusion simulations is presented. The findings demonstrate that mobile ions have a significant influence on the tandem cell performance lowering the ion‐freeze power conversion efficiency from >31% for Si/perovskite and >30% for all‐perovskite tandems to ≈28% in steady‐state. Moreover, the ions cause a substantial hysteresis in Si/perovskite TSCs at high scan speeds (400 s−1), and significantly influence the performance degradation of both devices through internal field screening. Additionally, for all‐perovskite tandems, subcell‐dominated J–V characterization reveals more pronounced ionic losses in the wide‐bandgap subcell during aging, which is attributed to its tendency for halide segregation. This work provides valuable insights into ionic losses in perovskite‐based TSCs which helps to separate ion migration‐related degradation modes from other degradation mechanisms and guides targeted interventions for enhanced subcell efficiency and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report two organic–inorganic hybrid thermochromic crystals, [(2A5MP)2CuCl4] (2A5MP = 2-amino-5-methylpyridine) (1) and [(2A4MP)2CuCl4] (2A4MP = 2-amino-4-methylpyridine) (2). Through hydrogen bond engineering optimization, the ferroelastic material 2 undergoes an isomorphic phase transition with a large thermal hysteresis of 36 K at 397 K/361 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Purpose Methods Results Conclusion Respiratory motion is a challenge for accurate radiotherapy that may be mitigated by real‐time tracking. Commercial tracking systems utilize a hybrid external‐internal correlation model (ECM), integrating continuous external breathing monitoring with sparse X‐ray imaging of the internal tumor position.This study investigates the feasibility of using the next generation reservoir computing (NG‐RC) model as a hybrid ECM to transform measured external motions into estimated 3D internal motions.The NG‐RC model utilizes the nonlinear vector autoregressive (NVAR) machine to account for the hysteresis or phase differences between external and internal motions. The datasets used to evaluate the efficacy of the NG‐RC model include 57 motion traces from the CyberKnife system. The datasets were divided into three regions (central, lower, and upper livers) and three motion patterns. These patterns include linear and nonlinear motion patterns (Group A), hysteresis motion patterns (Group B), and all motion patterns (Group C). Moreover, various updating techniques were examined, such as continuously updating the NG‐RC model using the first‐in‐first‐out (FIFO) approach and sampling the internal tumor position every 0 s (strategy A), 60 s (strategy B), 30 s (strategy C), and 50 s (strategy D).The NG‐RC model combined with strategy C resulted in better estimation accuracy than the reported CyberKnife cases (Wilcoxon signed rank p < 0.05). For linear and nonlinear motion patterns, the 3D radial estimation accuracy (mean ± SD) using the NG‐RC model combined with strategy C and the CyberKnife system was 1.20 ± 0.78 and 1.1 ± 0.20 mm in the central liver, 0.66 ± 0.25 and 1.49 ± 0.50 mm in the lower liver, and 1.73 ± 0.86 and 1.61 ± 0.42 mm in the upper liver. For hysteresis motion patterns, the corresponding values were 1.13 ± 0.37 and 1.45 ± 0.33 mm, 1.43 ± 1.30 and 1.67 ± 0.42 mm, and 1.20 ± 0.68 and 1.46 ± 0.54 mm in the central, lower, and upper livers, respectively.This study proposed a new hybrid correlation model for real‐time tumor tracking, which can be used to account for both linear and nonlinear motion patterns, as well as hysteresis motion patterns. Additionally, the NG‐RC model required shorter training data sets (15 s) during pre‐treatment and short internal motion sampling (every 30 s) during treatment compared to other ECMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear hysteresis modeling is essential for estimating, controlling, and characterizing the behavior of piezoelectric material-based devices. However, current deep-learning approaches face challenges in generalizing effectively to previously unseen voltage profiles. This Letter tackles the limitation of generalization by introducing the notion of neural operators for modeling the nonlinear constitutive laws governing inverse piezoelectric hysteresis, specifically focusing on the relationship between voltage inputs and displacement responses. The study utilizes two neural operators—Fourier neural operator and the deep operator network—to predict material responses to unseen voltage profiles that are not part of the training data. Numerical experiments, including butterfly-shaped hysteresis curves, show that in accuracy and generalization to unseen voltage profiles, neural operators outperform traditional recurrent neural network-based models, including conventional gated networks. The findings highlight the potential of neural operators for modeling hysteresis in piezoelectric materials, offering advantages over existing methods in varying voltage scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] In nature, superhydrophobicity is almost systematically associated with a multiscale topography. Nevertheless, multiscale-textured natural surfaces can either produce water-repellent properties such as on the sacred lotus leaf or high liquid-to-solid adhesion such as on the rose petal. To conceive bio-inspired surfaces with self-cleaning properties, the proper contributions of each topographical scale to the wetting behavior need to be investigated. Conditions for the equilibrium of menisci produced at a given topographical scale are derived, yielding a recursion relation between each topographical scale. We introduce the equilibrium anchorage depth to quantify the penetration of water at equilibrium. To study the contact angle hysteresis (CAH), we thoroughly describe the mechanisms driving the advancing and receding motions of the triple line. Both phenomena depend on what we define as precursor advancing and receding motions. Eventually, the equilibrium, advancing and receding anchorage depths are related to the CAH. Topographical heterogeneities at a topographical subscale i are always associated with a reduced equilibrium anchorage depth and an enhanced robustness at all topographical scales of higher orders of magnitude. Eventually, it is demonstrated that advancing and receding anchorage depths are bounded by the equilibrium anchorage depth, elucidating how rose-petal-like surfaces systematically produce a high CAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instead of modelling an economic agent by a hysteron, we suggest a fluid–mechanical notion of rate-dependent hysteretic agents based on the theory of Poisson counters. It leads to a simple representation of assemblies of such agents. We discuss the properties of the new version of hysteresis and its advantages over classical models of hysteresis in economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paralleled buck converters have garnered significant attention for fulfilling the increasing demands of power supplies in modern applications. They have the advantages of increased current capacity and reduced current ripple. Under this architecture, applying distributed control brings the benefits of reliability and scalability. However, the interconnecting lines between the converters are required for achieving the interleaving operation, which reduces the reliability and scalability. To eliminate the interconnecting lines, this paper proposed a hysteresis current controller to achieve the symmetric interleaving operation. First, the parallel structure with a common output filter was proposed to provide the hardware basis for the proposed control method. Then, the hysteresis current controller was constructed based on the inductor voltage of each buck module to achieve the interleaving operation. The experiment of the three-module-paralleled buck converter was conducted. The experimental results show that the symmetric interleaving was achieved with a maximum phase shift error of 4.1%; the output of the parallel system can recover within 2.60 ms after the load transitions from 50% to 100%; and the parallel system can recover within 1.96 ms after one module removal. The simulation results of the six-module-paralleled buck converter show that the parallel system can recover within 1.00 ms after one module addition, which illustrates the scalability of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes research aimed at the experimental determination of the influence of rubber hysteresis on the friction coefficient between rubber samples for making soles and granite tiles. In the experiments, four types of shoe rubber with similar hardness and different hysteresis properties and two granite tiles with different roughnesses (smooth and anti-slip) were used. The determination of rubber hysteresis was carried out experimentally on a uniaxial testing machine. The friction coefficient was measured using a device specially developed for this type of test, which was based on the pulling force method, while the measurement conditions were based on the EN 13893:2011 standard. The friction coefficient was measured at two different speeds, 50 mm/s and 300 mm/s, with different surface conditions. Using regression analysis and the Taguchi method, the data obtained from the experiments were analyzed to determine the influence of parameters on the friction coefficient. The experimental research shows that different rubber mixtures with the same or similar hardness could have different hysteresis properties but also different friction properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We fabricated a single-layer graphene-doped electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) consisting of glass, indium tin oxide, graphene layers, gel electrolyte, deposited platinum, and a conductive separator. To find the appropriate doping materials and compositions of the EDLC, we conducted experiments using single-layer graphene and ZnO as doping materials. We also varied the doping concentrations of single-layer graphene to find the optimal concentration. The single-layer graphene EDLC was fabricated with different annealing and platinum deposition methods. Different electrolytes were also tested to determine the appropriate compositions and methods to fabricate the EDLC. The performance of the EDLC was assessed by measuring the capacitance, charge–discharge efficiency, charge–discharge cycle, and hysteresis area of cyclic voltammogram (CV). The results revealed that single-layer graphene was better than ZnO for doping the EDLC, and the appropriate concentration was 0.07 wt%. Annealing the single-layer graphene, depositing platinum, and using a gel electrolyte of 10 wt% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and 6 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) helped improve the performance of the single-layer graphene EDLC. The capacitance and charge–discharge efficiency were increased by 9.4–72.2 and 3.2–158.6%, respectively, depending on the methods and materials tested in this study. The charge–discharge cycle and hysteresis area were enhanced by 11.5–26.4 and 11.0–24.6%, respectively. Therefore, the annealed single-layer graphene-doped EDLC with deposited platinum and a gel electrolyte is recommended for use in electric vehicles (EVs) and advanced sensors because of its improved performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storm events have a notable impact on natural organic matter (NOM) and trihalomethanes (THMs). Water samples were collected and analyzed from Ulutan Dam (UD), in the Zonguldak region, Turkey. During four storm events, the data indicated the presence of hysteresis patterns in three of the four storms, with elevated concentrations of organic constituents observed during the falling limb of the hydrographs. It was observed that a higher specific THM (sp.THM) concentration (201.83 µg/L) was reached with an average specific UV absorbance (SUVA) value of 6.66 L/mg·m in the fourth storm. This means that the primary sources of THM precursors are the aromatic compounds present in NOM. A significant correlation between UV absorbance (UV254) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (R = 0.99–0.92) for all storms was observed. Chlorine demand also yielded a strong correlation (R = 0.81–0.99) with UV254 and DOC. Therefore, the present study indicates that UV254 can be an effective parameter for monitoring applicable chlorine dosage in drinking water treatment management as faced with storm events. On the other hand, the results of the study also provide valuable insight into the direct and indirect link between short-term precipitation events and their impact on the structural and THM precursors in surface water sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tendency of relative motion via rolling between contacting objects exists in various aspects of industry and nature because, in many practical situations, forces and moments may be simultaneously induced at the contacting interfaces. Due to the presence of adhesion, which may be prominent on small scales, research on contacts with the tendency to roll, termed herein as rolling adhesion, is very limited. In the present work, a novel double-Hertz model is developed for adhesive contact between spherical objects subjected to the combined action of normal forces and moments. The results from the new model agree well with available numerical simulations and experimental results. It has been demonstrated that the contact behavior with the effect of rolling adhesion seemingly resembles that of conventional adhesive contact, but the applied moment may impact the pull-off force and may even induce novel contact instability if large enough. The resistance moment at the interface has also been obtained analytically, which is proportional to adhesion hysteresis and contact area. Given the applicability to the full range of the Tabor parameter and nonsingular stresses involved, these results might shed light on adhesive contacts with rolling adhesion and help to characterize them better than existent models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitigating the growth of dendritic lithium (Li) metal on silicon (Si) anodes has become a crucial task for the pursuit of long‐term cycling stability of high energy density Si‐based lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) under fast charging or other specific conditions. While it is widely known that Li metal plating on Si‐based anodes may introduce inferior cycling stability and cause safety concerns, the evolution of the anode/material structure and electrochemical performance with Li metal plating remains largely unexplored. A comprehensive quantitative investigation of the hybrid Li storage mechanism, combining the Li alloying/dealloying mechanism and plating/stripping mechanism, has been conducted to explore the effect of Li plating on Si‐based anodes. The findings reveal that Li plating/stripping accounts for the decay of the overall Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability of the hybrid Li storage mechanism. Furthermore, alloying reactions occurring below 0 V encourage the formation of crystalline Li15Si4, which subsequently exacerbates voltage hysteresis. The performance decay is amplified as the ratio of Li plating/stripping capacity increases, or in other words, as the over‐lithiation level rises, thereby posing a threat to the battery's cycling stability. These results provide valuable insights into the design of advanced Si‐based electrodes for high energy density LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Letter demonstrates a 1500-V enhancement-mode (E-mode) GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) based on the recessed-free structure. The E-mode GaN-based HEMTs fabricated based on the ultrathin barrier epitaxial structure have a small gate interface traps density (Dit) of ∼1012 cm−2 eV−1, which can be attributed to the avoidance of AlGaN etching in the gate region. Meanwhile, a small threshold voltage (Vth) hysteresis of 19 mV and a small subthreshold swing of 101 mV/dec are achieved in the fabricated devices with a Vth around 1.91 V. A small Vth shift of 0.05 V was achieved under positive gate voltage stress, indicating that the devices have good Vth stability. Meanwhile, a high yield of more than 90% has been achieved on 6-in. wafer, which provides a good scheme for the commercialization of E-mode HEMTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the bifurcation and hysteresis phenomena of the Euler beam problem are focused on from the singularity theory viewpoint. Confirming the continuity of the problem is a necessary condition for performing a bifurcation and hysteresis analysis. A bifurcation problem is transformed from an infinite dimension to a finite dimension by applying the Lyapunov equations. A suitable central force minimizes our considered model and makes the problem stable. Moreover, we perform numerical investigations and interpret the results obtained from the bifurcation and hysteresis analysis geometrically with suitable values of the new unfolding parameters and with different lengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State of Charge (SoC) estimation for Lithium‐Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries is challenging due to a flat Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) curve and a well‐known hysteresis effect. The authors built upon a previous study, which has shown that hysteresis in LFP is not an inherent characteristic but a very slow relaxation process when compared to other battery chemistries. Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) is used to deconvolve Electro‐Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements and model the hysteresis effect. The extracted DRT parameters show good agreement at low frequencies with previous thermodynamic studies in both fresh and aged cell conditions. The proposed model, called hystimator, integrates the hysteresis characteristics into a physics‐based Electro‐Chemical Model (ECM). The validation results show a significant reduction in the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) during real‐world laboratory testing. This approach holds promise for SoC estimation in LFP battery cells, especially in embedded Battery Management System (BMS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

23 Na NMR spectra of Na-K form low silica X zeolite loaded with potassium for saturating level, which corresponds to 9.0 atoms per unit, have been observed. Other than a centered grain of the spectral component, another separated peak component with shift of somewhat larger than bulk Na has been detected. Such the extra peak component shows complex hysteresis on temperature and is accompanied with quite slow dynamics of days-order. It is attributed to atomic re-configurations among sites occurs in the course of melting and re-crystallization process among alloy of sodium and potassium, which possibly is formed on surface or outside of the zeolite crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal zinc (Zn) is being explored as a possible anode for aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs). However, unrestrained Zn dendrite caused by "tip effect" and chemical corrosion continue to plague the Zn deposition process, limiting the functionality of AZIBs and prohibiting their use at high current densities. This work presents an in situ approach for introducing homogeneous ZnO nanoarrays onto the surface of Zn foil (Zn@ZnO NAs) as a functional protective interphase. On the one hand, well‐distributed ZnO NAs protection layer can regulate the "tip effect" and confine the growth of Zn dendrite. On the other hand, the ZnO NAs layer can enhance the desolvation and diffusion process of Zn2+ on the surface of anode, attributing to low voltage hysteresis and exceptional electrochemical performance at high current densities. As a result, the Zn@ZnO NAs exhibits a low voltage hysteresis of 50.8 mV with a superb lifespan of 1200 h at a current density of 5 mA cm−2. Moreover, Zn@ZnO NAs||α‐MnO2 full‐cell shows a superior cycling performance after 500 cycles at 0.5 A g−1 with a capacity of 216.69 mAh g−1. This work is expected to provide ideas for designing other reversible zinc anode chemical systems, especially under a high current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although understanding the wetting behavior of solid surfaces is crucial for numerous engineering applications, the mechanisms driving the motion of Wenzel drops on rough surfaces remain incompletely clarified. In this study, the contact angle and contact angle hysteresis of Wenzel drops on superhydrophobic surfaces are investigated from a thermodynamic perspective. The free energy of the system is theoretically analyzed, thereby determining the equilibrium contact angle. Based on the sessile drop method, the relationship between the free energy barrier and the drop volume is calculated quantitatively, enabling the determination of advancing and receding contact angles under zero free energy barrier conditions. The theoretical calculations agree well with the experimental data. These findings enhance the understanding of the interfacial interactions between Wenzel drops and superhydrophobic surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes a weighting‐factor‐free finite control set predictive torque control (FCS‐PTC) for induction motor drives by incorporating a hysteresis controller to eliminate stator flux error from the cost function. The tuning of the weighting factor coefficient in FCS‐PTC is critical for improved drive performance. Conventionally, the tuning is based on an intuitive understanding of the dynamical system and empirical methods, which may not yield optimal results. The proposed method regulates the flux by incorporating a separate two‐level hysteresis controller and torque by the conventional cost function‐based PTC. The cost function uses torque error only and employs a reduced number of voltage vectors. The reduction of voltage vectors is obtained through the flux hysteresis output and sector determination. The proposed work is implemented experimentally on the dSpace DS1104 controller board for a two‐level three, three‐phase voltage source inverter‐fed induction motor drive. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed work under different drive tests compared to conventional PTC and direct torque control (DTC). The obtained results show comparable dynamic performance of the drive with 43%$43\%$ lower computational burden than conventional PTC. Along with computational benefit, the proposed work demonstrates improved total harmonic distortion (THD) at low‐speed regions due to the absence of a weighting factor in the cost function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology of soft continuum robots represents an advance in the field of robotics to benefit a wide range of industries such as healthcare, manufacturing or environmental exploration. Soft continuum robots can be driven pneumatically by bellows as the soft continuum manipulator presented in this article. A driving torque model of the bellows considering hyperelastic material properties, friction and restoring torques is derived, whose purpose is suitability for model-based control design and subsequent trajectory generation. Hence, the driving torque model must be real-time capable. This is realized by an iterative algorithm calculating the bellows' torque transmission by assuming a two-dimensional no-slip membrane contact. Nonlinear strain behaviours and hysteresis effects of the bellows are considered by the Ogden material model. The driving torque model's performance is validated experimentally by measuring the external torques of the bellows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We develop an original method to estimate the rate of capacity utilization. • We find evidence of chronic excess capacity and hysteresis in many EU countries. • The method is robust to alternative specifications and to the end-sample bias. • The method is sufficiently flexible to allow more complex applications. We develop a structural method to estimate the rate of capacity utilization in 12 EU countries that consists of identifying the structural parameters of a Leontief production function, using a parsimonious theoretical specification. Parameters are correctly identified, stable and robust to alternative specifications. Our results provide evidence of persistent excess capacity and hysteresis in the rate of capacity utilization in many EU countries, especially after the 2008′s global financial crisis, thereby supporting the claim that larger fiscal deficits would have contributed to absorb excess capacity without producing persistent inflationary pressures or debt unsustainability. Despite the simplicity of our model, the method allows more complex macroeconomic specifications for country-specific applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines different real-monetary dynamics and policy responses during the COVID-19 pandemic (C19P) and the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in the United States through the lens of the Sraffian Supermultiplier model and the endogenous money approach. On the one hand, the C19P triggered a relatively deeper contraction in GDP, but its recovery was relatively faster and more robust. The 'V' shaped recovery from the C19P significantly contrasted the 'L' shaped trajectory of the post-GFC period. On the other hand, the money supply (M2) grew relatively more, and the monetary base expanded relatively less during the C19P. To explain these different real-monetary dynamics, a theoretical framework is developed and analyzed empirically for the United States. The theoretical model and the empirical analysis suggest that money supply is endogenously determined by creditworthy demand derived from the multiplier-accelerator effect of non-capacity generating autonomous demand, in which government spending plays a key role. Therefore, the absence of full hysteresis after the C19P shock had nothing to do with a traditional neoclassical trend reversal mechanism but with the fiscal supermultiplier effect of the extraordinary pandemic-related government spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of the arm width of the Co 2D-nanoring structure, along with the amplitude and frequency of the external dynamic sinusoidal magnetic field on nonequilibrium phase transitions have been comprehensively investigated. Dynamic magnetic hysteresis curves have been obtained through the numerical solution of the nonlinear Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert (LLG) equation using OOMMF software. Dynamic hysteresis characteristics, including hysteresis loop area, remanent magnetization, and coercive field have been calculated as functions of frequency. It has been found that nonequilibrium phase transitions are significantly influenced by the arm width, in addition to the frequency and amplitude of the applied external dynamic field. Numerical results highlight that increasing the arm width of the nanoring system causes the transition frequency of the dynamically ordered phase to shift to lower values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the identification of Hammerstein nonlinear models. The system nonlinearity is not necessarily static and can be of hysteresis type. The latter nonlinearity can be backlash, switch or any other memory operator having several transient cycles, but one permanent (major) cycle. The LTI (Linear Time-Invariant) block is nonparametric and is described by its impulse response. The considered system's nonlinearity is any memory operator having one major cycle (periodic closed loop), which is bordered by any two arbitrary functions. The nonlinearity borders are not assumed to be invertible. The proposed identification algorithm can be used in static nonlinearity, e.g. polynomial nonlinearity, dead zone function or any piecewise affine functions. Unlike several previous studies, the proposed identification method is carried out using only one stage. In this approach, an input signal of piecewise constant (staircase) is used. It is shown that the estimated parameters converge to their true values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we present a dynamic high gain observer (HGO) combined with a sliding mode controller (SMC) for a novel shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator. The dynamic model of the SMA actuator contains nonlinearities with hysteresis, which makes the estimation of velocity and acceleration of the actuator challenging. We first design a dynamic HGO to estimate velocity and acceleration of the SMA actuator by considering nonlinearities with hysteresis in the dynamics. We then develop a SMC for the actuator using the estimated velocity and acceleration. The proposed SMC in conjunction with the dynamic HGO is tested experimentally for the actuator. For comparison, trajectory tracking experiments are also conducted by using PID without an observer, SMC without an observer, and SMC with a non-dynamic HGO. Our results confirm that the dynamic HGO combined with SMC can enhance trajectory tracking accuracy while reducing the chattering phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the state-of-the-art control of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive, this research paper proposes and applies a novel approach for tweaking the parameters of the proportional-integral (PI) current controller using a multivariable sliding-mode extremum-seeking (MSES). The proposed MSES-PI current control approach uses a sliding-mode extremum-seeking optimizer to fine-tune the PI control gains to minimize a cost function defined by the feedback error term. As a result, the PI current controller exhibits robustness against disturbances and insensitivity to changes in SRM parameters, while remaining sensitive to tracking reference current inputs. In addition, this study proposes an innovative speed control strategy for SRM drives using an adaptive extremum-seeking PI speed controller (AES-PI). The proposed speed control utilizes a PI controller and a separate version of the extremum-seeking controller to enhance the step responsiveness of SRM drives. In particular, AES minimizes a cost function analogous to the one used to quantify the performance of the PI speed controller. Both simulation and experimental verification show that MSES-PI and AES-PI outperform traditional PI controllers. Through the utilization of ES to fine-tune the PI controller's settings, dynamic performance is enhanced, and torque ripple and speed oscillation are significantly suppressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates two studies on the magnetic circuit model incorporating the play model. First, the calculation speed of several general‐purpose circuit simulators is compared when analyzing the magnetic circuit model incorporating the play model. Second, the calculation accuracy and speed of the two modeling methods of the play model on a general‐purpose circuit simulator are compared. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ostergren model is simple in form and widely used in engineering practice, also serving as the modeling basis of both the damage differentiation and crack propagation models. However, the shortcomings of the Ostergren model are that the modeling process is affected by thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) test parameters. To establish a TMF life normalized model, a modified Ostergren model based on hysteresis energy damage and TMF data for H13 steel was proposed. The model was successfully applied to TMF life prediction for 4Cr5Mo2V steel. The band of predicted life and test life is basically within the factor of 1.5. In summary, the modified Ostergren model is suitable for the TMF life prediction of Cr-Mo-V-type die-casting die steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nonstationary numerical simulation was performed on the outlet pressure stabilization and periodic variable-pressure condition of a pump turbine model in the pumping condition. The objective was to dissect the flow mechanism and force characteristics of components within the outlet variable-pressure pumping condition of the pump turbine and to probe into the stability of the pump turbine under such working conditions. Additionally, the alterations in the runner state, pressure distribution, pressure pulsation, as well as the forces exerted on the runner and top cover during this process were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the internal pressure and flow pattern of the pump turbine under variable-pressure conditions fluctuated periodically in accordance with the outlet pressure. An augmented frequency of the outlet pressure variation led to an elevation in the amplitude of the internal pressure change. Nevertheless, a hysteresis difference was observed in the changes of the flow channel pressure and flow pattern. The pressure pulsation in the runner area was influenced by the runner rotation, static and dynamic interferences in the lobe-free area, and the unsteady flow induced by the alterations in the outlet pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical texturing creates patterned and pillared surfaces that display superhydrophobicity in drop spreading and drop impact studies. Often, such surfaces are accompanied by large hysteresis since the three-phase contact line may get trapped over and within the pillars. In this context, wetting characteristics of a water drop spreading over a micro-pillared surface of copper are investigated. Apart from drop spreading on a bare pillared surface, two companion studies where the pillars are fully and partially coated using superhydrophobic and hydrophobic coatings have been carried out. The Weber number and Reynolds number based on the drop diameter and impact speed are varied over the range 1–41 and 440–2870, respectively, while the Bond number remains constant, ∼1.03. Imaging sequences show spreading behavior that is distinctive of the surface chosen. For a fully coated surface, the drop is seen to jump-off upon impact while a residual drop remains over uncoated and partially coated pillars during the receding phase. These observations are compared against three-dimensional numerical simulations that resolve the pillar shapes. Simulations are seen to be qualitatively in good agreement with experiments. Simulations additionally probe the contact line movement over coated and uncoated pillars for comparison with experiments. The filling of the interpillar space with liquid and the resulting interface deformation are examined. Jointly, the emptying of the interpillar gap is also discussed. Experiments and simulation show a jump in drop footprint when the contact line leaves the pillar, and the associated velocity becomes large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new micromechanical hysteresis loop constitutive model of C/SiC composites with different interphases was developed considering the probabilistic‐statistical matrix fragmentation process. The lengths of matrix fragmentation were divided into three types, that is, long matrix fragments (LMFs), medium matrix fragments (MMFs), and short matrix fragments (SMFs). The distributions of the LMFs, MMFs, and SMFs with increasing tensile stress were determined using the probabilistic‐stochastic model by assuming the two‐parameter matrix strength distribution. The micro stress field of the LMFs, MMFs, and SMFs upon unloading and reloading was obtained and adopted to determine the corresponding stress‐strain relations. The interaction of matrix fragmentation lengths, especially for the LMFs with large debonding energy (LDE) and SMFs, was considered in the closed‐form constitutive model and hysteresis‐based inverse tangent modulus (ITMs) damage parameter. Synergistic effects of the fiber volumes, peak stresses, and interface debonding energy on the interface damage state, mechanical hysteresis loops, and related ITMs with small debonding energy and LDE were also analyzed. Comparisons of the mechanical hysteresis loops using the new hysteresis models considering matrix stochastic fragmentation and hysteresis models considering constant matrix fragmentation were also discussed. Experimental cyclic tensile hysteresis loops and unloading/reloading ITMs of C/(PyC)/SiC and C/(PyC+SiC)/SiC composites with different interphase thickness (i.e., t = 300, 600, 1000, and 2000 nm) were predicted using the developed constitutive model. Evolution of the unloading/reloading interface slip ratio was analyzed for different tensile peak stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hybrid reluctance actuator (HRA) has achieved widespread application in scanning motion tasks. However, the nonlinear perturbations arising from position-dependent stiffness fluctuations, hysteresis, eddy, and flux leakage can significantly affect the control performance. To enhance the control performance of HRA-based systems in scanning motion, this paper introduces an adaptive feedforward method, known as the Chua operator-based Kalman feedforward compensator (COKFC), which aims to mitigate these nonlinear perturbations, with a PID controller serving as the central control element. In the COKFC approach, a Chua operator is employed to effectively capture the inverse hysteresis behavior. A Chua-based time-varying feedforward compensation model is then formulated to represent the inversion of the nonlinear perturbations inherent in the HRA. An improved Kalman filter is utilized for the real-time adaptation of the time-varying parameters within the feedforward compensation model. The design procedure for this control strategy is presented. Experimental evaluations are conducted on an HRA-based stage (HRA-BS), and comparisons are made between the proposed method and several advanced control methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed COKFC method exhibits superior control performance for the scanning motion of the HRA-BS, highlighting its effectiveness in practical applications. [Display omitted] • A simplified Chua operator was created to capture inverse hysteresis. • A Chua operator-based feedforward compensation model was constructed for HRA. • A COKFC method was proposed for the adaptive feedforward control of HRA-BS. • Comparative experiments on HRA-BS are conducted to validate the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical isolation has gained interest in recent years by incorporating the damping mechanism within the height and evading the concentration of isolation elements in the base. However, dividing the building into separate systems may be less practical in regular buildings. This study used a conventional steel-braced lateral load-resisting system inherently made up of two soft and stiff portions to compare the efficiency of the isolation technique. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) with flag-shaped hysteresis damping mechanisms are assigned among the two subsystems to elaborate the damping mechanism. Parametric coding in OpenSees investigates a large set of frames with altered stiffness of the stiff subsystem subjected to time histories of 40 records with 2 and 10 % probability of exceedance. Increasing the stiffness of the stiff subsystem reduces the interstory and roof drift by more than 30%. SMA employment is shown to be effective in reducing the interstory, and roof drift at the soft- subsystem. The maximum reduction happens on the 1st floor by 32% and the least on the roof by 8%. There was a mild rise in the stiff subsystem's responses, however, this increase may be neglected as the performance level is governed by the soft- subsystem's response. The SMA-equipped frame is then further assessed by incremental dynamic analysis. Fragility curves of the system damage states delineate a promising response from the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrophobicity of a material is enhanced by introducing a multi-scaled roughness on its surface. When a liquid droplet deposited on such a surface is submitted to a stress, a wetting transition is observed. This transition is abrupt for model rigid surfaces. The case of textile materials is very different since they are highly deformable and the liquid may penetrate the structure. In this paper, we focus on hydrophobic pile textile fabrics. Firstly, their wetting properties are characterized by the contact angle, the contact angle hysteresis and the roll-off angle. Then, we study the influence of an external pressure applied to a drop deposited on the surface. The contact angle after squeezing is studied vs. the pressure and vs. the lateral deformation of the fabrics. The results are discussed according to the geometrical parameters of the piles and the microscopic organization of the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the hybrid reluctance actuator (HRA)-based stage (HRA-BS), the uncertainties can be divided into a repetitive part and a non-repetitive part. To this end, this paper proposes an improved adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) method with an adaptive-iterative composite neural network (AICNN) compensator for the closed-loop control of HRA-BS. Firstly, an AICNN-ASMC structure is constructed, where a sliding mode control (SMC) is used for guaranteeing the closed-loop control performance, and an adaptive-iterative neural network (NN) compensator and an adaptive switching controller are used to tackle the repetitive and non-repetitive uncertainties, respectively. Secondly, composite kernel functions are designed for the NN to enhance the compensation ability for the repetitive uncertainty, where an inverse hysteresis operator (IHO) is incorporated into the kernel functions to characterize the hysteresis effect. Thirdly, a predictive error (PE) term is embedded into the iterative learning law to accelerate its convergence. The convergence of the closed-loop control system is analyzed by the Lyapunov theorem in the sense of the L 2 -norm with a composite energy function. Comparative experimental results show that the AICNN-ASMC method can guarantee high control performances for the HRA-BS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite materials are materials composed of two or more components that have different physical and chemical properties. These properties complement each other to create a material with unique properties that cannot be achieved by using the individual components alone. Modelling the effect of preparation processes on the properties of composite materials is an important tool to predict the properties of a material prior to its manufacture. This can help in optimizing the preparation technology and obtaining the desired material properties. In the present work the topicality of the problem of iron-based composite materials and the possibilities of modelling and simulation of selected models are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of hydrological and sediment dynamics during flood events offers a new perspective on material transport within basins and the management of rivers. The literature has highlighted the hysteretic nature of material transport at the event scale, which arises from temporal differences in the transport of materials (flow and sediment). Current hysteresis research methods fall short in effectively assessing the complex events. This study leverages suspended‐sediment and discharge data from the upper Yangtze River to show proof‐of‐concept for hysteresis studies using Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm, a time series analysis tool. To evaluate the efficacy of the method, extensive assessments were undertaken using a combination of synthetic data and basin data with over 700 flood events. The proposed index effectively captures and quantifies hysteresis relationships associated with flood events, making it a versatile tool for hysteresis studies. We also similarly tested the robustness of the method and the application to complex events, and the results were satisfactory. Furthermore, we explored the hysteretic features of flood events in the studied basin. The results revealed that a proportion ranging from 50% to 60% flood events exhibit sediment peak leading pattern, indicating that in the upper Yangtze River, sediment peaks tend to occur in a leading pattern. The operation of reservoirs profoundly impacts the dynamics of sediment transport, resulting in an increased proportion (from 27% to 54%) of sediment peaks lagging behind discharge peaks. These study findings can be used to improve hysteresis study methods and contribute to the understanding of hydrological and sediment transport characteristics. Plain Language Summary: A new method for discharge and sediment peak hysteresis pattern research based on dynamic time wrapping (DTW) algorithm. Key Points: A new method for classifying hysteresis patterns and calculating a temporal scale index is proposedMethod based on dynamic time warping algorithms can robustly support hysteresis classification and quantificationDischarge‐concentration hysteresis features during flood events in the upper Yangtze River are affected by anthropogenic impact [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]