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Children with low executive functions (EFs) are described as having lower levels of playfulness, the quality of children's play, compared to children with EFs within the normal range. However, how playfulness in children with low EFs develops over time remains unclear. Additionally, little is known about how parental playfulness and parental playtime with their child affect these developmental trajectories in children with low EFs. To address these research gaps, we measured playfulness in 62 children with low EFs and 62 children with EFs within the normal range aged 3 to 6 years at three time points over 2 years. We used the Children's Playfulness Scale, which captures multi-informant perspectives from parents and teachers. Moreover, the parents of children with low EFs reported their own playfulness and their playtime with their children at T1. Repeated-measures hierarchical linear models indicated significantly lower levels of playfulness in the children with low EFs than in the controls, with no significant changes observed over 2 years in either group. In the children with low EFs, we found a significant positive relationship between parental playfulness at T1 and children's playfulness 2 years later but a significant negative relationship between parental playtime at T1 and children's playfulness 2 years later. These results prompt a broad discussion on potential implications for the enhancement of playfulness in children with low EFs within the family environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined patterns of verbal responsiveness in parents of toddlers (Mage = 20 months) later identified with autism (n = 121), developmental delay (n = 46), or typical development (n = 44) during an hourlong home observation. Parent verbal responsiveness (PVR) was compared using MANOVA across groups and by child expressive language phase. Multiple regression analyses controlling for child age and maternal education were employed to examine the extent to which PVR predicted variance in concurrent child social communication and prospective language skills. Parents provided synchronous responses approximately 90% of the time. Parents of children with autism and developmental delay used smaller proportions of responses that added linguistic information (i.e., expansions and follow-in directives for language) than those of children with typical development. Parents of children in the preverbal phase were more likely, on average, to affirm their children's acts of intentional communication or provide a follow-in directive for action that did not necessitate a verbal response than to expand or elicit language. Regression results indicated that parental use of expansions and follow-in directives for language made significant contributions to child language outcomes. The patterns we observed may reflect parents' attunement to their child's developmental level. Responsiveness to a child's focus of attention is vital in the earlier stages of language learning; however, results point to the potential importance of parental expansions and follow-in directives for promoting language development across groups in this sample. Directions for intervention research targeting PVR and language skills in toddlers with autism and developmental delays are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that elements of the family environment may have significant associations with cognitive and language development outcomes. Less is known, however, about the family environment in peri-urban China, where rates of cognitive and language delay in children aged 0-3 years are as high as 51% and 54%, respectively. Using data collected from 81 peri-urban households with toddlers aged 18-24 months in Southwestern China, this study examines the associations between stimulating parenting practices, the home language environment, and parental self-efficacy, with cognitive and language development. The results indicate that stimulating parenting practices was significantly associated with cognitive development, the home language environment was significantly associated with language development, and parental self-efficacy was significantly associated with cognitive development. The implications of such findings reveal several mechanisms for supporting healthy cognitive and language development among toddlers from peri-urban China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Emerging literature suggests caregiver self-efficacy is an important factor related to caregivers’ shared reading practices with their children. Reduced shared reading has been documented among families of caregiver(s) with language-based learning disabilities (LBLD). Yet, it remains unclear whether caregivers’ history of language and reading difficulties is associated with caregiver self-efficacy. The purpose of this study was to examine whether self-efficacy in language- and reading-related caregiver activities related to caregiver history of language and reading difficulties and shared reading practices. Method: One hundred seventy-six caregivers of children aged 18–60 months completed a custom self-efficacy in language- and reading-related caregiver activities questionnaire, as well as demographic, history of language and reading difficulties (used both as a continuous measure and to dichotomize caregivers with and without LBLD history), and shared reading measures in a one-time survey. Results: Caregivers with a history of LBLD reported an overall lower self-efficacy and a reduced amount of time reading with their children per week than caregivers without LBLD history. Examining caregiver history of language and reading difficulties continuously across the whole group, self-efficacy mediated the relationship between caregiver difficulties and shared reading practices, even when caregiver education was incorporated as an additional mediator in models. Conclusions: Findings indicate that self-efficacy and caregiver education mediate the relationship between caregiver history of language and reading difficulties and shared reading practices. Consideration of self-efficacy by clinicians and educators is warranted when promoting shared reading practices to caregivers of young children. There is a need for future research to examine relationships between self-efficacy and shared reading among caregivers with LBLD of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated undergraduate nursing students' perceptions of integrating virtual reality (VR) technology into a community nursing course, specifically home and environmental patient safety assessments. This study used a mixed-methods approach with an explanatory design. Participants were recruited from a community health course. The students engaged in a VR simulation involving home visits using the vizHome platform. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the System Usability Scale (SUS). Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Quantitative data were collected through Qualtrics and secure Zoom connections for the interviews. The data were analyzed with SPSS and MAXQDA. The results indicated that participants perceived VR as valuable and easy to use for learning home assessment skills. The System Usability Scale (SUS) score revealed room for improvement. Technical limitations were identified as challenges that must be addressed to enhance the user experience. Participants acknowledged VR's potential to supplement traditional learning methods, providing safe and realistic exposure to diverse home environments. While VR was seen as beneficial, it was not considered a replacement for actual home visits in community nursing education. This study provided clinical teaching evidence on the usability and student perceptions of VR in community courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tracheostomy ventilation in motor neurone disease is an uncommon life-sustaining treatment. Best practice is having a plan for ventilation withdrawal, but the literature to guide practice is limited. Case reports have documented standard doses of opioids and benzodiazepines used for sedation in such cases. Case: A 49-year-old man was diagnosed with motor neurone disease in 2016. He commenced tracheostomy ventilation in 2018. In 2022 and 2023, planning was undertaken, at the patient's request, for withdrawal of tracheostomy ventilation at home, when he was no longer able to communicate with technology. Case planning: Planning included Bispectral Index monitoring prior to cessation of ventilation, ensuring this only occurred when deep sedation was achieved. After ventilation withdrawal in 2023, a retrospective review of medications given and his level of sedation on monitoring was undertaken, with family consent. Outcome: Ventilation withdrawal was initiated after deep sedation was achieved, 6 h after commencing subcutaneous infusions of morphine, midazolam, clonazepam and phenobarbital. Lessons: Doses required to achieve acceptable sedation exceeded literature reports. Achieving deep sedation was a longer than expected process. Conclusion: More research using an objective measure of sedation is required, as clinical assessment of sedation in this context is compromised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing non-family CEOs in Chinese family firms has become a universal phenomenon. The existing research mainly focuses on the direct effect of non-family CEOs on corporate operation, but ignores the capital market influence despite stock price crash has a more serious damage for family firms due to their reputation concern. To fill this research gap, this paper shed light on the important but ignored capital market effect of non-family members by exploring the role of nonfamily CEOs on stock price crash risk. Based on 12,561 firm-year observations of listed family firms in China from 2004 to 2020, this study estimates using correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, entropy balancing matching, treatment effect model and granger causality test. The results show that family firms with non-family CEOs are negatively related with future stock price crash risk in Chinese family firms, and this relationship tends to be stronger when CEOs have more power. Further, to explore the effect mechanism, we isolate the formation of stock price crash risk into two stages: bad news generation and bad news disclosure, and find that non-family CEOs reduce bad news generation but have no impact on bad news disclosure. Additionally, nonfamily CEOs decrease stock price crash risk when governance mechanisms in family firms are weaker, industry environments are poorer and macroeconomic conditions are more positive. This study highlights the negative effect of non-family CEOs on stock price crash risk in Chinese family firms, firstly clarifies the effect mechanism based on the two stages of stock price crash formation and finds that CEO power strengthens the role of non-family CEOs in lowering stock price crash risk in family firms, which differs from previous studies. Finding of this study also have important implications for the managers and investors of family firms. Family firms are expected to increase the introduction of non-family members and strengthen supervision to formalize governance structure. Meanwhile, investors should also consider the ability and experience of top management teams in family firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The available information on endotoxin in Chinese households is limited and there is inconsistency regarding its impact on asthma and allergies in children. A case-control study was performed in 324 homes in Tianjin, China. Linear regression analysis was performed to identify the determinants of endotoxin concentrations in household dust. Logistic regression models were employed to investigate the associations of endotoxin concentrations with asthma and allergies in children. Endotoxin concentrations were determined from 284 valid dust samples, ranging from 94 to 11,625 EU/g, with a mean concentration of 3638 EU/g. We found a significant positive association between endotoxin concentrations and children's current asthma. Old houses, ventilation systems without exhaust fans and windows opened infrequently were related to higher concentrations of endotoxins. In conclusion, endotoxin exposure in the home might be a risk factor for current asthma in children. Strategies for controlling endotoxin concentrations such as building maintenance and ventilation improvements are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual differences in spatial thinking are predictive of children's math and science achievement and later entry into Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines. Little is known about whether parent characteristics predict individual differences in children's spatial thinking. This study aims to understand whether, and to what extent, mother's intrinsic (i.e., mental rotation) and extrinsic (i.e., spatial scaling) spatial ability directly and indirectly, via the variation in home spatial environment, predicts children's intrinsic and extrinsic spatial ability. A total of 165 mothers and their 4–6‐year‐old children were recruited to participate in a remote video session with an experimenter. Mothers were administered a forced‐choice Intrinsic Spatial Toy Preference Task gauging their preference for highly spatial versus less spatial toys and asked questions with the Home Intrinsic Spatial Environmental Questionnaire about the frequency with which they engage their child in spatial activities at home. Mothers completed a Mental Rotations Test and a Spatial Scaling Task adapted for adults. Children were administered the Picture Rotation Task, the Spatial Scaling Task, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Structural equation modeling was used to examine direct and indirect, via home spatial environment and toy choices, influences of mother spatial ability on child spatial ability. Contrary to our predictions, we did not find direct, nor indirect, relations between mother and child spatial ability. These findings suggest that researchers should consider alternative conceptualizations of the early home spatial environment beyond the frequency of spatial play in the home. Research Highlights: The identification of factors that predict individual differences in children's spatial ability is important in order to maximize STEM learning outcomes.Data collection was conducted remotely rather than in traditional preschool or laboratory settings.Contrary to our pre‐registered hypotheses, no significant relations between mother spatial ability, the early home spatial environment, and children's development of spatial skills were found.Future research should consider examining the amount of spatial language used in the home or the quality of parent–child interactions during spatial play as potential explanations for individual differences in children's spatial ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this pilot study was to explore the feasibility and language outcomes of coaching parents to implement an aided language stimulation intervention using Pragmatic Organisation Dynamic Display (PODD) communication books. Two parent–child dyads, with children aged 4 years 6 months and 4 years 8 months participated in a home-based intervention. An AB design was used. Data were collected in mealtime and play activities. Dependent variables were frequency of parent use of AAC symbols and speech and frequency of child symbol use (speech, signs or graphic symbols). The intervention was feasible as parents reported they were confident in implementing it and the timeframes were appropriate for single-case research designs. An increase in parent AAC symbol use was associated with PODD book use in mealtime and for one parent in play. Both children increased their symbol use, with the clearest association in the mealtime activity. Overall, the encouraging results suggest that this approach warrants further research using stronger designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of labour arbitrage, Romania became home to an expanding nearshoring business service sector. Many graduates work in 'call centres': a generic term for various types of customer-oriented services associated with different employment regimes and company structures. This research examines the discursive construction of compliance to precarious work, largely centred on managerial perspectives. Based on in-depth interviews with managers, HR staff, call-centre operators and through the thematic analysis of managerial outlets and career events, the paper unpacks several mechanisms, metaphors, and symbols that maintain young people's adherence to the demands of work. It is argued that the repertoire of neo-liberal tropes (authenticity, personal development, growth) creates legitimacy for an (arguably) precarious sector in an emerging economy, and ultimately crafts individual-ized working narratives. The paper suggests that young employees appropriate the related structures and the master narratives, whilst lacking a solid repertoire to critically engage with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Children experience unequal environments and development prior to primary school • Pre-primary quality, home stimulation, and early childhood development are studied • Outcomes by socioeconomic status are examined for pre-primary students in Egypt • There is substantial socioeconomic inequality in stimulation at home • There is less inequality in pre-primary quality and inputs, varying by dimension By the time children start primary school, large socioeconomic disparities are evident in their learning and development. Both pre-primary and home environments can play important roles in influencing school readiness and can contribute to disparities in early childhood development, but there is limited evidence on their relative roles in the Middle East and North Africa. This paper examines how pre-primary quality, stimulation at home, and early childhood development vary by socioeconomic status for pre-primary students in Egypt. The results demonstrate substantial socioeconomic inequality in stimulation at home, more so than in pre-primary quality and inputs, although there is variation in the degree of inequality across different dimensions of pre-primary quality. "Double inequality" is observed, where students with less stimulating home environments experience slightly lower quality pre-primary inputs. There are particularly large pre-primary inequities in structural quality (physical environment) and less inequity in process quality (pedagogy). These results suggest that targeted investments in pre-primary education in Egypt are necessary to reduce inequality in school readiness but are likely insufficient to close the socioeconomic status gap in children's development. Investing in interventions to improve vulnerable children's home learning environments, as well as investing in quality pre-primary, is critical to address disparities in children's development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Positive association between parental expectation and home numeracy activities. • Positive association between operational home activities and children's SFON. • Operational activities mediated the relation between parental expectation and SFON. Home numeracy environment encompasses both home provision of numeracy activities for preschool children as well as parental attitudes toward mathematics. The present study investigated the mediating role of home numeracy activities in the relationship between parental academic expectations for their children and children's spontaneous focusing on numerosity (SFON). A total of 176 parent-child dyads from Hong Kong participated in the study where children were tested on their SFON tendency, while parents completed a questionnaire on home numeracy environment which included measures on both home numeracy activities and parental expectations for their children on numeracy performance. Our results revealed, for the first time, a mediating role of home numeracy activities—specifically operational activities—in the relationship between parental expectations for their children on numeracy performance and their children's SFON tendency. The present findings highlight the importance of a nurturing home numeracy environment on preschoolers' SFON tendency, which has potentially far-reaching significance on children's math achievement in later years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small but growing body of research in pediatric feeding disorders asserts the importance of comprehensively measuring social significance of goals, procedures, and effects of intervention, and incorporating social validity into practice to inform treatment. This report sought to extend this literature by detailing procedures to measure and improve social validity during a clinical case of a 3.5‐year‐old during a home‐based intensive feeding program. A multiple baseline design demonstrated effectiveness of nonremoval and re‐presentation added to a treatment package. Repeated choice via direct child preference assessments informed demand fading and gradual progression across six feeding skill domains (medication, cup drinking, independence, texture, volume, variety) and arrangements of response effort (preference, skill) with layers of reinforcer parameters (quality, magnitude, rate, immediacy). Indices of happiness definitions were modified, and extinction bursts examined. Fostering a collaborative approach, caregivers provided detailed input on social validity measures pretreatment, at discharge, and long‐term follow‐up (6‐month, 1‐year), inclusive of both qualitative and quantitative responses, written and verbal communication, and permanent product data. Further implications for practitioners included detailing the process for caregiver training and generalization to family meals with siblings and community settings, and providing adaptable full‐text guidelines for free access/choice contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid advancement of technology, smart home environments have become increasingly popular, offering convenience and automation to homeowners. However, as these smart homes become more interconnected and integrated into 5G networks, security concerns arise, especially with the potential for unauthorized access and control. To address these security challenges, this research proposes a novel Robot Operating System based Ethereum blockchain (ROS-EB) that is responsible for secure and private data storage. In this research we reduce high complexity. The registration contract is performed by a certificate authority, and the key is generated using the Enhanced Elliptic Curve Digital Signature (EECDS) algorithm which improves the secure and private communication between the users, IoT devices, and edge-gateway. To increase security, we perform secure authentication by creating an effective methodology based on the Touch Well before Use (TWU) method which protects against attacks. The Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is used for role-based access control and judge contracts. To improve secure service providing, we perform the detection of malicious and vulnerable users using Improved Cuckoo Optimization and Support Vector Machine (ICO-SVM) and Gated Recurrent Unit and Residual Neural Network (GRU-ResNNet) algorithm in ROS-EB which reduces the vulnerability in the smart home. For improving QoS, we have provided sufficient security service in the smart home environment (i.e. adjusting temperature, turning on/off lights, adjusting watering system and mantrap) by using multi-contract. The performance metrics such as Communication delay, register contract, access contract, detection time, and Energy consumed were assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progression from crawling to walking in infancy is associated with changes in infant language development. One possible explanation for such change is the infant's language environment. Prior research indicates that caregivers use more action directives with walking infants compared to crawling infants, but the relations of such parental speech with infant vocabulary is unknown. Here, we present findings from day‐long home audio recordings (Study 1) and laboratory observations (Study 2) of same‐aged crawling and walking infants to explore how caregiver language, specifically action directives, were associated with parent reported infant vocabulary size. Findings in both studies indicated that caregiver action directives were associated with crawling, but not walking infants' receptive vocabulary sizes. Specifically, action directives about objects occurring when the infant and caregiver were not jointly engaged were associated with higher receptive vocabulary scores for crawling infants, but no such pattern was found for walking infants. The replication of results in distinct samples with different research methodologies strengthens the findings. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that caregiver social engagement specific to infant motoric development is related with infant language learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free play is a natural activity in toddlerhood, depending on environmental conditions like available objects and the social environment. The COVID‐19 pandemic and its consequences for parents' mental health held the potential to change toddlers' play environment. This cross‐sectional study investigated 2‐year‐olds' (N = 97) free play with objects, and aspects of caregiver mental well‐being in three cohorts during the pandemic in Germany. Caregivers reported their positive mental health (PMH), threat perception, perception of current family situation from negative to positive, and workload. We categorized toddlers' behavior in free play sessions in their homes with a fixed set of objects through behavioral coding. Play behavior did not differ between cohorts and did not correlate with caregivers' positive mental health, threat perception, and perception of family situation. A MANOVA revealed a significant main effect of cohort on PMH, threat perception and perception of family situation, qualified by two discriminant functions. Full sample analyses revealed that toddlers of caregivers perceiving a workload increase compared to the time before the pandemic showed less pretend play, and less functional and nonfunctional play. The results provide insights into 2‐year‐olds' play behavior during a global pandemic and highlight the role of caregiver availability for children's play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the socioecological conceptual model, the physical environment within the home, childcare and neighbourhood domains are key factors that influence preschool children's physical activity; however, the relative importance of each of these domains for preschool children's physical activity is unclear. We explored the physical environment characteristics within three latent profiles of 115 preschool children aged 2–5 years based on where they accumulated moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) across five GPS-derived environmental domains. The three profiles were "Active at home" (n = 41), "Active except close to home" (n = 61), and "Active except in local neighbourhood" (n = 13). Compared to other profiles, "Active at home" had fewer parks and playgrounds within their 500–1600 m neighbourhood. Findings suggest preschool children's MVPA profiles are reflections of their physical environmental opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors analyse the empowerment of domestic violence abusers from the perspective of an intervention programme. They present the phenomenon of domestic violence in the context of complex legal assistance to a family experiencing violence, and theoretical and practical approaches to the application of behaviour-changing programmes. At the moment, the legal acts regulating the provision of such assistance in Lithuania are mainly aimed at ensuring assistance to people who have experienced violence, but the system of providing services to people subjected to violent behaviour is not established. In Lithuania, the Intervention Programme for Domestic Abusers has been approved for changing violent behaviour in the family. The programme is purposefully structured: it improves the skills of recognition of violent behaviour in the family environment by providing information on forms of violence and an analysis of violent situations, and modelling non-violent behaviour in the family. The experts who prepared the programme noted that the most important elements for its effectiveness are group work, long-term participation in the programme, the motivation of the programme leaders, and the ability to empower the individual to change his or her behaviour. The extension of the programme to institutions providing comprehensive family support services can be predictive of the effectiveness of domestic violence prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring proper early feeding for young children is crucial, as encountering feeding difficulties (FD) during this stage can give rise to a cascade of health problems, the repercussions of which may endure into late childhood and adolescence. Children raised by transgender parents may be at risk of encountering FD, however, there is no research conducted on Chinese transgender families. We designed a cross-sectional survey in which the rate of FD and its influencing factors were investigated among transgender parents in China. A total of 446 Chinese transgender parents (average age 30.39 years) were included in the analysis. Logistic regression models were applied to investigate the influencing factors of FD among children of transgender parents. We also established structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the possible pathways among these factors and FD. The rate of FD in children of Chinese transgender parents is 55.4%, with 34.5% having severe FD. Coming out after having a child (AOR = 2.26, 95%CI = 1.33 ∼ 3.91), family violence (AOR = 1.06, 95%CI = 1.04 ∼ 1.09), partner violence (AOR = 1.11, 95%CI = 1.08 ∼ 1.15), no feeding education (accepting feeding education: AOR = 0.43, 95%CI = 0.25 ∼ 0.74), being discriminated during seeking of childbearing health care (AOR = 1.99, 95%CI = 1.3 ∼ 3.05), and poor relationship with partner (fair: AOR = 0.09, 95%CI = 0.03 ∼ 0.22; good: AOR = 0.06, 95%CI = 0.02 ∼ 0.15) are significantly associated with higher FD. Furthermore, through the pathway analysis, the indirect effects of education level (β=−0.151), feeding education (β = 0.145), and relationship with partner (β=-0.196) on FD are observed. Children of Chinese transgender parents showed a high FD rate. It is crucial to help build a better family and social environment for transgender families to reduce the FD and improve children's and adolescents' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore home‐dwelling people with dementia and family members' perceptions of the feasibility and acceptability of an intervention using dementia‐related literature excerpts to facilitate conversations on ethical issues related to living with dementia. Background: Ethical issues in dementia care emerge throughout the illness. In the early stages, they may involve decisions about disclosing the illness to the family, shifting roles and responsibilities, and considerations of transitioning to a nursing home. Addressing ethical issues and providing adequate support to home‐dwelling people with dementia and their families are often lacking. Design: An exploratory‐descriptive qualitative study. Methods: We conducted eight interviews with 14 home‐dwelling persons with dementia and their family caregivers. Six were dyadic interviews, and two were individual interviews with family caregivers. We analysed the interview data using template analysis. We adhered to the COREQ checklist in reporting this study. Results: Using excerpts from dementia‐related literature was a feasible and acceptable way of initiating discussions on ethical issues among home‐dwelling persons with dementia and family caregivers. However, engaging the families of newly diagnosed individuals was challenging due to emotional distress. The intervention provided peer support, including identifying with others and sharing experiences. Moreover, participating couples found intimacy and relational attunement through shared reflections. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it appears that the participants in this study felt that using excerpts from dementia‐related literature to deliberate on ethical issues was feasible and acceptable. Deliberating on ethical issues with peers and family caregivers offers valuable social support and opportunities for strengthening relationships. Implications for patient care: This study makes an important contribution by providing valuable insights into how ethical issues related to living with dementia can be addressed using related literature and suggests how the intervention can be integrated into existing care initiatives for home‐dwelling people with dementia and their families. Reporting method: We have adhered to relevant EQUATOR guidelines with the COREQ reporting method. Patient or public contribution: A healthcare professional working as a so‐called dementia coordinator (a title used in the Danish context) was involved in the conduct of this study by being responsible for the recruitment of home‐dwelling people with dementia and their family members. Moreover, she had joint responsibility for facilitating the intervention along with the first author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effects of home‐based exercise in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Design: A network meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Methods: This study systematically searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane library and Web of Science. The quality of the literature was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 criteria. The data were pooled using R software. Results are presented as pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Thirty studies involving 2264 PD patients were included. Meta‐analysis results showed that home‐based exercise had a small effect in relieving overall motor symptoms in PD patients (SMD: −.28, 95% Crl [−.43; −.14]), improving quality of life (SMD =.15 [.03,.26]), walking speed (SMD =.30 [.04,.56]), balance ability (SMD =.18 [.04,.33]; p <.0001) and finger dexterity (SMD =.28 [.10,.46]). Mixed exercise (Mix) had better effects on improving motor symptoms and quality of life. In addition, the results of dose analysis showed that only mixed exercise exceeding 850 METs‐min per week and more than 18 weeks can significantly alleviate the overall motor symptoms of PD patients. Conclusion: Home‐based exercise was an effective form of therapy for alleviating motor symptoms. In addition, Mix appeared to be more suitable for PD patients engaging in home‐based exercise. Existing evidence suggested that significant therapeutic effects were achieved with a Mix, with a weekly exercise volume exceeding 850 METs and a duration of more than 18 weeks. Relevance to Clinical Practice: Home‐based exercise had a small effect in relieving overall motor symptoms in PD patients, improving quality of life, walking speed, balance ability and finger dexterity. In terms of exercise dosage, we recommend the exercise period is no less than 18 weeks and the dose per is no less than 850 METs‐min. No Patient or Public Contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental factors such as Home Literacy Environment (HLE), screen time, and parental executive functions (EF) may influence the development of the child's EF. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of these factors on behavioral and neurobiological measures of EF in 4-year-old children. Electroencephalogram (EEG) data were collected while children performed the Attention Network Task (ANT), showing a smaller difference between incongruent and congruent conditions is related to better EF abilities. Data were analyzed using an Event-Related Potential (ERP) technique focusing on the N200 and P300 components (reflecting executive control and orienting attention, respectively). N200 and P300 differences (delta) between amplitudes and latencies for the incongruent and congruent conditions were computed and correlated with child EF skills, HLE, screen exposure, and parental EF. Screen exposure was associated with lower EF in children and their parents. Additionally, smaller differences between N200 amplitudes and latencies for the incongruent vs. congruent conditions were associated with higher HLE scores. In contrast, greater differences between P300 amplitudes and latencies were related to longer screen time. HLE was positively associated with EF's neurobiological (EEG) and behavioral measures, and screen time was negatively associated with these measures. This study also highlights the important relationship between parental EF (i.e., family predisposition) and EF's neurobiological and behavioral measures in their children. Better executive functions (EF) in children are related to better EF in their parent. Higher screen time was related to lower EF in the parents and their preschool-age children. Poorer EF in a child (manifested by lower differences between N200 amplitudes and latencies for incongruent vs congruent conditions during the attention/inhibition task) was negatively correlated with home interactions involving reading and writing (assessed as Home Literacy Environment). Poorer EF in the child (manifested by lower differences between P300 amplitudes and latencies for incongruent vs congruent conditions) was positively associated with screen time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some WH-questions (e.g. "Where do you live?") specify a particular piece of information that would count as an answer. This article is about the differences, in Danish talk-in-interaction, between two kinds of ways of providing that information: in a phrase (e.g. "In Copenhagen") or in a clause (e.g. "I live in Copenhagen"). I show that phrasal responses align with questions in expansion sequences, orienting to them as part of an ongoing sequence and trajectory, whereas clausal responses align with questions in base sequences, treating them as independent of prior talk and asked with no prior knowledge. The differences between the response formats can be used as resources to claim and manage discrepancies in speakers' knowledge, or in the trajectory of their talk. The analyses contribute to growing evidence for treating grammar as positionally sensitive, as well as to studies of degrees of minimality and grammatical parasitism. Data are in Danish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the results of a study on the impacts of wildfire smoke on health and indoor air quality. Topics mentioned include the analysis of dust for the presence of metals, metalloids, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the levels of volatile organic compounds in affected and unaffected homes, and a description of modeling homes and materials experiment to simulate indoor air quality.

Aims A randomized controlled trial was conducted to examine the effects of a home-based music-paced physical activity programme guided by Information-Motivation-Strategy (IMS) model and Self-determination theory on exercise-related outcomes for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) after cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Methods and results A total of 130 patients with CHD from a regional CR centre in Hong Kong were recruited and randomly allocated into intervention (n = 65) or control groups (n = 65). The intervention group received theory-guided practical sessions on performing prescribed home-based physical activity with individualized synchronized music, and follow-up telephone calls. The primary outcome was exercise capacity. Secondary outcomes included exercise self-efficacy, physical activity level, and exercise self-determination. Data were collected at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months after study entry. The generalized estimating equations model was used to assess the intervention effects. Patients with CHD in the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in exercise capacity at 3 months [ β = 35.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.69–68.68, P = 0.034] and significantly improved exercise self-efficacy at 6 months (β = 3.72, 95% CI 0.11–7.32, P = 0.043) when compared with the control group. However, no significant group differences were found in physical activity level and exercise self-determination. Conclusion The study findings provide evidence on an innovation on improving the exercise capacity and exercise self-efficacy of patients with CHD. The music-paced physical activity guided by the IMS model and Self-determination theory requires further investigation on its long-term effects in future studies. Clinical trial registration ChiCTR-IOR-17011015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: While exploring the information experience within multispecies families, the subjective nature of humans and non-human entities, living beings and non-living objects becomes evident. This paper aims to reveal the underlying significance of information within socio-physical living environments shared among humans, cats and dogs as companions. Design/methodology/approach: Gaining inspiration from the information experience approach and posthumanism, this is a phenomenological paper. Empirical material related to lived experiences of participating families were gathered through multispecies ethnography methods, followed by phenomenological reflections. The paper has been written based on excerpt-commentary-units and the inclusion of videos and images as an approach to convey the richness of the lived experiences and multiple perspectives. Findings: Findings are organised into three main sections, each capturing lived experiences of information and its utilization from various frames. The paper shows how living beings, both human and animal, use their physical, sensual and moving bodies to acquire and convey information to and from each other. Moving beyond the living beings, the study discusses how non-living objects in the physical environment of a multispecies family also shape information. Material objects, spatial locations and even plants became sources of information for the family members. Lastly, the paper delves into the social environment of the family, where all members, human and animal, are actively shaped by information within their social interactions and companionship. Originality/value: Considering information distributed across species and material objects in a shared, more-than-human environment, the article suggests implications for an information experience approach. It emphasizes how information shapes the in-between humans, animals and their environment, highlighting their reliance on each other for understanding and living a good shared life. There is a need for future research to explore the information experience within the internal subjective minds of members of multispecies families, bridging the gap in the understanding of these external information and their internal information processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Upper-limb prostheses have undergone substantial technological improvements in the last two decades, but user complaints and abandonment rates have hardly changed. This may follow from the use of laboratory-based tests when assessing new technology instead of measuring prosthesis use in at-home situations. Serious games might be used to assess prosthesis use at home. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility, validity, and reliability of using serious games to measure myocontrol in at-home situations. Study Design: The design of this study is a cohort study with repeated measurements. Methods: All 10 participants (five males; seven transradial and three transhumeral defects) used pattern recognition (PR) to control their prosthesis. Two serious games were included in the PR software: Simon Says and In-The-Zone. Participants were instructed to use their prosthesis as they normally would for 2 weeks with the additional instruction to play at least 18 serious games (±90 minutes in total). Outcome measures for aspects of prosthesis use were wear time, months of prosthesis use, and user experiences, and serious games outcomes were success rate and completion time. Results: For feasibility, all but one participant completed the minimum of 18 games, and user experiences were mostly positive. For validity, no relationships were found between the aspects of prosthesis use and performance in the serious games. For reliability, testretest reliability for success rate was high (intraclass correlation [ICC], 0.79), but low for completion time (ICC, 0.18) in both games. Conclusions: Feasibility and reliability of using serious games as an assessment instrument for prosthesis control in at-home situations appeared to be good; however, validity could not be established. The serious games should be improved to increase validity. Furthermore, more outcome measures that reveal aspects of prosthesis use should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research from the perspective of parents, educators and mental health professionals has documented the negative impacts of pandemic isolation on children, but few studies have sought children's own perspectives on this difficult year. The current study aims to provide a first‐person perspective on children's psychological health by asking children directly about their experiences of isolating at home. We interviewed 28 seven‐ to eleven‐year‐olds in early days of lockdowns with follow‐ups 6 months later. Children answered questions about family, school, friendships and feelings about the changes in their lives during lockdown. Children's reflections showed resilience, adaptability, positive appraisals and an ability to maintain meaningful social connections. This data underscores the value of including children's narratives to better understand the pandemic's lasting effects on their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the relation between continuous measures of two qualitatively different types of bilingual experience and outcome measures that varied in domain (verbal or nonverbal) and processing demands (degree of conflict). Participants were 195 English-speaking children, 7 years old, who were enrolled in French immersion programs. Children were assessed for their degree of "home bilingualism," reflecting language use patterns at home, and "school bilingualism," reflecting progress in learning French. None of the children spoke French at home. Participants completed verbal fluency, n-back, and global–local tasks, with conditions within tasks varying in degree of attentional processing required. Type of bilingual experience affected verbal and nonverbal tasks differently. Home bilingualism was positively associated with performance on attentionally demanding conditions of the n-back and global–local tasks, the two nonverbal tasks, whereas school bilingualism was positively associated with performance on English verbal fluency, the linguistic task. In both cases, results were modulated by the degree of bilingual experience. These results underline the importance of specifying the type and degree of bilingual experience and the details of the outcome tasks to understand the impact of bilingualism on children's development. Public Significance Statement: The possibility that bilingualism impacts children's cognitive development is controversial, but parents must make crucial decisions about their children's linguistic environments despite the absence of clear evidence. However, bilingualism can be achieved in different ways and the outcomes can be measured in different domains. The present study compares the effect of bilingualism achieved through heritage language use at home and language education in school on verbal and nonverbal task performance. The results show specific effects of each form of bilingualism on each type of outcome, underlining the complexity of these relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the association between the extent of mobilisation within the first postoperative day and 30-day mortality after hip fracture. Design: Cohort study Setting: Acute orthopaedic hospital ward Participants: Consecutive sample of 701 patients, 65 years of age or older, 80% from own home, 49% with a trochanteric fracture, and 61% with an American Society of Anesthesiology grade > 2. Intervention: n/a Main measures: Cumulated ambulation score (CAS) (0-6 points) on the first postoperative day and 30-day postoperative mortality. A CAS = 0 reflects no functional mobility (bedridden), while a CAS = 6 reflects independent out-of-bed-transfer, chair-stand, and indoor walking status. Results: Overall, 86% of patients were mobilised to standing or seated in chair (CAS ≥ 1) on the first postoperative day. A CAS of 0, 1–3, and 4–6 was observed for 97 (14%), 519 (74%), and 85 (12%) patients, respectively. Overall, 61 (8.7%) patients died within 30 days with the highest mortality (23.7%, n = 23) seen for those not mobilised (CAS = 0). Only one patient (1.2%) with a CAS of 4–6 points died. Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, residential status, pre-fracture CAS, fracture type, and American Society of Anesthesiology grade, showed that a one-unit increase in CAS was associated with a 38% lower risk of 30-day mortality (Hazard Ratio = 0.63, 95%Confidence Interval, 0.50–0.78). Conclusion: Mobility on the first postoperative day was associated with 30-day postoperative mortality, with a lower risk observed for those completing greater mobility. National registries may consider extending collection of mobility on the first postoperative day from a binary indicator to the CAS which captures the extent of mobility achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the relation between home literacy environment (HLE), parents' reading skills, and children's emergent literacy skills (pinyin letter knowledge, phonological awareness, and vocabulary) and reading (word reading and reading comprehension) in a sample of 168 Chinese children (Mage = 74.26 months) followed from kindergarten to Grade 1. Results of structural equation modeling showed that code‐related HLE activities and access to literacy resources continued to predict children's emergent literacy skills after controlling for the effects of family's socioeconomic status and both parents' reading skills. Parents' reading skills also exerted a direct effect on children's reading comprehension. These findings suggest that HLE exerts a true environmental effect on children's reading skills that is not due to a genetic confound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As intimate partner violence (IPV) often remains unknown to police, bystanders can play a crucial role in prevention and further escalation of IPV. However, little is known about what brings them into action by reporting incidents of IPV to authorities. As such, we use statements of bystanders who filed reports about IPV incidents to an official domestic violence agency in the Netherlands (N = 78), to investigate the reasoning and motivations for reporting their suspicions. Results show that the reasons for bystanders to report IPV differ depending on the relational dynamics between partners. In situations perceived as intimate terrorism, involving a hierarchical abusive relationship between a man offender and a woman victim, bystanders primarily reported when previous helping initiatives proved inefficient, and they did so to prevent further harm, often particularly in relation to the woman victim. In situations perceived as situational couple violence, involving a symmetrical abusive relationship, bystanders primarily reported when escalation appeared, and they did so to prevent further harm to involved children. We conclude that bystanders report IPV incidents when the need for help is clear, and their motivation for acting concerns the well-being of victims. Our findings add to the growing body of evidence about real-life bystander intervention in emergencies and highlight the need for understanding intervention as context-specific in order to design effective intervention initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression has a negative impact on millions of people worldwide, necessitating research into appropriate therapeutic methods. The aim of this qualitative study is to investigate how music therapy clients experience listening to their own clinical improvisations at home, as a part of treatment for depression. Adults with major depressive disorder were offered 12 individual sessions of bi-weekly integrative improvisational music therapy, as part of a randomised controlled trial. Participants were asked to complete an online diary after listening to their clinical improvisations. Reflexive thematic analysis was performed on diary entries, and content analysis was applied to music therapists' reports. Fourteen of 32 participants submitted a total of 58 diary entries. Participants' experiences were represented by five themes: music (playing, listening, music perception, music parameters), therapy (therapeutic processing, illness, music therapy trial), emotions (positive emotions, negative emotions, other emotions), embodiment (body parts, sensations, actions) and narrative (chronology, symbolic references). Music therapists' reports indicated that low compliance and negative experiences during the task could be affected by severity of depression, and ease of use of the technological interface. Participants' experiences varied from extremely negative to positive in every theme, finding music they produced beautiful or hideous, feeling proud or ashamed of making it, being energised, or exhausted by it, feeling supported or pressured by the music therapist, and recalling happy or terrifying memories. The findings suggest that a homework task can affect the therapeutic process in both positive and negative ways and should be further researched before implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Approximately 60% of people living with dementia at home are unable to routinely participate in mealtime activities (e.g. eating, safe food preparation), warranting assistance to ensure people with dementia meet their health and nutritional needs. The purpose of this study was to characterize these barriers to mealtime participation and identify potential caregiver-led strategies to enhance mealtime activities. Research Design and Methods We used a qualitative descriptive approach and obtained semistructured interview data from (a) allied health professionals and (b) community-based nutrition program providers who frequently serve people with dementia. Interview data were examined by means of directed content analysis and framework methodology until data saturation was reached. Codes from our analysis were categorized according to constructs drawn from the Socio-Ecological Model for Developing and Implementing Comprehensive Dementia Care. Results Data were obtained from 20 participants who attributed common mealtime participation barriers to: impairments in functional status, cognitive status deficits, a lack of caregiver knowledge and skills, and unsafe living conditions. Caregiver-led strategies to overcome these barriers included: reducing auditory and visual distractions, providing written cues to perform mealtime activities, eliminating clutter and fall risk hazards, and leveraging community-based nutrition program providers (e.g. home-delivered meal providers). Discussion and Implications People with dementia face several eating and mealtime participation obstacles. Caregiver-led strategies implemented by family, friends, or community-based nutrition program providers may enhance mealtime activities at home. Findings point to opportunities to develop decision-making tools and resources for caregivers to optimize the health and nutrition of people with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Due to health and/or financial limitations, older migrants may become especially dependent on their neighborhoods, highlighting the importance of investigating their experiences. We explored older Moroccan adults' views on the relative importance of neighborhood resources for aging in place. Research Design and Methods Thirty Moroccans aged ≥65 years residing in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht were interviewed and asked to perform a ranking task developed with the combined quantitative and qualitative Q methodology. They ranked the relative importance of 38 statements representing the World Health Organization's 8 global age-friendly cities domains, with explanation of their reasoning. By-person factor analysis was performed to identify factors representing distinct viewpoints, which were interpreted with reference to the interviewees' comments. Results Four viewpoints were identified: "home sweet home"; "connected, well-informed, and engaged"; "suitable and affordable living"; and "a lively neighborhood." The perceived importance of neighborhood resources for aging in place differed among viewpoints. Discussion and Implications Older Moroccan adults prioritize different neighborhood resources for aging in place. Our findings suggest that their diverse needs can be satisfied by enabling family to live in close proximity, providing diverse, inclusive neighborhoods with affordable, suitable housing, understandable information, social/cultural activities, and care services for vulnerable groups. Future studies may build on our findings to explore older (migrant) adults' views on needs for aging in place in the Netherlands and other western countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Training parents to implement language and communication intervention strategies is an effective approach to promote language development for children with language delay. Aims: This study introduces an online parent training program conducted in Hubei province, China, which was designed to help parents of language‐delayed children with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental language disorder (DLD) or global developmental delay (GDD) apply language intervention strategies into daily interactions and promote their children's language development at home. Methods & Procedures: The Bethel Hearing and Speaking Training Center Family Training for Early Communication & Language Development (Bethel Family Training Program, BFT) (Bethel HSTC, 2020) was designed to improve the language and communication skills for children with language delay in a naturalistic way. The caregivers (including parents, grandparents and other main caregivers) participated in an 8‐h online program, including lectures on milestones in child language development, common misunderstandings of child language development, and three basic family language intervention strategies ('Looking together, playing together, and talking together') incorporating active learning through video analysis and discussion. Tongji Hospital in Hubei then continued with 3 months of online home intervention monitoring to all the caregivers via weekly online Q&As led by BFT certified speech therapists' team. The Gesell Developmental Schedules (GDS) was carried out before the online parent training program and after the 3‐month online home intervention monitoring. Outcomes & Results: 146 families whose children aged 12–68 months with language delay participated in the online training program. The results of the GDS assessments conducted before and after the program showed that not only did the developmental quotient (DQ) of language improve, but so did the DQ of social behaviour and adaptive behaviour (p < 0.001). There is no between‐group difference in the application of three strategies between the ASD group and the DLD or GDD group (p > 0.05). Furthermore, both caregivers' ability to apply 'looking together, playing together, talking together' strategies and the effective interaction time played important roles in improving the child's language abilities. Conclusion & Implications: The online parent training focusing on improving daily interaction with children through speech–language stimulation strategies promoted the development of language skills. It is an economic and practical approach for children with language delay who have limited access to local language intervention programs. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject: Parent‐implemented language intervention is an effective approach at improving children's language development. Telepractice is an appropriate model of service delivery for audiologists and speech–language therapists and may be the primary mode of service delivery or may supplement in‐person services. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge: This paper explores the effectiveness of an online parent training program and provides new evidence that online training on language support strategies (looking together, playing together, talking together) followed by home intervention monitoring works for Mandarin‐speaking children and it is equally effective for children with ASD and non‐ASD diagnosis. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: Developmental behavioural paediatricians and speech–language therapists in countries and areas that lack sufficient training resource for every child will have the option to deliver parent training and home intervention monitoring online, which will save time and cost considerably while offering convenience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the relationships between the screen time of children with special needs and of their parents with their home participation, occupational performance, and parent-child relationships according to sex and diagnosis. Parents of 150 children with special needs (age range, 4 to 6 years) such as autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, as well as undiagnosed and developmentally risky children, were included. The Demographic Information Form, Screen Time Usage Form, Parent-Child Relationship Scale, Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth, and Short Child Occupational Profile were used for the data collection. There was a significant relationship between the screen time of girls and their parent-child relationships, home participation, and occupational performance. Moreover, we detected a relationship between the screen time of children with autism spectrum disorder and positive parent-child relationships, home participation, and occupational performance. Therapists should account for screen time in their interventions associated with parent-child relationships, home participation, and occupational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the students with Autism faced difficulties in teaching-learning due to campus closures. The special schools opted for alternative classrooms i.e. online mode. Due to certain specific and unique characteristics, the learning experiences of students with autism would be different from neurotypical students. Objectives: To know about the challenges and facilitators of the alternative classroom through the teacher's narratives. Method: The virtual interviews recorded by 15 special educators from special schools in Kolkata city and its outskirts, selected using purposive sampling were analyzed through inductive thematic analysis. Results: The generated themes reveal the challenges of setting up and adapting to the online classes faced by special educators, students, and their parents. The study findings also inform about the advantages gained during the pandemic such as parental involvement for better learning in a safe space. Conclusion: A combined mode of teaching might be appropriate for the future to bring out the best in the learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The coronavirus pandemic (CP) leading to prolonged lockdown, and restriction of movement for almost two years in Bangladesh severely affected not only the well-being (physical and mental health) of both children and adults but also their access to home-based learning. The present study aimed to explore the mental, and physical health problems of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), their use of telehealth services, and the status of their home-based learning by asking questions to their parents/primary caregivers (N = 149) during the second year of lockdown (November and December 2021). Methodology: The present study was a cross-sectional self-reported survey covering as many parents/primary caregivers as possible within Bangladesh. The survey questions were selected from a larger study by Masi et al. named 'COVID-19 impact survey' with permission. A total of 149 parents/primary caregivers with one or more children (mean age = 5.54) having any of the NDDs took part in the survey. Data were collected via physical sitting, telephone interview, and anonymous Google form. Results: Almost one-third of parents/caregivers felt that the NDD symptoms of their children were worsening with time, and half of them reported that their children's health and well-being were negatively impacted. More than 90% of the caregivers felt that their children are facing challenges following the rules of social distancing. Whereas more than 80% of parents agreed that their children's learning was disrupted during covid-19, and they were not getting enough online/offline support from the authorities. Conclusions: The outcome of this study suggested that CP had a significant impact on the wellbeing and home-based learning of children with NDDs and their families in Bangladesh. Most of the caregivers reported that the NDDs symptoms of their children are worsening with disrupted routine, facing problems following social distancing and maintaining fruitful relationships. In terms of home-based learning, most caregivers reported insufficient support from school authorities. The parents recommended the development of an adequate system for telehealth services and policies to help the vulnerable individuals in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Outdoor play in homes, schools, and communities provides children with unique opportunities to explore their worlds, develop fundamental life skills, and experience belonging. However, few studies have explored outdoor free play among autistic preschoolers in natural settings from a neurodivergent-informed perspective. Objective: To explore the play preferences, opportunities, and challenges in outdoor play for autistic preschoolers. Design: In this qualitative study, the authors used a multimethod approach to data collection using visual, verbal, and projective techniques and thematic analysis to identify and describe outdoor play occupation as expressed by autistic preschoolers. Setting: Home, community, and preschool environments in a city in Ireland. Participants: Seven autistic children and their parents, from seven diverse preschool settings in Ireland. Results: Two overarching themes were identified: (1) outdoor play preferences and meaning and (2) the physical and social environments of outdoor play. The findings suggest that autistic preschoolers demonstrate distinctive play styles and preferences when playing freely outdoors, with physical and social barriers to outdoor play existing in community and educational contexts. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings suggest that autistic preschoolers' outdoor play styles and preferences require support from adult advocates. Although the importance of relationships and social play cannot be overlooked, infrastructural accommodations for parents and schools are required if we are to create supportive and inclusive outdoor play environments and opportunities for freedom of expression for autistic children. Plain-Language Summary: This study explored the distinctive outdoor play preferences, opportunities, and challenges for autistic preschoolers. The findings show that autistic preschoolers face physical and social barriers to outdoor play and that they need parents, schools, and communities to create supportive and inclusive play environments and opportunities for freedom of expression. This study found that autistic preschoolers face physical and social barriers to outdoor play and that they need parents, schools, and communities to create supportive and inclusive play environments and opportunities for freedom of expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Parent recall is the primary method for measuring positioning practices such as tummy time in infants. Concerns regarding the accuracy of parent recall have been raised in the literature. To date, no study has examined the agreement of tummy time recall measures with gold-standard methods. Objective: To assess the agreement between parental recall versus direct observation of tummy time in infants, and to explore the impact of prematurity on this relationship. Design: Cross-sectional observational study, spanning 1 yr. Setting: Participants' homes Participants: Thirty-two infant–parent dyads (19 full-term, 13 preterm), with infants ages 3 to 6 mo and caregivers ages older than 18 yr. Outcome and Measures: Home-recorded videos of infant play across 3 days were used as a proxy for direct observation of tummy time and compared with a 12-item parent recall survey. Results: Parent recall had a significant moderate correlation (ρ =.54, p =.002) with direct observation in full-term infants but was not correlated (p =.23) with direct observation in preterm infants. On average, parents of preterm infants overestimated tummy time by 2.5 times per day compared with direct observation. Conclusions and Relevance: For full-term infants, parent recall measures of tummy time exhibit an acceptable level of agreement with direct observation and can be reliably used over shorter periods. Parents of preterm infants may display a bias in recalling tummy time, leading to overestimations. To accurately assess tummy time in this population, a combination of subjective and objective measures should be explored. Plain-Language Summary: Tummy time is an essential movement experience for infants, especially for preterm infants, who are at a higher risk for motor delays. The most common way to track tummy time is through parent reports, or recall, versus a practitioner directly observing tummy time in the home. Despite the widespread use of parent recall to track tummy time, no study has examined the accuracy of parent recall versus direct observation in the home. Accurately assessing tummy time is crucial for improving and supporting health outcomes for infants. This study found that prematurity may affect the accuracy of parent recall for assessing tummy time in young infants. The authors discuss the implications of this finding and provide suggestions to guide the selection of appropriate methods to measure tummy time in clinical practice and research studies. This study found that infant prematurity may affect the accuracy of parent reports, or recall, of tummy time in the home versus a practitioner directly observing infant tummy time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Grounded on scholarly works this study examined the lived experiences of children in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church school through the lens of a child rights-based approach. Three articles of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) were chosen as an analytical framework. The review revealed that the vast majority of Yekolo Temari joined the EOC school with their own interest, but the practice left them deprived of the family environment. They needed the protection and care necessary for their well-being. This study recommends that the government of Ethiopia and all stakeholders enforce domestic laws that ensure the well-being of Yekolo Temari. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home environments suffered a range of stressors during COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines the impact of these stressors on children's well-being by households' conditions. Participants included main caregivers (N = 615) with a child under the age of 3 in a developing Latin-American country. We use multivariate analysis to explore associations between these shocks, the childrearing environment, and children's well-being. We find that households with lower education and recipients of government assistance were more exposed to negative shocks linked to COVID-19. However, the most educated households were more likely to face an increased burden of childcare. Exposure to negative shocks was associated with a deterioration in the emotional well-being of adults, a higher prevalence of intra-family violence, and behavioral changes in children. Households that reported more time spent caring for children, as well as difficulties in combining care and work, showed higher levels of parental depression and worse indicators of parenting quality. We observe a drop in the frequency of parental involvement in didactic and socializing activities with their children, and a poorer mental health status for the main caregiver (mostly mothers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the consequences of the Coronavirus pandemic on the psychosocial, behavioral, and cognitive functions of Arab Israeli children aged 3–12 years. The findings of an online cross-sectional survey indicated that, as reported by the parents (N = 267), during the Coronavirus pandemic, most of the children expressed more behavioral and concentration problems. Almost 85% of the children felt more bored, and more than 50% were sadder, more reluctant, more frustrated, and felt lonely. Moreover, almost half of the children had sleep difficulties and tended to eat more than before. Boys and elementary school children were more vulnerable. The findings highlight the susceptibility of the children to the psychosocial consequences of Coronavirus and underline the need for interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engaged communication between mother and a child in their early developmental stages is one of the predictors of children's development of higher-order thinking skills. For deaf children, this engaged communication between mother and child hinges on the home language environment (HLE) being fully accessible to the child. This research uses agogical phenomenology in exploring the lived experiences of participants' HLE where sign language is used, with particular focus on the opportunities for extended discourse. Data were collected via semistructured interviews with the deaf children and their parents and observations in the HLEs of five signing families with at least one deaf child in the southwestern United States. The aim of this study was to document and provide insights into how language use in deaf children's HLE can impact their knowledge development; these insights uncovered the essence of reciprocal and contingent family interactions as a central aspect of the deaf child's HLE. It is hoped that the qualitative phenomenological findings will frame subsequent quantitative investigations of the variability in language access to home language components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Pedagogía Social is the property of Pedagogia Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)