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We have studied the lateral distribution of charged particles associated with giant air showers and the attenuation of the local particle density at 600 m from the core, S600, with atmospheric depth using data collected with the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array (AGASA). The lateral distribution at distances of more than 1 km from the core has been observed to be much steeper than that suggested by some of the earlier measurements. The shape of the lateral distribution function has been observed to depend on the zenith angle of showers but there is no significant evidence for the dependence on the primary energy, within the resolution of the array. The systematic errors in energy estimation due to the uncertainties in the lateral distribution and the attenuation length of S600 are smaller than statistical errors. These errors have been estimated to be approximately 5% and approximately 3% respectively for near vertical showers with sec theta =1.1, and approximately 10% and approximately 12% respectively for showers with sec theta =1.4.

The purpose of The Telescope Array experiment is to identify origin of the ultra high energy cosmic rays. The Telescope Array is a hybrid detector consists of a surface detector array and air fluorescence detectors. This hybrid detector is observing extensive air showers to measure the energy spectrum, anisotropy and composition of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays. The detector construction has been completed in March 2008, and the hybrid observation with the full configuration has been running since that time. In this talk, the status of observation and our prospects are described.

Hemodynamics studies were carried out from days 1-5 following the onset of illness in 7 patients with severe pancreatitis (group A) and in 7 patients with moderate pancreatitis (group B). Patients in both groups had a higher cardiac index (CI) and a lower systemic vascular resistance (SVR) than normal patients during 5 days of illness, and patients in group A had a higher CI of 5.38 +/- 0.841 x min/m2 and lower SVR of 889 +/- 234dyn.sec/cm5 than those in group B on day 4. Patients in group A had a lower pulmonary vascular resistance than normal patients on days 1, 3, and 4, but those in group B did not show this hemodynamic change. Group A patients had a higher pulmonary wedge pressure of 11.9 +/- 8.4mmHg and depressed left ventricular stroke work index of 59.8 +/- 17.8g.m/m2 as compared with group B (5.6 +/- 3.4mmHg, 77.7 +/- 23.6g./m2, respectively). These findings indicate that a hyperdynamic hemodynamic state may exist in the early stages of moderate and severe pancreatitis and myocardial depression may be evident in severe pancreatitis.

It has been previously reported that NK cell function decreases following surgery in mice. To explore the basis of this observation, we compared the relative influence of anesthesia, surgical amputation and bleeding on NK cell cytotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice. After hind limb amputation, including with blood loss, there was a statistically significant decrease in NK cell cytotoxicity and the appearance of splenomegaly on the 4th day postoperative day. The increase in spleen size appeared to be due to either the surgical stress-induced expansion of splenic erythroblasts or erythroblast generation following blood loss. In contrast, if blood loss was minimal there was no suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity following hind limb amputation. Moreover, there was a statistically significant correlation of NK cell activity and the quantitation of total blood loss. Interestingly, the decrement in NK cell activity was not observed if blood transfusion was made, even in the presence of surgical amputation. These observations are important for defining the immune suppression reported following surgery and suggest that in human, chronic blood loss may also be associated with immune suppression.

INCA is an air shower array located at Mount Chacaltaya in Bolivia, at 5200 m a.s.l., searching for Gamma Ray Bursts of energy GeV. The results presented here concern a GRB search made in correlation with 70 events recorded by BATSE since December 1996 to August 1998. For every burst, the INCA counting rate has been studied both during the BATSE detection time and in 2 hours around. No significant excess has been found in any of the trials. Assuming for the burst a power low energy spectrum extending up to 1 TeV with a slope and a time duration of 10 s, the obtained energy fluence upper limits range from to depending on the event zenith angle.

Telescope Array (TA) is a hybrid detector of a surface detector array and fluorescence telescopes. This hybrid detector will measure the energy spectrum, anisotropy and composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) to identify their origin. The almost construction of the detector has been completed in May 2007, and the detector is running under test and adjustments. The first hybrid observation with the full configuration is planned in beginning of 2008. In this paper the status and prospects of TA detector is described.

We set out a questionnaire for 400 participants of the seminar, to investigate the thoughts of dental practitioners and dentists on duty with regard to the post-graduation study and training in particular, to dental anesthesiology. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Almost all of the dental practitioners felt necessary to receive the post-graduation study and training to brush up their techniques. 2. The dental practitioners felt defective in actual techniques prepared by post-graduation trainings now under way, and they desired a particular training in an actual technique specific to an emergency therapy. 3. Seminars for re-education they desired to attend were those related to anesthesia in majority, followed by prosthetics, maintenance and periodontosis, orthodontics, and surgery, implantodontics, and pedodontics. 4. Major curriculums of anesthesiology they desired to receive were systemic management, resuscitation, how to apply the first-aid medicine, and treatment for shock states. The number of those participants who desired to receive these curriculums was help or above of all members, followed by those in dental psychosomatic disease, treatment for senile patients and acupuncture anesthesia. 5. It was unexpected that those who had been aware of the concept of authorized dental anesthesiologist were confined to 54% of the participants. This led us to consider that clinical dentist should be re-educated regarding the system for authorized anesthesiologist. 6. Major participants answered nothing with regard to the advocated curriculums we questioned, so that it was postulated that none felt unsatisfactory of the advocated curriculums at present.

A time-of-flight (TOF) ion mass spectrum in coincidence with threshold photoelectrons was measured in the photon energy region between the first and second dissociation limits of Kr2(+) to examine the decay processes of the Kr2(+) II(1/2u) state. The measured TOF spectrum reveals that Kr+ fragment ions are produced through dissociation of the repulsive I(1/2g) state, which can be formed by the decay process of the II(1/2u) state accompanied with emission of photons. The potential-energy curve of the I(1/2g) state is deduced with detailed analysis of the observed TOF spectrum, in which the radiative lifetime of the II(1/2u) state was also derived to be 2.5 micros. Additionally, evidence of the dissociation process of Kr3(+) ions was obtained in the same photon energy region, where the dominant channel is Kr3(+) --> Kr2(+) + Kr.

GaInP/AlGaInP index waveguide-type visible-light laser diodes with dry-etched mesa stripes have been fabricated by Cl2-reactive ion beam etching for the first time. The AlGaInP cladding layer, which is normally very difficult to dry etch due to problems with Al oxidation and the low volatility of In and its reaction products, was etched smoothly with high depth accuracy. The etched mesa stripes were buried by metal organic vapour-phase epitaxy with-out crystal discontinuity at the regrown surface. The threshold current under room-temperature pulsed operation is 35 mA (L = 300 μm), which is almost the same value as that for wet-etched lasers.

Very smooth vertical etching of AlGaInP is achieved for the first time by Cl2 reactive ion beam etching. The etched depth is precisely controlled (σ = 22 nm) by simply monitoring the electrode current of the ion accelerating grid, and the etched surface exhibits no contamination except for Cl, as observed by in situ Auger electron spectroscopy. Furthermore, other III-V compound semiconductors, such as AlGaInP/GaInP double heterostructures and InAlAs/InGaAs/InP multilayers, are also etched smoothly and vertically with no steps between the layers on the sidewalls.

The longitudinal development of muons at atmospheric depths between 200 and 700 g cm-2 has been studied by measuring the arrival time distributions of muons in air showers with primary energies from 1*1017 to a few times 1019 eV observed at Mount Chacaltaya. These arrival time distributions are consistent within those expected from very high multiplicity models of nuclear interactions, whether produced by primary protons or heavy nuclei. The longitudinal development of muons determined from equi-intensity cuts of muon size spectra of air showers is also consistent with the predictions of these models. However, the longitudinal developments of electrons expected from such models show much faster attenuation than is observed. A two-component model of air showers is proposed to explain this apparent discrepancy.

Results are presented for the lateral distribution and the longitudinal development of electrons between an atmospheric depth of 550 g cm-2 and 1100 g cm-2 in air showers with sizes 3*106 to 5*109 observed at Mount Chacaltaya. The lateral distribution is compared with those determined at mountain altitudes and at sea level by other groups. The longitudinal development is also compared with the results of other groups and with theoretical predictions under various models of nuclear interactions.

Drift chambers have been used to observe multiple tracks in extensive air showers (EAS) produced by ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. Our drift chambers are 80 cm × 80 cm × cm in size with four drift cells. Each cell is 20 cm × 80 cm × 10 cm with five anode wires and the drift length is 10 cm. A spatial resolution of better than 0.3 mm and an angular resolution of better than 0.45° have been obtained for the drift chamber system. As many as 50 particles/m2 can be resolved with a minimum separation of 2.8 mm. Two sets of drift chamber systems are now in operation with a conventional array of plastic scintillation detectors for EAS observations. The performance of the drift chambers and the readout system are described.

大腸にはポリープが多い. しかも癌との区別が困難なもの, 多発するものが多い. これらの処置については外科医がしばしば悩まされている.大腸のポリープと癌には疫学や腫瘍発生学の面からも興味のつきない点が多々ある. 今回われわれは入院手術症例, 直腸鏡集検例, 大腸ポリポージス症例, ソテツ毒による大腸発癌実験例などについて検討した.私はポリープの癌化率をうんぬんする前に, ポリープの種類をよく知ること, 癌の判定基準を明らかにすること, 何よりもポリープを慎重に取り扱うことを強調したい.

Determination of the cosmic-ray muon energy spectrum above 100 TeV by observing extensive air showers from the horizontal direction (HAS) has been carried out at Akeno for four years. No definite shower of muon origin with size above 105 has been observed at zenith angles above 60 degrees . The upper limit of HAS intensity is 5*10-12 m-2 s-1 sr-1 (90% confidence level) for sizes greater than 105. This value indicates that the upper limit of the muon flux above 100 TeV is about 1.3*10-8 m-2 s-1 sr-1, which is in agreement with that expected from the primary spectrum with a 'knee', assuming scaling in the fragmentation region and 40% protons in the primary beam. It also implies that the critical energy at which a muon flux from prompt processes (decay of charmed particles) takes over from that due to conventional process (decay of pions and kaons) is higher than 100 TeV in the horizontal direction.

An observation of horizontal air showers of sizes from 103 to 105 particles (1 to 100 TeV in energy) has been performed. For showers of sizes up to ∼2.104, the size spectrum and zenith angle distributions are observed to be consistent with expectation. Some deviation appears in both the size spectrum and angle distributions for showers above ∼2.104, which suggests that they may be due to a short-lived muon parent particle.

Propylene oxide was polymerized by diethylzine/ketone system. Cacatalytic effects of twenty-four ketones were examined. Methyl ketones and cyclic ketones were effective as a cocatalyst for the polymerization, while alkyl ketones with longer chain and β-diketon were not. The reaction of the catalyst formation was discussed. Crystallinity of the polymers obtained was compared with that of polymers by diethylzinc/water or diethylzine/alcohol catalyst. Propylenoxid wurde mittels eines Diathylzink/Keton-Systems polymerisiert. Es wurde die cokatalytische Wirkung von vierundzwanzig Ketonen gepruft. Dabei zeigten Methylketone und cyclische Ketone eine Wirkung. wahrend aliphatische Ketone mit langerer Kette und 1,3-Diketone unwirksam blieben. Es wurden die Reaktionen, die zur Bildung der Katalysatoren fuhrten, erortert. Die Kristallinitat der erhaltenen Polymerisate wurde mit derjenigen anderer Polymerisate verglichen, die mit Diathylzink/Wasser- und Diathyl-zink/Alkoholkatalysatoren hergestellt worden waren.

The high energy nuclear active particles (NAP) of more then 200 GeV, associated with EAS, have been studied by means of the large area scintillation detectors under water tank, at the mountain altitude of 2770 m a.s.l. We have obtained the following results; (1) The energy spectrum of NAP has a knee at about 500 GeV where the spectrum index changes from -1.0 to -1.8, (2) The lateral distribution of NAP can be expressed as A exp (- r / r 0 ) with r 0 of 1∼2 m, (3) The number of NAP is much smaller than the results of the Monte Calro simulations assuming the ordinary interaction model, and (4) The mean transverse momentum of NAP is about 2 GeV/c which is much higher than generally accepted value in the nuclear interactions.

In order to research the influence of cephalothecin upon the secretion of some carbohydrases by the blast fungus, Piricularia oryzae CAV. cultural experiments were carried out using Tochinai and Nakano's synthetic nutrient solution, with addition of Biotin (15-20mr/1cc.) and vitamin B1 (15-20γ/1cc.).In the solutions. cephalothecin was added at strengths of 1: 5-164. half of the lots was provided with one of the carbohydrates, including sucrose. maltose, soluble starch and cellulose and another half lacked. After 10-days culture at 25°C, determinations of reducing sugars were made upon the cultured solutions.When the fungus was cultured in cephalothecin solutions with carbohydates, there were increase in dry weight of mycelial mat, and decrease in weight of non-reducing sugars, as against the solutions without any carbohydrate. The differences are shown as M and S respectively. The ratio S: M is temporarily called as the relative secretion value.When sucrose is supplied as the carbon source, the ratio S: M is highest at the concentration of 1:20 cephalothecin (of. table 5). Such secretions as of sucrase by the fungus may be called sucrase-type. Maltase also belongs to this type.In the solution containing soluble starch, the value is maximum at the concentration of 1:40 cephalothecin. These phases, which are quite different from those in sucrase-type, may be named amylase-type.No cellulose was utilized by the fungus in the presence of cephalothecin. This, together with other carbohydrates-emulsin, inulinase, lactase, mannase, pectinase and xylanase-may be included in cellulase-type.The relative secretion value (S:M) shows the amount of the carbohydrate consumed by the fungus to increase 1mg. of the mycelium in dry weight. Accordingly, for the consumption of 1 mg. of sucrose or soluble starch, the increase in dry weight of mycelium is to be far less in 1:20 or 1:40 solution of cephalothecin than either in 1:80-160 or in the check solution, In 1:5-10 solutions, the growth of the fungus is extremely poor. Thus, the phases of S:M suggests certain connection between the fungus's secretion of carbahydrases under the influence of cephalothecin and the resistance to blast disease of the rice plant treated with cephalothecin.

An area of 3 × 4 m2 is covered by 48 plastic scintillators above and below a water tank 2 m in depth. From maps of the charged-particle density and the energy-flow density in the core region, properties of EAS cores and of the high-energy nucleon component have been studied. About 25% of observed cores show the complicated structure of a "multiple core". These can be understood as due to effects of high-energy nuclear particles having large transverse momenta of several GeV/c to a few tens of GeV/c. The frequency of occurrence of such events increases with the size of EAS only slowly, but it decreases rapidly with increasing distance between the main cores and subcores. There is no clear distinction in the average lateral density distribution of charged particles between these multiple-core EAS and ordinary EAS at points distant from the cores.Comparing the particle density in both layers of detectors (top and bottom), the activity of cores has been studied. This fluctuates more than would be expected from the lateral structure of the showers.

Attenuation lengths for individual EAS passing through a 2 m layer of water have been measured by means of two layers of plastic scintillators. The attenuation lengths obtained vary over a wide range from about 70 g/cm2 to several hundreds of g/cm2 and, very rarely, the negative attenuation length of the growing stage has been obtained. The attenuation lengths observed are not sensitive to core structure (single or multiple core), but are sensitive to the age parameter of EAS determined from the lateral structure function. However, there are some discrepancies between age parameters estimated from longitudinal development and from lateral structure, the former yielding greater ages than the latter.The average value of attenuation length observed is significantly short compared with those for other methods so far used in a statistical way, especially for larger-sized EAS. Considering the calculated transition curve for EAS, and fluctuation in the level of the first interaction, the distribution of the attenuation length obtained is consistent with a model of EAS whose primary energy is 106 GeV, interaction mean free path 90 g/cm2, and inelasticity 0.7. A model of multiple production of baryons at an early stage of EAS is discussed.

The lateral density distribution of charged particles in EAS is one of the essential parameters for the analysis of individual EAS. To measure the lateral density distribution in detail, 100 ¼-m2 scintillators were arranged in a lattice configuration with a unit distance of 5 m or 2.5 m. The conventional EAS array of 20 scintillators was also used to obtain densities up to about 100 m from the center. These observations are much more accurate than those obtained previously, and it has been found that there are various types of structure functions which can be approximated by the functions for single cascades of age parameter from 0.6 to 1.6. It was difficult in some instances to fit the lateral distribution by a unique function, especially for small EAS.The two-dimensional map obtained by means of the above 100 detectors shows that individual EAS have rarely a complicated structure within a range of about 20 m from the axis. The results are discussed in relation to the character of high-energy interactions as well as to fluctuations in the development of EAS.

Muons accompanied by EAS have been observed by a neon hodoscope array 6 m2 in area placed 36 m from the center of the EAS array. The lateral density distribution function of muons and an average density at fixed distance are studied with respect to the size and age parameter of EAS. The EAS are in a size range of 106 to 107, and the muon density at distances of 15–55 m from the axis of EAS has been observed for muons which penetrate 20 cm of lead.Preliminary results obtained in this experiment are as follows: (1) The lateral density distribution of muons shows clear correlation with that of electrons: assuming the distribution function to be a power function of the distance from the axis, the exponent varies from steeper than −1.5 to flatter than −1.0 for younger and older EAS respectively. (2) The size dependence of muon density can be expressed as [Formula: see text], and is independent of the age parameter of EAS.

1)本邦におけるササゲモザイク病について略報した.2)本Virusは汁液伝染する.モモアカアブラミ,マメアプラムシで伝染する.3)マメ科植物22種,ナス科植物5種に接種し,その寄主範囲を決定した.感受性植物はナタマメ(蔓無白刀豆),レンゲ,アズキ,ササゲである.また,エビスグサにはlocal lesionを作る.4)このVirusは55～60℃,10分,1,000～2,500倍,12～24時間で不活性化する.

Effect of Neurotropin on the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to sheep red blood cells was examined in mice. Neurotropin suppressed the high DTH responses in ddY and BALB/c mice, while it enhanced the low DTH response in C57BL/6 mice when administered after sensitization. In addition, Neurotropin exerted a suppressive effect on the enhanced DTH response by cyclophosphamide pretreatment in C57BL/6 mice, but had a restorative effect on the suppressed DTH response in ddY mice loaded with restraint stress.

It was reported that Neurotropin (NSP) is a new immunostimulating agent which reverses the decrease of proliferation of irradiated spleen cells from mice caused by concanavalin A or specific antigen. The present study was undertaken to examine the possibility that NSP prevents graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) through host-versus-graft reaction (HVGR) in mice. Allogeneic (C3H/He) spleen cells were performed intravenously into 900 R-irradiated recipient mice (BALB/c). Systemic GVHR was clearly prevented by NSP as well as by cyclophosphamide or prednisolone administered intraperitoneally into irradiated recipient mice. In recipient mice irradiated with 1000 R, a more remarkably systemic GVHR was induced as compared to recipients irradiated at 250 to 500 R. NSP suppressed the proliferation of donor cells at the induction phase of GVHR, whereas NSP did not inhibit both systemic and local GVHRs induced by cell transfer at the effector phase. A decrease in hematopoietic function following irradiation or dosing with immunosuppressive drugs was also reversed by NSP. However, NSP had no effect on increases in hematopoietic function mediated by syngeneic bone marrow transplantation into 900 R-irradiated mice. These results strongly suggest that the inhibition of allogeneic GVHR by NSP is responsible for the suppression of donor cell proliferation by adequately restoring immunologic function in irradiated recipient mice, namely HVGR.

Changes in body temperature and blood circulation wave been monitored to investigate the effect of some vasoconstrictor contained in a local anesthetic on living body. The results obtained are described below. Subjects selected were six healthy male students (23-29 years in age). Drugs used for the experiment were 3% tolycaine for local anesthetic added with 72 micrograms, 108 micrograms or 144 micrograms of epinephrine in epinephrine group; with 90 micrograms, 135 micrograms or 180 micrograms of norepinephrine in norepinephrine group, and with each 36 micrograms, 54 micrograms, 72 micrograms of epinephrine and 36 micrograms, 54 micrograms or 72 micrograms of norepinephrine in epinephrien + norepinephrine group. 1. Change in body temperature 1) Tympanic membrane temperature There was no significant difference between pre- and post injection values in all dose groups. 2) Average skin temperature in big toe The temperature was decreased significantly at 0-25 min. in epinephrine group, in norepinephrine group and in epinephrine + norepinephrine group, compared to that prior to injection. 2. Change in circulatory kinetics 1) Epinephrine group Heart rate and RPP was increased significantly at 0-40 min. (72 micrograms) and at 0-50 min. (108 micrograms and 144 micrograms) in epinephrine group. 2) Norepinephrine group In norepinephrine 90 micrograms group, blood pressure showed a significantly high level at 5-25 min. in systolic pressure and at 0-25 min. in diastolic pressure, compared to those prior to injection. In norepinephrine 135 micrograms group, blood pressure showed a significantly high level at 0-25 min. in systolic pressure and at 0-30 min. in diastolic pressure, compared to those prior to injection. In norepinephrine 180 micrograms group, blood pressure showed a significantly high level at 0-30 min. in systolic pressure and at 0-20 min. in diastolic pressure, compared to those prior to injection. MAP was significantly high level in mean artereial pressure of norepinephrine group at 0-20 min. compared to that prior to injection. Heart rate was increased significantly at 5-30 min. in norepinephrine 90 micrograms group, decreased significantly at 0-30 min. in norepinephrine 135 micrograms group, and decreased significantly at 0-20 min. in norepinephrine 180 micrograms group, compared to those prior to infection. RPP showed a low level at 5-20 min. in norepinephrine 90 micrograms group, at 10-15 min. in norepinephrine 135 micrograms group, and at 10 min. in norepinephrine 180 micrograms group, both being of significance when compared to those prior to injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)