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(1996). The Gentry in England and Wales, 1500–1700. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 116-116.

The Oxford English Dictionary (hereafter referred to as the OED) is one of the most well‐known and respected reference works in the world. Its imposing bulk has even led some people to believe incorrectly that it actually lists every word in the English language. Of course, a good number of words were omitted from the distinguished dictionary because they were considered vulgar or because they were American words, categories that were actually somewhat synonymous to certain less tolerant Englishmen of the late nineteenth century.

Der Vergleich der Behandlungsergebnisse von 100 konservativ und 100 operativ behandelten Malleolarfrakturen und den Behand-lungsergebnissen der in der Dokumentationszentrale der AO in Bern dokumentierten Malleolarfrakturen zeigt eindeutig, das die Behandlungszeiten nach der operativen Behandlung zwar kaum kurzer sind als nach der konservativen Therapie, die Behandlungs-ergebnisse aber deutlich besser sind. Die Zahl der Komplikationen und die subjektiven Beschwerden der Patienten sind nach der operativen. Therapie geringer; die klinischen und rontgenologischen Nachuntersuchungsergebnisse waren nach der operativen Therapie ganz wesentlich besser als nach der konservativen Behandlung, und die Patienten waren in ihrer beruflichen und privaten Leistungsfahigkeit weniger stark beeintrachtigt als nach der konservativen Behandlung.

Factionalism among the nobility and gentry was a common although by no means universal phenomenon of local politics in Tudor England. During the 1560s it was the foremost fact in the political life of Hampshire. Co-operation among the gentry is at least as significant a phenomenon for the historian as conflict. At the same time conflict is much more likely to have left documen tation. The amiable resolution of local issues would usually be celebrated by silence while a dispute was likely to culminate in a lawsuit. For Hampshire in the 1560s the survival of one of the earliest and most fully preserved disputed election cases in Star Chamber from the reign of Elizabeth provides crucial evidence of the occurrence of conflict and the motivations of the participants. Thanks to the existence of this material, which includes lists of voters for both sides, the members of both factions are clearly identified. In addition the local issues at stake are further clarified. As a result all of the evidence surviving for the entire decade can be tied together to produce a comprehensive picture of the local political situation in Hampshire.

The beginning of Elizabeth i's reign was a happy and confident time for committed English Protestants in spite of their doubtful and precarious position in the world. They had almost miraculously survived both the death of their Protestant king, Edward vi, and the reign of the Catholic queen, Mary, and her foreign husband, Philip n of Spain. It seemed that God was testing Protestantism in England. Since he allowed Elizabeth to succeed to the throne, Protestantism, it seemed, had passed the test. As a result early English Protestants confidently began to formulate their place in both the world and history while attacking the established positions of their Catholic opponents. English Catholics defended themselves from these attacks and replied with some of their own. This debate over the historical situation of the Church of England continued through the reign of James i and beyond. During the course of the debate both sides commented frequently and necessarily on what they thought was Martin Luther's place in church history.

The Dictionary of National Biography (or DNB as it is commonly called and as it will be referred to in this paper) is a classic. Depending on whether a library owns an original edition published by Smith, Elder and Company or a reprint edition published by Oxford University Press, sixty‐three brown volumes or twenty‐two blue volumes and supplements loom bulkily from the shelves. It would be an odd, ill‐trained reference librarian, historian, or scholar of English literature who has never heard of the DNB, let alone used and perused it. But mere bulk does not explain the lasting fame and staying power of this reference work, whose first volume appeared in January 1885 over a century ago.

This paper presents the theory and a description of a course-line navigation computer for use with the presently available vhf omnirange navigation system or with the proposed complete omnirange-dme navigation system. A position fix may be obtained with the equipment by triangulation using line of bearing information from two omniranges. A further computation then produces course and distance indications with respect to an arbitrary ground point as selected by the pilot. Alternatively, position-fix information derived from an oange-dme ground station may be used as input data for course-line computation. The punched-card reference-data system and pictorial course display instrumentation associated with the computer are described.

Kinetic data on the emulsion polymerisation of styrene are discussed in the light of the Smith-Ewart theory as modified by Gardon. It is shown that at least in the beginning of the reaction serious discrepances exist between experimental results and the theoretical concept. An electrolytic effect in cationic emulsifier systems was found. Emulsion polymerisation of vinyl acetate was investigated and the mechanism is discussed. The polymerisation of vinyl acetate in aqueous solution without added emulsifier begins as a true solution polymerisation but very soon changes to a suspension polymerisation. The latex particles formed are an order of magnitude larger than those obtained in the emulsion polymerisation and have a very narrow size distribution. There seems to be a very short period of particle formation in this system.

Problems of Heat and Mass Exchange at the Manufacturing of Foodstuffs on Drum Dryers The drum dryer as contact dryer will be presented by means of several drying characteristics. Bases on these experiences there will be demonstrated possibilities of influencing the heat and mass exchange on the drum dryer in respect to a conserving drying by variation of the operation conditions, as drum speed, feeding temperature and air flow. Especially the exhaust of vapours by means of particular devices, as casing of the drying zone, has an important influence on the evaporation capacity respectively on the heat transmission coefficient. In addition to an improved quality of the final product with the improved process it can be demonstrated a better efficiency by saving of investment by a better exploitation of the available drying surface. Additional vapours exhaustion devices have stood the test on drum dryers with high speed and can be recommended there particularly.

In order to develop the advantages gained by combining the automatic pilot and the flight director, this discussion is presented in three sections. First the present status of aircraft navigation and flight control instrumentation is presented along with recent developments such as the flight director. Then the trends in development of the automatic pilot are examined and the function of the human pilot in the automatically controlled aircraft is considered. Finally, the combined automatic pilot-flight director system is described and the advantages of such an arrangement are presented.

This paper is concerned with the theory of an air-borne electronic steering computer and associated instrumentation used in aircraft guidance during an instrument approach. It is shown that this guidance problem may be analyzed with advantage as one of feedback control. Means are discussed for achieving a stable flight path in the resultant variable gain feedback control system. Principles of complementary linear filtering are presented and combination of certain control signals in a complementary filter is shown to result in an improved system. The importance of the form of cockpit instrumentation in this guidance problem is indicated.

Comperative View on the Manufacturing of Pregelatinized Starch on Various Drum Driers. The manufacturing of pregelatinized starch will be described according to four different drum drying processes and its results will be analysed. There will be compared the following processes using corn starch and corn flour: 1) Twin-drum sump drier; 2) Single-drum drier with top applicator rolls and starch slurry feeding only at the first applicator roll; 3) Single drum drier with top applicator rolls and starch slurry feeding at each applicator roll; 4) Single drum drier as item 3), but with superposed starch cooker. There were analysed especially the drier capacity, the water adsorption, the viscosity, the piled weight and the degree of swelling in relation to the concentration of the fed starch slurry and partially also of the drum velocity. It could be showed, that especially the pregelatination of the starch in a separate cooker before drying is adventageous and thus the physical proporties can be influenced.

The authors compared the therapy results of 100 conservatively treated malleolar fractures and 100 malleolar fractures operated upon with the therapy results of the malleolar fractures registered at the documentation centre of the A. O. (working association for osteosynthesis) in Bern. The comparison shows that after surgical treatment, the therapy periods are scarcely shorter than after conservative treatment, the therapy results, however, are significantly better. There is a smaller rate of complications and subjective troubles after surgical treatment. The results of clinical and X-ray check-up examinations were essentially better after surgical treatment than after conservative treatment. The ability of patients concerning their professional and private activities was less disturbed after surgical treatment.

Eamonn O Ciardha, Ireland and the Jacobite Cause, 1685-1766: A Fatal Attachment, Dublin, Four Courts Press, 2002, pp. 468, hb. euro45, ISBN: 18518255437Via del Corso is one of the best known thoroughfares in Rome, running as it does in a straight line from Piazza del Popolo to Piazza Venezia and leading on to the imposing Victor Emmanuel monument. If instead of entering Piazza Venezia one turns left by Via Quattro Novembre and left again one arrives at Piazza dei Santi Apostoli. At the north end of this piazza, number forty nine, stands Palazzo Balestra, formerly known as Palazzo Muti. This was the residence given by Pope Clement XI to the Old Pretender, James III in 1719. It was here that both his sons were born, Charles Edward on 31 December 1720, and Henry Benedict in March 1725. It was here that James expired on 1 January 1766 and it was here too that Charles Edward, better known as Bonny Prince Charlie, died on 30 January 1788. The palace is now occupied by offices and the only reminder that it was once the Stuart court in exile is a plaque on the left wall of the corridor that leads into the courtyard containing the following inscription:Abito questo palazzoEnrico Duca poi Cardinale di Yorkche figlio superstite di Giacomo III d'Inghilterraprese il nome d'Enrico IXIn lui nell' anno MDCCCVIIS'estinse la dinastia de' Stuardi.This translates as follows: Henry Duke, later Cardinal of York, lived in this palace. As the surviving son of James III of England, he took the name of Henry IX. In him in the year 1807 the Stuart dynasty expired.When James's wife, the Polish princess Maria Clementina Sobieska, died in 1735, her body lay in state for three days in the adjacent Basilica dei Santi Apostoli before being buried in St Peter's Basilica. But her heart is preserved in the former church. At the bequest of the Friars Minor Conventual, the proprietors of the Church, Filippo della Valle erected a moving monument to contain her heart in 1737 with the Latin inscription stating that only the praecordia were contained in the monument, as heavenly love did not allow the heart to survive. A much more imposing monument was erected to Queen Clementina in the left aisle of St Peter's Basilica in 1742, composed of both sculptural figures and a mosaic portrait of the queen, this incidentally being one of the very few representations of a lay person to be found in St. Peter's. The mosaic was actually the cause of some controversy, as the scrupulous Cardinal Landfredi objected to the queen's scollatura and protested to the Pope Clement XII. The blind but wily pope, a good friend of the Stuarts, pointed out that a decision as to the portrait's suitability or otherwise could not be taken while work was still in progress. Landfredi's death before the monument was completed ensured that the mosaic was left in St Peter's. The Latin inscription on the sarcophagus reads as follows: Maria Clementina M. Britain. Franc. Et Hibern. Regina - a public endorsement in the very heart of the Vatican of the legitimacy of the Stuart claim. It is not too fanciful to imagine the Irish Jacobite poet Liam Inglis, an Augustinian friar arriving in Rome to study for priesthood in 1743-4, standing enthralled before this monument. Inglis' arrival in Rome coincided with preparations for a French invasion of Britain under Marshal Saxe that included the deployment of troops of the Irish Brigades, the Irish Brogades. And in this image are gathered together many of the various strands that made Irish Jacobitism such a potent force, the Catholic powers of Europe both civil and ecclesiastical, the Irish diaspora on the continent including the Irish brigades, the Irish Catholic clergy, the Irish poets and literati.All these topics are treated in depth in Eamonn O Ciardha's new study on Irish Jacobitism. He also highlights the importance of rappareeism as a facet of popular Irish Jacobitism and gives due attention to the small but influential group of Protestant Irish Jacobites. …